Synthesis,characterisation and anti‐tumour activity of biopolymer based platinum nanoparticles and 5‐fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles

A facile and green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles [gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles (GKPtNP)] using biopolymer‐ gum kondagogu was developed. The formation of GKPtNP was confirmed by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The formed GKPtNP are well dispersed, homogeneous with a size of 2–4 ± 0.50 nm, having a negative zeta potential (−46.1 mV) indicating good stability. 5‐Fluorouracil (5FU) was loaded onto the synthesised GKPtNP, which leads to the development of a new combination of nanomedicine (5FU–GKPtNP). The in vitro drug release studies of 5FU–GKPtNP in pH 7.4 showed a sustained release profile over a period of 120 min. Agrobacterium tumefaciens induced in vitro potato tumour bioassay was employed for screening the anti‐tumour potentials of GKPtNP, 5FU, and 5FU–GKPtNP. The experimental results suggested a complete tumour inhibition by 5FU–GKPtNP at a lower concentration than the GKPtNP and 5FU. Furthermore, the mechanism of anti‐tumour activity was assessed by their interactions with DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV‐spectroscopic analysis. The electrophoresis results revealed that the 5FU–GKPtNP totally diminishes DNA and the UV‐spectroscopic analysis showed a hyperchromic effect with red shift indicating intercalation type of binding with DNA. Over all, the present study revealed that the combined exposure of the nanoformulation resulted in the enhanced anti‐tumour effect. Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, biomedical materials, tumours, ultraviolet spectra, DNA, drugs, electrophoresis, polymers, platinum, pH, drug delivery systems, biochemistry, X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, molecular biophysics, electrokinetic effects, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cancer, nanofabrication, visible spectra, nanomedicine, Fourier transform infrared spectra, materials preparationOther keywords: 5FU–GKPtNP, 5‐fluorouracil loaded platinum nanoparticles, gum kondagogu platinum nanoparticles, antitumour activity, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, biopolymer‐based platinum nanoparticles, biopolymer‐based platinum nanoparticles, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, nanomedicine, in vitro drug release studies, sustained release profile, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in vitro potato tumour bioassay, tumour inhibition, tumour activity, agarose gel electrophoresis, UV‐spectroscopic analysis, DNA, time 120.0 min, Pt     

Antibacterial and anticancer activity of biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles

The present investigation aims for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant extract. The obtained CuO NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Significant bacterial activity was manifested by CuO nanoparticles against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The synthesised CuO NPs have good cytotoxicity against both human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) and lung cancer cell line (A549) with minimum cytotoxic effect on normal L929 (fibroblast) cell lines.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, ultraviolet spectra, nanomedicine, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, cellular biophysics, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, lung, copper compounds, cancer, toxicology, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, bacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria, synthesised CuO NPs, human breast cancer cell line, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus mutans, CuO     

Sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Rangoon creeper leaves extract and their spectral analysis and anti‐bacterial studies

The plant‐based biological molecules possess exceptionally controlled assembling properties to make them suitable in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In the present study, an efficient simple one‐pot method was employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from the Rangoon creeper (RC) aqueous leaf extract. Biomolecules present in the leaf extract play a significant role as reducing agent as well as capping agent in the formation of RC‐SNPs. The formation of RC‐SNPs was confirmed by using several analytical techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer studies. The presence of a sharp surface plasmon resonance peak at 449 nm showed the formation of RC‐SNPs. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the crystalline nature of the RC‐SNPs with a face‐centred cubic structure. Elemental analysis of RC‐SNPs was done by using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology of RC‐SNPs was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the nano range 12 nm, and thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis demonstrated the mechanical strength of RC‐SNPs at various temperatures. The authors’ newly synthesised RC‐SNPs exhibited significant anti‐bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, X‐ray chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectra, mechanical strengthOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, antibacterial activity, sustainable green synthesis, plant‐based biological molecules, assembling properties, reducing agent, capping agent, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, Rangoon creeper aqueous leaf extract, X‐ray diffraction, face‐centred cubic structure, elemental analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis, mechanical strength, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Ag     

