Magnetically responsive,sorafenib loaded alginate microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment

This study aimed to develop sorafenib loaded magnetic microspheres for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. To achieve this goal, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesised and encapsulated in alginate microspheres together with an antineoplastic agent, sorafenib. In the study, firstly SPIONs were synthesised and characterised by dynamic light scattering, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Then, alginate‐SPIONs microspheres were developed, and further characterised by electron spin resonance spectrometer and vibrating sample magnetometer. Besides the magnetic properties of SPIONs, alginate microspheres with SPIONs were also found to have magnetic properties. The potential use of microspheres in hyperthermia treatment was then investigated and an increase of about 4°C in the environment was found out. Drug release studies and cytotoxicity tests were performed after sorafenib was encapsulated into the magnetic microspheres. According to release studies, sorafenib has been released from microspheres for 8 h. Cytotoxicity tests showed that alginate‐SPION‐sorafenib microspheres were highly effective against cancerous cells and promising for cancer therapy.Inspec keywords: drug delivery systems, drugs, nanofabrication, magnetic particles, iron compounds, scanning electron microscopy, hyperthermia, biomedical materials, encapsulation, nanoparticles, light scattering, nanomagnetics, cellular biophysics, toxicology, cancer, nanomedicine, superparamagnetism, nanocomposites, magnetometry, paramagnetic resonance, X‐ray chemical analysisOther keywords: sorafenib loaded alginate microspheres, hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, sorafenib loaded magnetic microspheres, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, dynamic light scattering, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron spin resonance spectrometer, vibrating sample magnetometer, hyperthermia treatment, drug release, alginate‐SPION‐sorafenib microspheres, antineoplastic agent, cytotoxicity tests, cancerous cells, time 8.0 hour, Fe₃ O₄      

Antibacterial and anticancer activity of biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles

The present investigation aims for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant extract. The obtained CuO NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Significant bacterial activity was manifested by CuO nanoparticles against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The synthesised CuO NPs have good cytotoxicity against both human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) and lung cancer cell line (A549) with minimum cytotoxic effect on normal L929 (fibroblast) cell lines.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, ultraviolet spectra, nanomedicine, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, cellular biophysics, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, lung, copper compounds, cancer, toxicology, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, bacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria, synthesised CuO NPs, human breast cancer cell line, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus mutans, CuO     

Antibacterial activity of carbon nanoparticles isolated from chimney soot

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are isolated from chimney soot and characterised by various tools such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The X‐ray diffraction studies confirm the presence of C₆₀ nanoparticles in the isolated sample. The thermal properties of the prepared CNPs are recorded using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. The analysis of the antibacterial activity of the synthesised CNPs against selected Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains is also investigated. The systematic study confirms that CNPs collected from chimney soot exhibit good antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis.Inspec keywords: ultraviolet spectra, scanning electron microscopy, visible spectra, differential thermal analysis, thermal analysis, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, carbonOther keywords: chimney soot, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermal properties, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, antibacterial activity, carbon nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction study, gram‐positive bacterial strains, gram‐negative bacterial strains, antibacterial potency, scanning electron microscopy, C₆₀      

Studies on antimicrobial and wound healing applications of gauze coated with CHX–Ag hybrid NPs

In this study, chlorhexidine (CHX)–silver (Ag) hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) coated gauze was developed, and their bactericidal effect and in vivo wound healing capacities were tested. A new method was developed to synthesise the NPs, wherein Ag nitrate mixed with sodium (Na) metaphosphate and reduced using Na borohydride. Finally, CHX digluconate was added to form the hybrid NPs. To study the antibacterial efficacy of particles, the minimal inhibition concentration and biofilm degradation capacity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria was studied using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicated that the NP inhibited biofilm formation and was bactericidal as well. The gauze was doped with NPs, and its wound healing property was evaluated using mice model. Results indicated that the wound healing process was fastened by using the NPs gauze doped with NPs without the administration of antibiotics.Inspec keywords: nanomedicine, nanoparticles, wounds, silver, cellular biophysics, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, microorganisms, antibacterial activityOther keywords: NPs gauze, antimicrobial wound healing applications, hybrid NPs, chlorhexidine–silver hybrid nanoparticles, CHX, coated gauze, bactericidal effect, minimal inhibition concentration, biofilm degradation capacity, Gram‐negative bacteria, wound healing property, wound healing process, in vivo wound healing capacities, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, antibiotics administration, Na borohydride, Ag nitrate mixing, sodium metaphosphate, CHX digluconate, NP inhibited biofilm formation, Ag     

Evaluation of the toxicities of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria

In this study, the endogenous lipid signalling molecules, N ‐myristoylethanolamine, were explored as a capping agent to synthesise stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Ag sulphide NPs (Ag₂ S NPs). Sulphidation of the AgNPs abolishes the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) maximum of AgNPs at 415 nm with concomitant changes in the SPR, indicating the formation of Ag₂ S NPs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the AgNPs and Ag₂ S NPs are spherical in shape with a size of 5–30 and 8–30 nm, respectively. AgNPs and Ag₂ S NPs exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25 and 50 μM for AgNPs and Ag₂ S NPs, respectively, were determined from resazurin microtitre plate assay. At or above MIC, both AgNPs and Ag₂ S NPs decrease the cell viability through the mechanism of membrane damage and generation of excess reactive oxygen species.Inspec keywords: cellular biophysics, biomembranes, transmission electron microscopy, nanomedicine, microorganisms, molecular biophysics, antibacterial activity, nanofabrication, silver, biomedical materials, surface plasmon resonance, nanoparticles, materials preparation, silver compounds, lipid bilayersOther keywords: Gram‐negative bacteria, Gram‐positive bacteria, endogenous lipid signalling molecules, N‐myristoylethanolamine, capping agent, silver nanoparticles, Ag sulphide NPs, sulphidation, surface plasmon resonance, concomitant changes, transmission electron microscopy, minimum inhibitory concentrations, resazurin microtitre plate assay, cell viability, membrane damage, reactive oxygen species, Ag toxicities, Ag, Ag₂ S     

Antibacterial magnetic nanoparticles for therapeutics: a review

Along with the extensive range of exotic nanoparticle (NPs) applications, investigation of magnetic NPs (MNPs) in vitro has ushered modern antibacterial studies into an increasingly attractive research area. A great number of microorganisms exist in the size scales from nanometre to micrometre regions. The enormous potential of engineered MNPs in therapeutic procedures against various drug‐resistant bacteria has declined the menace of fatal bacterial infections. Many biocompatible MNPs have been introduced that possess remarkable impacts on various bacterial strains. Conventional synthesis methods such as co‐precipitation or hydrothermal techniques have been widely adopted in the production of MNPs. The MNPs for antibacterial applications are mainly required to be superparamagnetic, recyclable and biocompatible. To implement novel strategies in developing new generation antimicrobial magnetic nanomaterials, it is essential to obtain a comprehensive preview of recent achievements in synthesis, proposed antibacterial mechanisms and characterisation techniques of these nanomaterials. This review highlights notable aspects of antibacterial activity in engineered MNPs and nanocomposites including their particle properties (size, shape and saturation magnetisation), antibacterial mechanisms, synthesis methods, testing methods, surface modifications and minimum inhibitory concentrations.Inspec keywords: nanocomposites, magnetic particles, biomedical materials, antibacterial activity, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, drugs, precipitation (physical chemistry), reviews, nanomagnetics, superparamagnetism, nanomedicineOther keywords: drug‐resistant bacteria, fatal bacterial infections, bacterial strains, conventional synthesis methods, antibacterial applications, antibacterial activity, exotic nanoparticle applications, antibacterial mechanisms, antimicrobial magnetic nanomaterials, antibacterial MNP, biocompatible MNP, in vivo magnetic nanoparticle, review, hydrothermal techniques, superparamagnetism, nanocomposites, surface modifications     

Structural and physicochemical properties of Rheum emodi mediated Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles and their antibacterial and cytotoxic potential