Role of Ribes khorassanicum in the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their antibacterial properties

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been biosynthesised through the extracts of Ribes khorassanicum fruits, which served as the reducing agents and capping agents. Biosynthesised AgNPs have been found to be ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra since they have displayed one surface plasmon resonance peak at 438 nm, attesting the formation of spherical NPs. These particles have been characterised by UV–vis, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The formation of AgNPs at 1.0 mM concentration of AgNO₃ has resulted in NPs that contained mean diameters in a range of 20–40 nm. The green‐synthesised AgNPs have demonstrated high antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Biosynthesising metal NPs through plant extracts can serve as the facile and eco‐friendly alternative for chemical and/or physical methods that are utilised for large‐scale nanometal fabrication in various medical and industrial applications.Inspec keywords: X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, scanning electron microscopy, silver, nanomedicine, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy, biomedical materialsOther keywords: antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles, reducing agents, capping agents, surface plasmon resonance peak, spherical NPs, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analysis, plant extracts, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, antibacterial effect, Ribes khorassanicum fruits, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, surface plasmon resonance, AgNO₃ , Ag     

Postprandial anti‐hyperglycemic activity of marine Streptomyces coelicoflavus SRBVIT13 mediated gold nanoparticles in streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino Wister rats

The present study focuses on the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Streptomyces coelicoflavus (S. coelicoflavus) SRBVIT13 isolated from marine salt pan soils collected from Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India. The biosynthesised AuNPs are characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Transmission electron microscopy study suggests that the biosynthesised AuNPs are spherical in shape within a size range of 12–20 nm (mean diameter as 14 nm). The anti‐type II diabetes activity of AuNPs is carried out by testing it in vitro α ‐glucosidase and α ‐amylase enzyme inhibition activity and in vivo postprandial anti‐hyperglycemic activity in sucrose and glucose‐loaded streptozotocin induced diabetic albino Wister rats. AuNPs has shown a significant inhibitory activity of 84.70 and 87.82% with IC₅₀ values of 67.65 and 65.59 μg/mL to α ‐glucosidase and α ‐amylase enzymes, while the diabetic rats have shown significant reduction in the post postprandial blood glucose level by 57.80 and 88.09%, respectively compared with control group after AuNPs treatment at the concentration of 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight. Hence, this biosynthesised AuNPs might be useful in combating type II diabetes mellitus for the betterment of human life.Inspec keywords: gold, nanoparticles, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, diseases, enzymes, nanomedicine, biochemistry, spectrochemical analysisOther keywords: gold nanoparticles, Streptomyces coelicoflavus SRBVIT13, biosynthesis, UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, antitype II diabetes activity, in vitro enzyme inhibition activity, in vivo postprandial antihyperglycemic activity, streptozotocin induced diabetic albino Wister rats, type II diabetes mellitus, Au     

Phyto‐mediated synthesis,biological and catalytic activity studies of gold nanoparticles

In the present study, a phyto‐mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using an isoflavone, Dalspinosin (5,7‐dihydroxy‐6,3′,4′‐trimethoxy isoflavone) isolated from the alcoholic extract of roots of Dalbergia coromandeliana is reported. It is observed that Dalspinosin itself acts both as a reducing and a capping agent in the synthesis of the nanoparticles (NPs). An ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectral study showed a surface plasmon resonance band at 526 nm confirming the formation of AuNPs. The NPs formed were characterised by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and dynamic light scattering. HR‐TEM analysis showed the synthesised AuNPs were spherical in shape with a size of 7.5 nm. The AuNPs were found to be stable for seven months when tested by in vitro methods showed good antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. They also showed moderate anti‐microbial activities when tested against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp), Gram negative bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumonia and Klebsiella terrigena) and fungal strain (Candida glabrata). The biosynthesised AuNPs showed significant catalytic activity in the reduction of methylene blue with NaBH₄ to leucomethylene blue.Inspec keywords: biomedical materials, catalysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, gold, light scattering, microorganisms, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, spectrochemical analysis, surface plasmon resonance, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffractionOther keywords: phyto‐mediated synthesis, biological activity studies, catalytic activity studies, dalspinosin (5,7‐dihydroxy‐6,3′,4′‐trimethoxy isoflavone), alcoholic extract, roots, Dalbergia coromandeliana, ultraviolet‐visible spectral study, surface plasmon resonance band, UV‐Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, EDX analysis, dynamic light scattering, HR‐TEM analysis, antioxidant activities, antiinflammatory activities, antimicrobial activities, Gram positive bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp, Gram negative bacterial strains, wavelength 526 nm, size 7.5 nm, time 7 month, Au     

Effect of Ag‐NPs synthesised by Chamaemelum nobile extract on the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by carrageenan in mice paw

An environmentally friendly and rapid procedure was developed to synthesise silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) by Chamaemelum nobile extract and to evaluate its in vivo anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum of the synthesised Ag‐NPs showed an absorbance peak at 422. The average size of spherical nanoparticles was 24 nm as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy analysis supported the presence of biological active compounds involved in the reduction of Ag ion and X‐ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of the metallic Ag. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the Ag‐NPs was investigated against carrageenan‐induced paw oedema in mice. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), interferon gamma and interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β were assessed in this respect. The results demonstrated that anti‐inflammatory activity of the Ag‐NPs might be due to the ability of the nanoparticles to reduce IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Moreover, reduction of antioxidant enzymes along with an increase in MDA level shows that the anti‐inflammatory activity of the synthesised Ag‐NPs by C. nobile is attributed to its ameliorating effect on the oxidative damage.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, crystal structure, enzymes, molecular biophysics, tumours, biomedical materials, nanomedicineOther keywords: Chamaemelum nobile extract, oxidative stress, mice paw, silver nanoparticles, antiinflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectrum, spherical nanoparticle size, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, biological active compounds, X‐ray diffraction, crystalline structure, carrageenan‐induced paw oedema, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor, interferon gamma, interleukin, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, MDA level, Ag     

Analytical study of biosynthesised silver nanoparticles against multi‐drug resistant biofilm‐forming pathogens

The emergence of the huge number of multi‐drug resistant (MDR) bacteria requires an alternative to the drugs. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a strong candidate for this due to their bactericidal properties, which can be better concluded by understanding their morphology and chemistry. The study hypothesised that AgNPs synthesised using leaves of Syzygium cumini can be used to treat locally emerging MDRs forming biofilms on indwelling medical devices. Synthesised particles were characterised by methods like UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Zetasizer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to predict phytochemicals present in the leaves. The shape of particles is revealed to be relatively spherical, with average size to be around 10–100 nm. Phenolic compounds are attributed to the formation of nanoparticles, stability analysis shows particles to be stable, and zeta potential determined the surface charge to be −20.1 mV. Biosynthesised particles are found to possess efficient antibacterial activity MDR bacteria developing biofilms in medical devices; hence, it is concluded that S. cumini based NPs can be used to develop a layer on implant‐related medical devices. Toxicity evaluation against A594 cancer cells portrays AgNPs to be potential tumour reduction agents in a concentration‐dependent manner.Inspec keywords: silver, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, chromatography, electrokinetic effects, cancer, biomedical materials, reduction (chemical), cellular biophysics, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, particle size, drugs, toxicology, nanomedicine, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, tumours, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: Syzygium cumini, biofilms, indwelling medical devices, UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐performance liquid chromatography, biosynthesised particles, implant‐related medical devices, biosynthesised silver nanoparticles, multidrug resistant biofilm‐forming pathogens, multidrug resistant bacteria, MDR, bactericidal properties, morphology, scanning electron microscopy, s. cumini based NP, A594 cancer cells, tumour reduction, Ag     