In the present investigation, Rheum emodi roots extract mediated magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles [Mg(OH)₂ NPs] through the bio‐inspired experimental technique were synthesised. Mg(OH)₂ NPs were characterised by using various characterisation techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The formation of Mg(OH)₂ NPs was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The structural analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystal symmetry of Mg(OH)₂ NPs with space group P‐3m1 and space group no. 164 using the Rietveld refinement technique. TEM micrographs illustrated the nano‐size formation of Mg(OH)₂ NPs of spherical shape and size ∼14.86 nm. With the aid of FTIR data, plant metabolites such as anthraquinones have been identified as a stabilising and reducing agent for the synthesis of biogenic Mg(OH)₂ NPs. The synthesised Mg(OH)₂ NPs showed antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cell lines.Inspec keywords: antibacterial activity, microorganisms, visible spectra, cancer, X‐ray diffraction, cellular biophysics, nanomedicine, ultraviolet spectra, nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, nanofabrication, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, particle size, magnesium compounds, space groups, toxicologyOther keywords: physicochemical properties, structural properties, Rheum emodi root extract mediated magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles, bio‐inspired experimental technique, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, TEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, hexagonal crystal symmetry, space group P‐3m1, space group no. 164, Rietveld refinement technique, nanosize formation, plant metabolites, spherical shape, antibacterial potential, cytotoxic potential, reducing agent, anthraquinones, stabilising agent, Gram‐positive bacteria, Gram‐negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cell lines, Mg(OH)₂      

Immobilisation of bacteria onto magnetic nanoparticles for the decolorisation and degradation of azo dyes

Azo dyes are widely used in industries and their release in the environment contributes to the pollution of effluents. The authors aim to develop a new eco‐friendly water treatment method for the degradation of azo dyes based on in situ magnetic separation and immobilisation of bacterial cells. The immobilisation was achieved using superparamagnetic Fe₃ O₄ nanoparticles and offers the possibility of reusing bacteria by magnetic separation for several degradation cycles. The iron– oxide nanoparticles were synthesised by reverse co‐precipitation. The Gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis were immobilised using iron–oxide nanoparticles by adsorption and then separated with an external magnetic field. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the particles'' diameter was ∼20 nm with a narrow size distribution. Moreover, the iron–oxide nanoparticles were adsorbed onto the surface in order to coat the cells. B. subtilis has proved its ability to decolorise and degrade several azo dyes at different values of pH, with the highest decolorisation rate for Congo red. Furthermore, immobilised cells have a degradation activity similar to that of free cells. The system provided a degradation rate up to 80% and could be reused for seven batch cycles.Inspec keywords: biotechnology, microorganisms, pH, adsorption, iron compounds, superparamagnetism, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, chemical technology, wastewater treatment, effluents, dyes, magnetic separation, iron, magnetic particles, decontaminationOther keywords: degradation rate, immobilisation, magnetic nanoparticles, azo dyes, eco‐friendly water treatment method, degradation cycles, Gram‐positive bacteria, iron–oxide nanoparticles, external magnetic field, immobilised cells, degradation activity, magnetic separation, effluents, bacterial cells, Fe₃ O₄      

In vivo study of anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor antibody‐based iron oxide nanoparticles (anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs) as a novel MR imaging contrast agent for lung cancer (LLC1) cells detection