Bio‐green synthesis ZnO‐NPs in Brassica napus pollen extract: biosynthesis,antioxidant, cytotoxicity and pro‐apoptotic properties

The bio‐green methods of synthesis nanoparticles (NPs) have advantages over chemo‐physical procedures due to cost‐effective and ecofriendly products. The goal of current investigation is biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO‐NPs) and evaluation of their biological assessment. Water extract of Brassica napus pollen [rapeseed (RP)] prepared and used for the synthesis of ZnO‐NPs and synthesised ZnO‐NP characterised using ultraviolet–visible, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Antioxidant properties of ZnO‐NPs, cytotoxic and pro‐apoptotic potentials of NPs were also evaluated. The results showed that ZnO‐NPs have a hexagonal shape with 26 nm size. ZnO‐NPs synthesised in RP (RP/ZnO‐NPs) exhibited the good antioxidant potential compared with the butylated hydroxyanisole as a positive control. These NPs showed the cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cells (M.D. Anderson‐Metastasis Breast cancer (MDA‐MB)) with IC₅₀ about 1, 6 and 6 μg/ml after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, respectively. RP/ZnO‐NPs were found effective in increasing the expression of catalase enzyme, the enzyme involved in antioxidants properties of the cells. Bio‐green synthesised RP/ZnO‐NPs showed antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The results of the present study support the advantages of using the bio‐green procedure for the synthesis of NPs as an antioxidant and as anti‐cancer agents.Inspec keywords: II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, ultraviolet spectra, toxicology, X‐ray diffraction, biochemistry, zinc compounds, nanomedicine, enzymes, biomedical materials, particle size, antibacterial activity, transmission electron microscopy, molecular biophysics, visible spectra, nanofabrication, cellular biophysics, nanoparticles, cancer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, semiconductor growthOther keywords: bio‐green synthesis ZnO‐NPs, zinc oxide NPs, synthesised ZnO‐NP, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, antioxidant properties, bio‐green synthesised RP‐ZnO‐NPs, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, breast cancer cells MDA‐MB, pro‐apoptotic potentials, cytotoxic effects, catalase enzyme, bio‐green procedure, time 48.0 hour, time 72.0 hour, size 26.0 nm, time 24.0 hour, ZnO     

Silver nanoparticles biosynthesised using Centella asiatica leaf extract: apoptosis induction in MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line

The aim of this study was to green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Centella asiatica leaf extract and investigate the cytotoxic and apoptosis‐inducing effects of these nanoparticles in MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line. The characteristics and morphology of the green synthesised AgNPs were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The MTT assay was used to investigate the anti‐proliferative activity of biosynthesised nanoparticles in MCF‐7 cells. Apoptosis test was performed using flow cytometry and expression of caspase 3 and 9 genes. The spherical AgNPs with an average size of 19.17 nm were synthesised. The results showed that biosynthesised AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity, anti‐cancer, apoptosis induction, and increased expression of genes encoding for caspases 3 and 9 in MCF‐7 cancer cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. It seems that green synthesised AgNPs have potential uses for pharmaceutical industries.Inspec keywords: ultraviolet spectra, transmission electron microscopy, cellular biophysics, infrared spectra, visible spectra, nanofabrication, cancer, toxicology, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, silver, Fourier transform spectra, X‐ray diffraction, genetics, enzymes, botany, biochemistryOther keywords: spherical AgNPs, biosynthesised AgNPs, anti‐cancer, apoptosis induction, green synthesised AgNPs, MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line, green synthesised silver nanoparticles, Ag, caspase gene expression, flow cytometry, anti‐proliferative activity, MTT assay, pharmaceutical industries, cytotoxicity, UV–visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle morphology, scanning electron microscopy, Centella asiatica leaf extract, biosynthesised nanoparticles, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy     

Catalytic reduction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine by cuttlebone supported Pd NPs prepared using Conium maculatum leaf extract

A facile and green process to synthesise cuttlebone supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs/cuttlebone) is reported using Conium maculatum leaf extract and in the absence of chemical solvents and hazardous materials. The antioxidant content of the C. maculatum leaf extract played a significant role in converting Pd²⁺ ions to Pd NPs. Various techniques were used for the characterisation of the Pd NPs/cuttlebone such as field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. This Pd NPs/cuttlebone showed excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine to 2,4‐diaminophenylhydrazine by sodium borohydride as the source of hydrogen at ambient condition. The catalyst could be separated and recycled up to five cycles with no loss of its activity.Inspec keywords: catalysis, catalysts, chemical engineering, palladium, nanoparticles, field emission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, sodium compounds, ultraviolet spectroscopy, visible spectroscopyOther keywords: catalytic reduction, 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, cuttlebone, Conium maculatum leaf extract, green process, palladium nanoparticles, antioxidant content, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, 2,4‐diaminophenylhydrazine, sodium borohydride     

Simple,green approach for the synthesis of solid support‐embedded PdNPs for ligand exchange

Green approaches have the potential to significantly reduce the costs and environmental impact of chemical syntheses. Here, the authors used green tea (GT) leaf extract to synthesise and anchor palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) to silica. The synthesised PdNPs in GT extract were characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. PdNPs primarily formed as capped NPs dispersed in GT extract before reduction completed after 24 h. This capped phytochemical solution was employed as a green precursor solution to synthesise PdNP‐embedded solid supports. The morphology of PdNPs anchored to silica differed to that of PdNPs in solution. Silica‐embedded PdNPs was employed as a new ligand exchanger to isolate trace polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles from a hydrocarbon matrix. The isolation efficiency of the new, greener ligand exchanger was the same as an efficient chemical ligand exchanger and may, therefore, hold promise for future applications.Inspec keywords: nanofabrication, palladium, visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticles, reduction (chemical), ultraviolet spectra, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, surface morphologyOther keywords: ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, phytochemical solution, green precursor solution, PdNP‐embedded solid supports, solid support‐embedded PdNPs, green tea leaf extract, chemical ligand exchanger, anchor palladium nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, isolate trace polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles, hydrocarbon matrix, green synthesis, time 24.0 hour, Pd     

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Convolvulus percicus L. as reusable catalysts in cross‐ coupling reactions and their antibacterial activity

CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by Convolvulus percicus leaves extract as a reducing and stabilising agent. The green synthesised copper oxide NPs was characterised by transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐Ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet‐visible analysis. The activities of the CuO NPs as catalyst were tested in the formation of C‐N and C‐O bonds. The N ‐arylated and O ‐arylated products of amides, N‐H heterocycles and phenols were obtained in excellent yields. Furthermore, the separation and recovery of copper oxide NPs was very simple, effective and economical. The recovered catalyst can be reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of these NPs was tested against two human pathogenic microbes and showed significant antimicrobial activity against these pathogenic bacteria.Inspec keywords: copper compounds, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, microorganisms, catalysts, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, catalysisOther keywords: green synthesis, copper oxide nanoparticles, Convolvulus percicus L. aqueous extract, reusable catalysts, cross‐coupling reactions, antibacterial activity, reducing agent, stabilising agent, transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet‐visible spectra, C‐N bonds, C‐O bonds, N‐arylated products, O‐arylated products, amides, N‐H heterocycles, phenols, catalytic activity, human pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial activity, CuO     

Biosynthesis of AgNPs using aqueous leaf extract of Ipomoea eriocarpa and their anti‐inflammatory effect on carrageenan‐induced paw edema in male Wistar rats