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) conjugated with anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs) were characterised, and its cytotoxicity effects, ex vivo and in vivo studies on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells in C57BL/6 mice were investigated. The broadband at 679.96 cm⁻¹ relates to Fe–O, which verified the formation of the anti‐EGFR‐Mab with SPIONs was obtained by the FTIR. The TEM images showed spherical shape 20 and 80 nm‐sized for nanoparticles and the anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs, respectively. Results of cell viability at 24 h after incubation with different concentrations of nanoprobe showed it has only a 20% reduction in cell viabilities. The synthesised nanoprobe administered by systemic injection into C57BL/6 mice showed good Fe tumour uptake and satisfied image signal intensity under ex vivo and in vivo conditions. A higher concentration of nanoprobe was achieved compared to non‐specific and control, indicating selective delivery of nanoprobe to the tumour. It is concluded that the anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs was found to be as an MR imaging contrast nanoagent for lung cancer (LLC1) cells detection.Inspec keywords: toxicology, biomedical MRI, lung, magnetic particles, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, nanomagnetics, transmission electron microscopy, nanomedicine, superparamagnetism, nanoparticles, iron compounds, proteins, cellular biophysics, molecular biophysics, cancer, tumours, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: MR imaging contrast agent, LLC1, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, Lewis lung carcinoma cells, ex vivo conditions, cell viability, antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody‐based iron oxide nanoparticles, antiEGFR‐SPION, lung cancer cell detection, antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, cytotoxicity effects, C57BL‐6 mice, antiEGFR‐Mab, FTIR spectra, TEM, spherical shape, incubation, nanoprobe concentrations, systemic injection, Fe tumour uptake, image signal intensity, in vivo conditions, time 24.0 hour, Fe₃ O₄      

Factors affecting the antibacterial activity of chitosan‐silver nanocomposite

This study provides the optimum preparation parameters of chitosan‐silver nanoparticles composite (CSNC) with promising antibacterial activity against the most common bacterial infections found on burn wounds. CSNC was synthesised by simple green chemical reduction method with different preparation factors. Chitosan was used to reduce silver nitrate and stabilise silver nanoparticles in the medium. For this reason, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques as, ultraviolet‐visible Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used in the study of the molecular and morphological properties of the resultant composites. Furthermore, the composite was assessed in terms of Ag‐ions release by AAS and its efficacy as antibacterial material. As a result, CSNC showed stronger antibacterial effect than its individual components (chitosan and silver nitrate solutions) towards Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria. CSNC prepared in this study showed highest inhibition percentage of bacterial growth up to 96% at concentration of 220 μg/ml.Inspec keywords: silver, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, filled polymers, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, wounds, reduction (chemical), ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, microorganisms, nanofabricationOther keywords: antibacterial activity, chitosan‐silver nanocomposite, optimum preparation parameters, chitosan‐silver nanoparticles composite, CSNC, bacterial infections, burn wounds, green chemical reduction method, ultraviolet‐visible Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, molecular properties, morphological properties, Gram‐positive bacteria, Gram‐negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, bacterial growth, Ag     

Silver nanoparticles fabricated using medicinal plant extracts show enhanced antimicrobial and selective cytotoxic propensities

Nanoparticles fabricated using medicinal plant extract have great potential in the area of nanomedicine. High surface‐to‐volume ratio of nanoparticle enhances the local active biomolecules concentration, leading to many fold increase in the medicinal potentials. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated using indigenous medicinal plants of India, Azadirachta indica and Syzygium cumini, have shown a significant effect on the viability of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Biofabrication of AgNP was confirmed using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Extraction and purification of AgNP from non‐conjugated plant moieties are done using centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. The cytotoxic propensity of AgNP formulations was screened against Gram‐positive (Bacillus subtilis), Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, cancerous (HT1080) and non‐cancerous (HEK293) cell lines. The nanoparticle formulations showed a relatively higher cytotoxic propensity against Gram‐positive bacteria and cancerous cell lines. In addition, the surface roughness and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements indicated that AgNP formulations mediate the cell activity predominantly by ROS‐mediated disruptive change in membrane morphology upon direct interaction with the membrane. Hence, the nanoparticle formulations show an enhanced selective cytotoxic propensity towards Gram‐positive bacteria and cancerous cell lines.Inspec keywords: nanofabrication, chromatography, nanoparticles, purification, toxicology, drugs, drug delivery systems, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, cancer, silver, surface roughness, nanomedicine, cellular biophysicsOther keywords: medicinal plant extracts, medicinal potentials, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, microscopic techniques, nonconjugated plant moieties, centrifugation, AgNP formulations, noncancerous cell lines, nanoparticle formulations, Gram‐positive bacteria, cancerous cell lines, surface roughness, cell activity, local active biomolecule concentration     

Evaluation of antibacterial property of hydroxyapatite and zirconium oxide‐modificated magnetic nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

In the first section of this research, superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) (Fe₃ O₄) modified with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) and thereby Fe₃ O₄ /HAP and Fe₃ O₄ /ZrO₂ NPs were synthesised through co‐precipitation method. Then Fe₃ O₄ /HAP and Fe₃ O₄ /ZrO₂ NPs characterised with various techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier transform infrared, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Observed results confirmed the successful synthesis of desired NPs. In the second section, the antibacterial activity of synthesised magnetic NPs (MNPs) was investigated. This investigation performed with multiple microbial cultivations on the two bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Obtained results proved that although both MNPs have good antibacterial properties, however, Fe₃ O₄ /HAP NP has greater antibacterial performance than the other. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration evaluations, S. aureus bacteria are more sensitive to both NPs. These nanocomposites combine the advantages of MNP and antibacterial effects, with distinctive merits including easy preparation, high inactivation capacity, and easy isolation from sample solutions by the application of an external magnetic field.Inspec keywords: nanocomposites, X‐ray chemical analysis, microorganisms, magnetic particles, scanning electron microscopy, precipitation (physical chemistry), nanomagnetics, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, nanoparticles, superparamagnetism, iron compounds, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, calcium compounds, nanofabrication, Fourier transform infrared spectra, magnetometers, zirconium compoundsOther keywords: antibacterial effects, antibacterial property, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray analysis, antibacterial activity, bactericidal concentration, S. aureus bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, hydroxyapatite, coprecipitation method, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, microbial cultivations, nanocomposites     

Fabrication of antibacterial sponge cleaner using gold nanoclusters

From the dinner table to the office, many surfaces contain bacteria and the threat to human health. In this work, cost‐effective antimicrobial foams were developed by the adsorption of lysozyme protected gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) in sponges. Antibacterial activities of the prepared antibacterial AuNCs were evaluated using typical Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial foams were further fabricated by the absorption of the positively charged AuNCs in the negatively charged sponges. The inhibitions of bacteria on random surfaces, such as mobile phones, tables, doorknobs, and cabinet handles, were exhibited by cleaning them with the antibacterial foams.Inspec keywords: molecular biophysics, gold, microorganisms, nanomedicine, nanofabrication, adsorption, antibacterial activity, enzymes, metal clusters, nanostructured materials, porous materials, foamsOther keywords: antibacterial sponge cleaner, human health, cost‐effective antimicrobial foams, antibacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Gram‐positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, random surfaces, antibacterial gold nanoclusters, adsorption, positively charged gold nanoclusters, negatively charged sponges, lysozyme protected gold nanoclusters, Au     

Synthesis of ZnO/Fe3 O4 /rGO nanocomposites and evaluation of antibacterial activities towards E. coli and S. aureus

Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs) has received wide spread attention in biomedical applications. In this direction, the authors prepared zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe₃ O₄), and their composite including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by hydrothermal method. The structural and microstructural properties of the synthesised NPs and NCs were investigated by XRD, FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, TGA, and TEM analysis. PEG‐coated ZnO and Fe₃ O₄ form in hexagonal wurtzite and inverse spinel structures, respectively. ZnO forms in rod‐shaped (aspect ratio of ∼3) morphology, whereas well‐dispersed spherical‐shaped morphology of ∼10 nm is observed in Fe₃ O₄ NPs. The ZnO/Fe₃ O₄ composite possesses a homogeneous distribution of above two phases and shows a very good colloidal stability in aqueous solvent. These synthesised particles exhibited varying antibacterial activity against gram‐positive strain Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram‐negative strain Escherichia coli (E. coli). The nanocomposite exhibits a better cidal effect on E. coli when compared to S. aureus when treated with 1 mg/ml concentration. Further, the addition of rGO has intensified the anti‐bacterial effect to a much higher extent due to synergistic influence of individual components.Inspec keywords: colloids, visible spectra, II‐VI semiconductors, thermal analysis, nanofabrication, X‐ray diffraction, nanoparticles, biomedical materials, wide band gap semiconductors, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, antibacterial activity, nanocomposites, zinc compounds, nanobiotechnology, Fourier transform infrared spectra, graphene compounds, iron compounds, crystal growth from solution, crystal morphologyOther keywords: antibacterial activity, E. coli, biomedical applications, iron oxide, hydrothermal method, structural properties, microstructural properties, PEG‐coated ZnO, hexagonal wurtzite, inverse spinel structures, gram‐positive strain Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus, gram‐negative strain Escherichia coli, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, XRD, FTIR spectra, UV‐vis spectra, TGA, TEM, rod‐shaped morphology, spherical‐shaped morphology, colloidal stability, cidal effect, ZnO‐Fe₃ O₄ ‐CO     

Folate encapsulation in PEG‐diamine grafted mesoporous Fe3 O4 nanoparticles for hyperthermia and in vitro assessment

Effective and targeted delivery of the antitumour drugs towards the specific cancer spot is the major motive of drug delivery. In this direction, suitably functionalised magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilised as a theranostic agent for imaging, hyperthermia and drug delivery applications. Herein, the authors reported the preparation of multifunctional polyethyleneglycol‐diamine functionalised mesoporous superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPION) prepared by a facile solvothermal method for biomedical applications. To endow targeting ability towards tumour site, folic acid (FA) is attached to the amine groups which are present on the NPs surface by 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N‐hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. FA attached SPION shows good colloidal stability and possesses high drug‐loading efficiency of ∼ 96% owing to its mesoporous nature and the electrostatic attachment of daunosamine (NH₃ ⁺) group of doxorubicin (DOX) towards the negative surface charge of carboxyl and hydroxyl group. The NPs possess superior magnetic properties in result endowed with high hyperthermic ability under alternating magnetic field reaching the hyperthermic temperature of 43°C within 223 s at NP''s concentration of 1 mg/ml. The functionalised NPs possess non‐appreciable toxicity in breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) which is triggered under DOX‐loaded SPION.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, nanocomposites, mesoporous materials, colloids, biochemistry, nanomagnetics, molecular biophysics, tumours, superparamagnetism, drugs, toxicology, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, hyperthermia, cancer, magnetic particles, cellular biophysics, nanomedicine, iron compounds, drug delivery systems, filled polymers, biological organs, liquid phase depositionOther keywords: NP surface, colloidal stability, drug‐loading efficiency, hydroxyl group, magnetic properties, high hyperthermic ability, magnetic field, DOX‐loaded SPION, folate encapsulation, targeted delivery, antitumour drugs, specific cancer spot, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, theranostic agent, drug delivery applications, multifunctional polyethyleneglycol‐diamine, facile solvothermal method, biomedical applications, tumour site, amine groups, mesoporous superparamagnetic nanoparticles, PEG‐diamine grafted mesoporous nanoparticles, 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide chemistry, daunosamine group, carboxyl group, breast cancer cells, temperature 43.0 degC, Fe₃ O₄      

Facile hydrothermal bio‐synthesis of cellulose acetate templated CuS nanorods like fibres: antibacterial,cytotoxicity effects and DNA cleavage properties against A549 lung cancer cells

In this research, the hydrothermal method was used for synthesising cellulose acetate (CA) templated nanorods like CuS fibres using vegetable extract (Brassica oleracea var. italica). These extracts act as a reducing agent in the presence of CA. Surprisingly, when the same reaction was carried out in the absence of CA and broccoli extract, structural morphology disappeared and was found as agglomerated. In the presence of cellulose templated extract mediated CuS has revealed as nanorods like fibres and was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope analysis. Their crystallinity property of CuS nanoparticles (NPs) and cellulose templated biosynthesised CuS NPs was analysed and compared using X‐ray diffraction technique. The biological activities of the obtained product were examined for antibacterial assessment against two bacterial strains that include two‐gram negative strains (E.Coli and S. aureus). The nanostructured product found to exhibit excellent antibacterial agent against all the strains. Biosynthesised nanostructure showed its efficacy against A549 lung cancer cells which might attribute to a larger surface to volume ratio of nanorods like fibres. The authors observation suggest that CuS nanorods like fibres can significantly reduce the cell growth with IC₅₀ value of 31.2 μg/ml.Inspec keywords: nanomedicine, copper compounds, X‐ray diffraction, nanorods, nanofabrication, antibacterial activity, DNA, toxicology, microorganisms, molecular biophysics, cancer, cellular biophysics, biomedical materials, nanoparticles, lung, field emission scanning electron microscopy, polymers, crystal growth from solutionOther keywords: A549 lung cancer cells, hydrothermal method, structural morphology, crystallinity property, CuS nanoparticles, two‐gram negative strains, CuS nanorods, cytotoxicity effects, DNA cleavage properties, cellulose acetate, Brassica oleracea var. italica, field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, antibacterial agent, hydrothermal biosynthesis, CuS     

Efficacy of mycosynthesised AgNPs from Earliella scabrosa as an in vitro antibacterial and wound healing agent

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with their unique chemical and physical properties are proving as a new therapeutical agent. In the present study, the AgNPs synthesised from an aqueous extract of a macrofungus, Earliella scabrosa, were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and further evaluate for its in vitro antibacterial and wound healing efficacy. The mycosynthesised AgNPs exhibited the surface plasmon resonance peak at 410 nm with good stability over a period of a month. The FESEM and EDX analyses revealed the spherical‐shaped AgNPs of an average size of 20 nm and the presence of elemental Ag, respectively. The XRD pattern showed the crystalline nature of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of Ag⁺ ions to AgNPs due to reduction by biomolecules of macrofungus extract. The mycosynthesised AgNPs showed effective antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive bacteria, namely Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pathogens were highly sensitive to AgNPs, whereas less sensitive to AgNO₃. The mycosynthesised AgNPs showed significant wound healing potential with 68.58% of wound closure.Inspec keywords: surface plasmon resonance, wounds, X‐ray diffraction, nanoparticles, molecular biophysics, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, reduction (chemical), silver, microorganisms, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, particle size, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, healing efficacy, mycosynthesised AgNPs, spherical‐shaped AgNPs, wound healing agent, in vitro antibacterial efficacy, Earliella scabrosa, silver nanoparticles, physical properties, chemical properties, therapeutical agent, aqueous extract, macrofungus, field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, EDX, X‐ray diffraction, XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance peak, crystalline nature, biomolecules, Gram‐positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pathogens, wound closure, Ag     

Autoclave‐assisted synthesis of AgNPs in Z. officinale extract and assessment of their cytotoxicity,antibacterial and antioxidant activities

In this study, the authors synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using autoclave as a simple, unique and eco‐friendly approach. The effect of Zingiber officinale extract was evaluated as a reducing and stabiliser agent. According to transmission electron microscopy results, the AgNPs were in the spherical shape with a particle size of ∼17 nm. The biomedical properties of AgNPs as antibacterial agents and free radical scavenging activity were estimated. Synthesised AgNPs showed significant 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl free radical scavenging. Strong bactericidal activity was shown by the AgNPs on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. A maximum inhibition zone of ∼14 mm was obtained for epidermidis at a concentration of 60 μg/ml for sample fabricated at 24 h. The AgNPs also showed a significant cytotoxic effect against MCF‐7 breast cancer cell lines with an half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 62 μg/ml in 24 h by the MTT assay. It could be concluded that Z. officinale extract can be used effectively in the production of potential antioxidant and antimicrobial AgNPs for commercial application.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, cancer, organic compounds, antibacterial activity, particle size, microorganisms, silver, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, biomedical materials, biochemistry, nanofabrication, free radicals, nanomedicine, toxicology, cellular biophysics, transmission electron microscopyOther keywords: unique approach, eco‐friendly approach, zingiber officinale, reducing agent, stabiliser agent, transmission electron microscopy results, antibacterial agents, free radical scavenging activity, synthesised AgNPs, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl free radical scavenging, strong bactericidal activity, antimicrobial AgNPs, autoclave‐assisted synthesis, antioxidant activities, cytotoxic effect, silver nanoparticles, autoclave, time 24.0 hour     

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaves: characterisation and impact on Staphylococcus aureus growth and glutathione‐S‐transferase activity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are toxic to various microbes, but the mechanism of action is not fully understood. The present report explores Azadirachta indica leaf extract as a reducing agent for the rapid biosynthesis of AgNPs. The effects of AgNPs on the growth, glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity, and total protein concentration in Staphylococcus aureus were investigated, as was its antibacterial activity against seven other bacterial strains. Nanoparticle synthesis was confirmed by the UV‐Vis spectrum and colour change of the solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the synthesised nanoparticles. The UV‐Visible spectrograph showed an absorbance peak at 420 nm. DLS analysis showed an average AgNP size of 159 nm and a Polydispersity Index of 0.373. SEM analysis showed spherical particle shapes, while TEM established an average AgNP size of 7.5 nm. The element analysis profile showed small peaks for calcium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, with the presence of oxygen and silver. AgNPs markedly affected the growth curves and GST activity in treated bacteria, and produced moderate antibacterial activity. Thus AgNPs synthesised from A. indica leaves can interrupt the growth curve and total protein concentration in bacterial cells.Inspec keywords: ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, nanomedicine, visible spectra, nanoparticles, electrokinetic effects, antibacterial activity, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, light scattering, nanofabrication, particle size, silver, enzymes, biochemistry, molecular biophysics, cellular biophysicsOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, glutathione‐S‐transferase activity, green leaves, rapid biosynthesis, total protein concentration, nanoparticle synthesis, colour change, zeta potential analysis, UV‐Visible spectrograph, DLS analysis, SEM analysis, element analysis profile, growth curve, GST activity, bacterial strains, antibacterial activity, staphylococcus aureus growth, microbes, Azadirachta azadirachta indica leaf, reducing agent, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, absorbance peak, polydispersity index, spherical particle shapes, TEM, bacterial cells, Ag     

Synergistic evaluation of AgO2 nanoparticles with ceftriaxone against CTXM and blaSHV genes positive ESBL producing clinical strains of Uro‐pathogenic E. coli

The silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO₂ ‐NPs) were synthesised using silver foil as a new precursor in wet chemical method. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows crystallographic structures of AgO₂ ‐NPs with crystallite size of 35.54 nm well‐matched with standard cubic structure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis clearly shows the random distribution of spherical‐shaped nanoparticles. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis confirmed the purity of the samples as it shows no impurity element. Fourier transforms infra‐red analysis confirmed the formation of AgO₂ ‐NPs with the presence of Ag‐O‐Ag stretching bond. All the techniques also confirmed the loading of ceftriaxone drug on the surface of AgO₂ ‐NPs. This study also described the effect of AgO₂ ‐NPs having synergistic activity with β lactam antibiotic i.e. ceftriaxone against ESBL generating Escherichia coli (E. coli). Among isolated strains of E. coli, 60.0% were found to be ESBL producer. The synergistic activities of AgO₂ ‐NPs with ceftriaxone suggest that these combinations are effective against MDR‐ESBL E. coli strains as evident by increase in zone sizes. The present study observed rise in MDR‐ESBL E. coli with polymorphism of blaCTXM and blaSHV causing UTI infections in Pakistani population. The antibiotic and AgO₂ ‐NPs synergistic effect can be used as an efficient approach to combat uro‐pathogenic infections.Inspec keywords: antibacterial activity, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, drugs, nanoparticles, microorganisms, crystallites, scanning electron microscopy, silver compounds, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, organic compounds, geneticsOther keywords: synergistic evaluation, clinical strains, silver oxide nanoparticles, silver foil, wet chemical method, X‐ray diffraction analysis, crystallographic structures, standard cubic structure, spherical‐shaped nanoparticles, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, ceftriaxone drug, synergistic activity, ESBL producer, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, Escherichia coli, blaSHV gene positive ESBL, crystallite size, random distribution, β lactam antibiotics, MDR‐ESBL E. coli strains, polymorphism, blaCTXM, uro‐pathogenic infections, uro‐pathogenic E. coli, AgO₂