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesised from aqueous Ag nitrate through a simple, competent and eco‐friendly method using the leaf extract of Ipomoea eriocarpa as reducing as well as capping agent. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of AgNPs which displayed the substantiation of surface plasmon bands at 425 nm. The NPs were also characterised using Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction method, transmission electron microscope and zeta potential. The characterisation study confirmed the formation of AgNPs, their spherical shape and average diameter of 12.85 ± 8.65 nm. Zeta potential value of −20.5 mV suggested that the AgNPs are stable in the suspension. The aqueous extract and the AgNPs were further screened for in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity using carrageenan‐induced paw edema in male Wistar rats. The study demonstrated that the AgNPs (1 ml kg⁻¹) had a significant (p  < 0.05) anti‐edemic effect and inhibition was observed from the first hour (21.31 ± 1.34) until the sixth hour (52.67 ± 1.41), when the inhibitory effect was greatest and superior to the aqueous extract and the standard, diclofenac.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, absorption coefficients, surface plasmons, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, suspensions, drugs, nanomedicineOther keywords: biosynthesis, aqueous leaf extract, ipomoea eriocarpa, antiinflammatory effect, carrageenan‐induced paw edema, male Wistar rats, silver nanoparticles, aqueous nitrate, capping agent, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy, surface plasmon band, Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, spherical shape, suspension, aqueous extract, in vivo antiinflammatory activity, antiedemic effect, inhibitory effect, diclofenac, wavelength 425 nm, size 12.85 nm to 8.65 nm, Ag     

Solvothermal‐assisted green synthesis of hybrid Chi‐Fe3 O4 nanocomposites: a potential antibacterial and antibiofilm material

In this present study, a hybrid Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ was prepared, characterised and evaluated for its antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus marcescens bacterial pathogens. Intense peak around 260 nm in the ultraviolet–visible spectrum specify the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. Spherical‐shaped particles with less agglomeration and particle size distribution of 3.78–46.40 nm were observed using transmission electron microscopy analysis and strong interaction of chitosan with the surface of magnetite nanoparticles was studied using field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM). X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibited the polycrystalline and spinel structure configuration of the nanocomposite. Presence of Fe and O, C and Cl elements were confirmed using energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the reduction and formation of Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite. The antibacterial activity by deformation of the bacterial cell walls on treatment with Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite and its interaction was visualised using FESEM and the antibiofilm activity was determined using antibiofilm assay. In conclusion, this present study shows the green synthesis of Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite and evaluation of its antibacterial and antibiofilm potential, proving its significance in medical and biological applicationsInspec keywords: visible spectra, particle size, magnetic particles, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanomagnetics, microorganisms, antibacterial activity, iron compounds, ultraviolet spectra, biomedical materials, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, filled polymers, crystal growth from solution, polymer structureOther keywords: potential antibacterial material, antibiofilm potential, magnetite nanoparticles, solvothermal‐assisted green synthesis, hybrid Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposites, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus marcescens, bacterial pathogens, ultraviolet–visible spectrum, spherical‐shaped particles, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, FESEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, spinel structure, polycrystalline structure, energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, deformation, bacterial cell walls, Fe₃ O₄      

Biogenic synthesis of Au,Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles using Cannabis sativa leaf extract

Biogenic synthesis of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and bimetallic alloy Au–Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous solutions using Cannabis sativa as reducing and stabilising agent has been presented in this report. Formation of NPs was monitored using UV–visible spectroscopy. Morphology of the synthesised metallic and bimetallic NPs was investigated using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Elemental composition and the surface chemical state of NPs were confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy was utilised to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of the NPs. Biological applicability of biosynthesised NPs was tested against five bacterial strains namely Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Leishmania major promastigotes. The results showed considerable antibacterial and anti‐leishmanial activity. The Au–Ag bimetallic NPs showed improved antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa as compared to Au and Ag alone, while maximum anti‐leishmanial activity was observed at 250 μg ml⁻¹ NP concentration. These results suggest that biosynthesised NPs can be used as potent antibiotic and anti‐leishmanial agents.Inspec keywords: silver, silver alloys, gold, gold alloys, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, reduction (chemical), ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, microorganisms, antibacterial activityOther keywords: biogenic synthesis, Cannabis sativa leaf extract, bimetallic alloy Au–Ag nanoparticles, aqueous solutions, reducing agent, stabilising agent, UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental composition, surface chemical state, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, biomolecules, bacterial strains, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Leishmania major promastigotes, antibacterial activity, anti‐leishmanial activity, Ag, Au, AuAg     

Phytofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Bacopa monnieri leaf extract and its antibacterial activity as well as oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis of lung cancer

The biological method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Bacopa monneri leaves and its anti‐proliferation against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) was studied. The AgNPs synthesis was determined by an ultraviolet–visible spectrum and was confirmed primarily by the colour change and surface plasmon resonance was observed at 450 nm and its reduction of functional groups stretched in AgNPs was identified by Fourier transform infrared and the crystalline nature of AgNPs was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The structural morphology of the AgNPs was found to be spherical and polygonal shape and size (> 35 nm) were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis and its purity was identified by energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX). A further, antibacterial activity of biosynthesised AgNPs against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was assessed. The cytotoxic effect of synthesised AgNPs was analysed against human lung adenocarcinoma cells by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The GI₅₀ was found to be 20 µg/ml at 24 h incubation. The apoptosis cells containing condensate and marginalised chromatin stages were analysed by propidium iodide staining and DNA damage was observed in A549 treated cells. The present study strongly emphasised that the bioactive molecule‐coated AgNPs could have potential for biomedical applications and significant anticancer effects against human lung adenocarcinoma cells.Inspec keywords: antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, lung, cancer, oxidation, nanoparticles, silver, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, cellular biophysics, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, surface plasmon resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, particle size, field emission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, toxicology, DNA, molecular biophysics, molecular configurationsOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, phytofabrication, Bacopa monnieri leaf extract, antibacterial activity, oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis, biological method, antiproliferation, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, AgNPs synthesis, ultraviolet‐visible spectrum, colour change, surface plasmon resonance, stretched functional groups, Fourier transform infrared spectra, crystalline nature, X‐ray diffraction, geometric spherical shape, polygonal shape, field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, EDAX, biosynthesised AgNPs, gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, cytotoxic effect, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, incubation, apoptosis cells, condensate, marginalised chromatin stages, propidium iodide staining, DNA damage, A549 treated cells, bioactive molecule‐coated AgNPs, biomedical applications, anticancer effects, time 24 h, Ag     

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Streptomyces griseorubens isolated from Soil and Their Antioxidant Activity

Microbial mediated biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles was carried out ecofriendly in the present study. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were extracellularly biosynthesised from Streptomyces griseorubens AU2 and extensively characterised by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Elemental analysis of nanoparticles was also carried out using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The biosynthesised AgNPs showed the characteristic absorption spectra in UV–vis at 422 nm which confirmed the presence of metallic AgNPs. According to the further characterisation analysis, the biosynthesised AgNPs were found to be spherical and crystalline particles with 5–20 nm average size. Antioxidant properties of the biosynthesised AgNPs were determined by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and was found to increase in a dose‐dependent matter. The identification of the strain was determined by molecular characterisation method using 16s rDNA sequencing. The present study is the first report on the microbial biosynthesis of AgNPs using S. griseorubens isolated from soil and provides that the active biological components found in the cell‐free culture supernatant of S. griseorubens AU2 enable the synthesis of AgNPs.Inspec keywords: silver, microorganisms, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, DNA, molecular biophysics, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, absorption coefficients, cellular biophysicsOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, Streptomyces griseorubens AU2, soil, antioxidant activity, microbial mediated biological synthesis, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, absorption spectra, spherical particles, crystalline particles, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, strain identification, molecular characterisation method, rDNA sequencing, active biological components, cell‐free culture supernatant, wavelength 422 nm, size 5 nm to 20 nm, Ag     

Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Trichoderma atroviride for the biological control of Phomopsis canker disease in tea plants

The biological way of metallic nanoparticles production using ecofriendly biocontrol agents are largely used to control many plant pathogenic microorganisms in agriculture. Hence, an attempt was made to evaluate the potential of suppressive activity of nanoparticles produced by an indigenous isolate, Trichoderma atroviride against a tea pathogenic fungus namely Phomopsis theae. The presence of biosynthesised nanoparticles was primarily confirmed through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis and was characterised using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis to delineate the size, shape and nature of particles. Further, Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the functional biomolecules responsible for capping and stabilisation of nanoparticles. In addition, culture filtrate containing nanoparticles was subjected to invitro antifungal studies which revealed a considerable suppression on the growth of P. theae. The biosynthesised nanoparticles were found to be active even after 3 months which established and confirmed the stability. Finally, field experiments conducted with soil application and wound dressing of nanoparticles exhibited a significant reduction in canker size when plants treated with gold followed by silver nanoparticles. Similarly, improvement in leaf yield was noted in response to these treatments. The above study confirmed the efficacy of metallic nanoparticles in management of stem disease in tea plantation.Inspec keywords: diseases, gold, silver, nanoparticles, nanobiotechnology, nanofabrication, particle size, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, microorganisms, Fourier transform infrared spectra, molecular biophysics, antibacterial activityOther keywords: biosynthesis, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, Trichoderma atroviride, biological control, Phomopsis canker disease, tea plants, metallic nanoparticles, ecofriendly biocontrol agents, plant pathogenic microorganisms, agriculture, indigenous isolate, tea pathogenic fungus, Phomopsis theae, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, particle size, particle shape, Fourier transform infrared analysis, functional biomolecules, invitro antifungal study, P. theae growth, soil application, wound dressing, stem disease, Au, Ag     

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using anjbar (root of Persicaria bistorta) extract and their cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7)

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using biomass is now one of the best methods for synthesising NPs due to their nontoxic and biocompatibility. Plants are the best choice among all biomass to synthesise large‐scale NPs. The objectives of this study were to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) using Anjbar (root of Persicaria bistorta) [An/ZnO‐NPs] and investigate the cytotoxic and anti‐oxidant effects. For this purpose, the An/ZnO‐NPs were synthesised by using Bistort extract and characterised using UV–Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, x‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The cytotoxic effects of the An/ZnO‐NPs on MCF‐7 cells were followed by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays at 24, 48, and 72 h. Nuclear morphology changed and apoptosis in cells was investigated using acridine orange/propodium iodide (AO/PI) staining and flow cytometry analysis. The pure biosynthesised ZnO‐NPs were spherical in shape and particles sizes ranged from 1 to 50 nm. Treated MCF‐7 cells with different concentrations of ZnO‐NPs inhibited cell viability in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner with IC50 about 32 μg/ml after 48 h of incubation. In flow cytometry analysis the sub‐G1 population, which indicated apoptotic cells, increased from 12.6% at 0 μg/ml (control) to 92.8% at 60 μg/ml, 48 h after exposure. AO/PI staining showed that the treated cells displayed morphologic evidence of apoptosis, compared to untreated groups. Inspec keywords: cancer, cellular biophysics, toxicology, particle size, nanofabrication, X‐ray diffraction, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, ultraviolet spectra, scanning electron microscopy, visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy, patient treatment, field emission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, drug delivery systemsOther keywords: anjbar, cytotoxic effects, human breast cancer cell line, biomass, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, flow cytometry analysis, ZnO‐NPs inhibited cell viability, antioxidant effects, MCF‐7 cells, biosynthesised ZnO‐NP, biosynthesised ZnO‐NP, acridine orange‐propodium iodide staining, An‐ZnO‐NP, Persicaria bistorta, zinc oxide nanoparticle biosynthesis, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide