Metallic nanoparticle synthesised by biological route: safer candidate for diverse applications

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) involves greater prospect; however, a detailed review is required for ecofriendly, faster and stable NP formulation in large scale for different commercial applications. The present article highlighted recent updates on biological route of single and bimetallic NP synthesis wherein the chemical reducing agents are eliminated and biological entities are utilised to convert metal ions to NPs. Application of the biological reducing agents ranging from bacteria to fungi and even natural plant extracts have emerged as eco‐friendly and cost‐effective routes for the synthesis of metal nanomaterials. Potential applications of such NPs, a wide range of analytical techniques used for characterisation and factors influencing the synthesis of NPs are focused. Further, elucidation of the mechanisms associated with the NP formation using microorganisms, as well as plant‐based materials are analysed which would be helpful for wide range of readers in the field of NP research for future selection and commercial implementation.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, nanobiotechnology, nanofabrication, reviews, microorganisms, botanyOther keywords: metallic nanoparticle, biological synthesis, chemical reducing agents, biological reducing agents, bacteria, fungi, natural plant extracts, eco‐friendly synthesis, cost‐effective synthesis, microorganisms, plant‐based materials, review     

In vitro germination and biochemical profiling of Brassica napus in response to biosynthesised zinc nanoparticles

With the progression of nanotechnology, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer products has increased dramatically and green synthesis is one of the cheapest and eco‐friendly methods to obtain non‐hazardous NPs. In the current research zinc (Zn) NPs synthesis was carried out by using the fresh and healthy leaves of Mentha arvensis L. followed by characterisation through ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the green synthesis of ZnNPs, while XRD confirmed the size of NPs, which was 30–70 nm. SEM shows that the shape of ZnNPs was irregular. The effects of green synthesised NPs on two different varieties of Brassica napus were evaluated. Exposure to ZnNPs (5, 15, and 25 mg/l⁻¹) caused a significant increase in root and shoot length of B. napus. The application of NPs significantly improved plant germination and triggered the production of secondary metabolite and antioxidant enzymes. ZnNPs showed a significant increase in chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase, total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant enzymes while total phenolic content was decreased when TFC increased. Thus, it has been concluded from the current study that ZnNPs may possibly trigger the production of antioxidant enzymes and various biochemical compounds.Inspec keywords: zinc, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size, enzymes, molecular biophysics, biochemistry, nanobiotechnology, botanyOther keywords: biochemical profiling, Brassica napus, biosynthesised zinc nanoparticles, nanotechnology, Mentha arvensis L, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Zn, biochemical compounds, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll, antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolite, plant germination, green synthesis, SEM, scanning electron microscopy, XRD     

Plant‐based metallic nanoparticles as potential theranostics agents: bioinspired tool for imaging and treatment

Theranostic approach provides us a platform where diagnosis and treatment can be carried out simultaneously. Biosynthesis of theranostic‐capable nanoparticles (NPs) can be carried out by phytoconstituents present inside the plants that can act as capping as well as stabilising agents by offering several advantages over chemical and physical methods. This article highlights the theranostic role of NPs with emphasis on potential of plants to produce these NPs through ecofriendly approach that is called ‘Green synthesis’. Biosynthesis, advantages, and disadvantages of plant‐based theronostics have been discussed for better understanding. Moreover, this article has highlighted the approaches required to optimise the plant‐mediated synthesis of NPs and to avoid the toxicity of these agents. Anticipating all of the challenges, the authors expect biogenic NPs can appear as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents in near future.Inspec keywords: nanofabrication, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, biomedical imaging, patient treatmentOther keywords: bioinspired tool, biosynthesis, theranostic‐capable nanoparticles, Green synthesis, plant‐based theronostics, plant‐mediated synthesis, potential diagnostic agents, therapeutic agents, theranostics agents, plant‐based metallic nanoparticles     

Bio‐green synthesis ZnO‐NPs in Brassica napus pollen extract: biosynthesis,antioxidant, cytotoxicity and pro‐apoptotic properties

The bio‐green methods of synthesis nanoparticles (NPs) have advantages over chemo‐physical procedures due to cost‐effective and ecofriendly products. The goal of current investigation is biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO‐NPs) and evaluation of their biological assessment. Water extract of Brassica napus pollen [rapeseed (RP)] prepared and used for the synthesis of ZnO‐NPs and synthesised ZnO‐NP characterised using ultraviolet–visible, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Antioxidant properties of ZnO‐NPs, cytotoxic and pro‐apoptotic potentials of NPs were also evaluated. The results showed that ZnO‐NPs have a hexagonal shape with 26 nm size. ZnO‐NPs synthesised in RP (RP/ZnO‐NPs) exhibited the good antioxidant potential compared with the butylated hydroxyanisole as a positive control. These NPs showed the cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cells (M.D. Anderson‐Metastasis Breast cancer (MDA‐MB)) with IC₅₀ about 1, 6 and 6 μg/ml after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure, respectively. RP/ZnO‐NPs were found effective in increasing the expression of catalase enzyme, the enzyme involved in antioxidants properties of the cells. Bio‐green synthesised RP/ZnO‐NPs showed antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The results of the present study support the advantages of using the bio‐green procedure for the synthesis of NPs as an antioxidant and as anti‐cancer agents.Inspec keywords: II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, ultraviolet spectra, toxicology, X‐ray diffraction, biochemistry, zinc compounds, nanomedicine, enzymes, biomedical materials, particle size, antibacterial activity, transmission electron microscopy, molecular biophysics, visible spectra, nanofabrication, cellular biophysics, nanoparticles, cancer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, semiconductor growthOther keywords: bio‐green synthesis ZnO‐NPs, zinc oxide NPs, synthesised ZnO‐NP, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, antioxidant properties, bio‐green synthesised RP‐ZnO‐NPs, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, breast cancer cells MDA‐MB, pro‐apoptotic potentials, cytotoxic effects, catalase enzyme, bio‐green procedure, time 48.0 hour, time 72.0 hour, size 26.0 nm, time 24.0 hour, ZnO     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris extracts: characterisation,cell cytotoxicity,and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans in comparison to fluconazole

Fluconazole (FLZ) application as a highly successful commercial antifungal azole agent to treat the fungal infections is limited due to emergence of FLZ‐resistant candida. In this study, the potential of green synthesised silver nanoparticles (NPs) as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans fungal pathogen is investigated. The extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) plays as reducing agent, capping agent and antifungal agent. The UV–visible spectroscopy shows the peak of surface plasmon resonance of synthesised Ag NPs after a period of time. The synthesised Ag NPs are spherical, with average sizes of 12 and 18 nm based on ginger and thyme extract, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the adsorption of the plant extract on the surface of the as‐prepared Ag NPs. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method against Candida albicans, the antifungal activity of as‐prepared green synthesised Ag NPs shows higher inhibitory in comparison to FLZ. Finally, the Ag NPs synthesised via thyme extract shows no cytotoxicity with concentration below 3.5 ppm, which can be considered as an appropriate candidate instead of FLZ to treat the superficial fungal infections.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, surface plasmon resonance, adsorption, nanofabrication, particle size, silver, ultraviolet spectra, antibacterial activity, visible spectra, microorganisms, nanomedicine, Fourier transform infrared spectra, biomedical materials, diseases, materials preparation, cellular biophysicsOther keywords: green synthesis, cell cytotoxicity, antifungal activity, fluconazole application, FLZ‐resistant candida, green synthesised silver nanoparticles, antifungal agent, surface coating, surface plasmon resonance, superficial fungal infections, Zingiber officinale, UV‐visible spectroscopy, Thymus vulgaris extracts, antifungal azole agent, Candida albicans fungal pathogen, plant extracts, ginger, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, minimum inhibitory concentration method, Ag     

Biosynthesis of bimetallic and core–shell nanoparticles: their biomedical applications – a review

Recently, researchers succeeded in designing and manufacturing a new class of nanoparticles (NPs) called hybrid NPs. Among hybrid NPs, bimetallic and core–shell NPs were a revolutionary step in NPs science. A large number of green physiochemical and methods for nanostructures synthesis have been published. Eventually, physiochemical methods are either expensive or require the use of chemical compounds for the synthesis of bimetallic and core–shell nanostructures. The main challenges that scientists are facing are making the process cheaper, facile and eco‐friendly efficient synthesis process. Green synthesis (biosynthesis) refers to the use of bio‐resources (such as bacteria, fungi, plants or their derivatives) for the synthesis of nanostructures. The popularity of the green synthesis of nanostructures is due to their environmental friendliness and no usage of toxic materials, environmental friendliness for the synthesis or stability of nanostructure. Bimetallic and core–shell NPs have many biomedical applications such as removing heavy metals, parasitology, molecular and microbial sensor, gene carrier, single bacterial detection, oligonucleotide detection and so on. The purpose of this study is to discuss briefly the biosynthesised bimetallic and core–shell NPs, their biomedical applications.Inspec keywords: nanofabrication, nanoparticles, biosensors, microorganisms, molecular biophysics, nanobiotechnologyOther keywords: biosynthesised bimetallic –shell, environmental friendliness, green synthesis, eco‐friendly efficient synthesis process, core–shell nanostructures, bimetallic –shell nanostructures, physiochemical methods, nanostructures synthesis, green physiochemical, NPs science, hybrid NPs, biomedical applications, core–shell nanoparticles, bimetallic –shell nanoparticles, biosynthesis     

Green synthesis,characterisation and biological evaluation of plant‐based silver nanoparticles using Quercus semecarpifolia Smith aqueous leaf extract

The development of reliable and green methods for the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has many advantages in the field of nanotechnology. In this direction, the present work describes an eco‐friendly and cost‐effective protocol for the production of silver NPs (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Quercus semecarpifolia leaves. Different techniques were carried out for the characterisation of the synthesised AgNPs. The ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic analysis showed the highest absorbance peak at 430 nm. The particle size and structure were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. From TEM imaging, it was revealed that the formed particles were spherical with an average size of 20–50 nm. The crystalline nature of the NPs was determined by X‐ray powder diffraction patterns. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis were also evaluated by a temperature increment from 100 to 1000°C. Bio‐inspired synthesis of AgNPs was performed for their pharmacological evaluation in relation to the activities of the crude methanolic, n ‐hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts. Good cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the green‐synthesised AgNPs (77%). Furthermore, the AgNPs were found to exhibit significant antioxidant activity at 300 μg/ml (82%). The AgNPs also exhibited good phytotoxic potential (75%).Inspec keywords: scanning electron microscopy, toxicology, visible spectra, particle size, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, transmission electron microscopy, silver, ultraviolet spectra, differential thermal analysis, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, botany, biochemistry, cellular biophysicsOther keywords: green synthesis, biological evaluation, plant‐based silver nanoparticles, reliable methods, metallic nanoparticles, eco‐friendly cost‐effective protocol, silver NPs, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic analysis, highest absorbance peak, particle size, structure, transmission electron microscopy analysis, TEM imaging, crystalline nature, X‐ray powder diffraction patterns, differential thermal analysis, pharmacological evaluation, aqueous extracts, good cytotoxic activity, significant antioxidant activity, AgNPs exhibited good phytotoxic potential, bio‐inspired synthesis, Quercus semecarpifolia Smith aqueous leaf extract, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, crude methanolic, n‐hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, phytotoxic potential, haemagglutination activity, size 20.0 nm to 50.0 nm, wavelength 430.0 nm, temperature 100 degC to 1000 degC, Ag     

Simple,green approach for the synthesis of solid support‐embedded PdNPs for ligand exchange

Green approaches have the potential to significantly reduce the costs and environmental impact of chemical syntheses. Here, the authors used green tea (GT) leaf extract to synthesise and anchor palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) to silica. The synthesised PdNPs in GT extract were characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. PdNPs primarily formed as capped NPs dispersed in GT extract before reduction completed after 24 h. This capped phytochemical solution was employed as a green precursor solution to synthesise PdNP‐embedded solid supports. The morphology of PdNPs anchored to silica differed to that of PdNPs in solution. Silica‐embedded PdNPs was employed as a new ligand exchanger to isolate trace polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles from a hydrocarbon matrix. The isolation efficiency of the new, greener ligand exchanger was the same as an efficient chemical ligand exchanger and may, therefore, hold promise for future applications.Inspec keywords: nanofabrication, palladium, visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticles, reduction (chemical), ultraviolet spectra, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, surface morphologyOther keywords: ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, phytochemical solution, green precursor solution, PdNP‐embedded solid supports, solid support‐embedded PdNPs, green tea leaf extract, chemical ligand exchanger, anchor palladium nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, isolate trace polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles, hydrocarbon matrix, green synthesis, time 24.0 hour, Pd     

Green fabricated CuO nanobullets via Olea europaea leaf extract shows auspicious antimicrobial potential

In present investigation, copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures have been prepared via green chemistry. Olea europaea leaf extract act as strong chelating agent for tailoring physical as well as bio‐medical characteristics of CuO at the nano‐size. Physical characterisation such as scanning electron microscope analysis depicts the formation of homogenised spherical shape nanoparticles (NPs) with average size of 42 nm. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further confirmed the crystalline pure phase and monoclinic structure. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) testing is performed to evaluate the relative concentration of bioactive molecules in the O. europaea leaf extract. From HPLC results capping action of organic molecules around CuO‐NPs is hypothesised. The antimicrobial potency of biosynthesised CuO‐NPs have been evaluated using colony forming unit (CFU) counting assay and disc diffusion method which shows a significant zone of inhibition against bacterial and fungal strains may be highly potential for future antimicrobial pharmaceutics. Furthermore, reduction of various precursors by plant extract will reduce environmental impact over chemical synthesis.Inspec keywords: copper compounds, antibacterial activity, biochemistry, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, chromatographyOther keywords: CuO, size 42 nm, chemical synthesis, antimicrobial pharmaceutics, bacterial strain, fungal strain, disc diffusion method, colony forming unit counting assay, biosynthesised CuO‐NP, bioactive molecules, high‐performance liquid chromatography testing, monoclinic structure, crystalline pure phase, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, homogenised spherical shape nanoparticles, scanning electron microscope analysis, CuO biomedical characteristics, chelating agent, green fabricated CuO nanobullets, green chemistry, copper oxide nanostructures, antimicrobial potential, Olea europaea leaf extract     

Carpogenic ZnO nanoparticles: amplified nanophotocatalytic and antimicrobial action

This investigation has for the first time utilised environmental resource Prunus cerasifera seed extract phytochemicals for the green synthesis of carpogenic ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Spherical morphology and size range of 56.57–107.70 nm at variable calcination temperatures without the use of any external reducing agent was obtained. The synthesised NPs exhibited hexagonal wurtzite geometry with an average crystal size 5.62 nm and a band gap of 3.4 eV. Carpogenic NPs were investigated for optical, compositional, morphological, and phytochemical make up via ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Carpogenic NPs degraded methyl red up to 83% with pseudo‐first‐order degradation kinetics (R ²  = 0.88) in 18 min signifying their remediation role in environment in conformity with all principles of green chemistry. Photocatalytic assays were performed in direct solar irradiance. Nine pathogens of biomedical and agricultural significance having multi‐drug resistance were inhibited in vitro via the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay. The enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial inhibition not only makes carpogenic ZnO NPs a future photo‐degradative candidate for environmental remediation but also a nanofertiliser, nanofungicide, and nanobactericide synthesised via bioinspired, biomimetic, green, and unprecedented route.Inspec keywords: visible spectra, Fourier transform spectra, nanocomposites, nanobiotechnology, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, biomimetics, zinc compounds, catalysis, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, nanoparticles, photochemistry, infrared spectra, calcination, nanofabricationOther keywords: antimicrobial action, environmental resource, prunus cerasifera seed, phytochemicals, green synthesis, variable calcination temperatures, hexagonal wurtzite geometry, X‐ray powder diffraction, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, pseudofirst‐order degradation kinetics, green chemistry, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, antimicrobial inhibition, environmental remediation, photocatalytic inhibition, carpogenic nanoparticles, nanophotocatalytic action, size 5.62 nm, electron volt energy 3.4 eV, time 18.0 min, size 56.57 nm to 107.7 nm, ZnO     

Green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by the main reduction component of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

Recently the use of medicinal plants potential in the production of nanoparticles has received serious attention. Here, the main component of Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) extract was detected by spectroscopy and the optimal conditions were determined for their performance in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. Epigallocatechin gallate was identified as the dominant component in the extract as determined by spectroscopy, and it was established that its oxidation was a function of the solution pH. Transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV‐Vis) confirmed the reduction in silver ions to silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Controlling over Ag NPs shape and narrow size distribution was achieved with 10 ml green tea leaf extract solution and in different reaction pH. Spherical colloidal Ag NPs with well‐defined hydrodynamic diameters (with average hydrodynamic size of 27.9–50.2 nm) were produced. Silver nitrate concentrations used in this study were lower than that of reported in similar works, and synthesis efficiency was also higher. Nanoparticles were perfectly spherical and their uniformity, compared to similar studies, was much higher. These NPs showed higher degree of stability and were aqueously stable for >10 months in dark glasses at 4°C.Inspec keywords: hydrodynamics, nanoparticles, particle size, pH, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, reduction (chemical), transmission electron microscopy, silver, microorganisms, nanofabrication, colloids, biomedical materials, nanomedicine, drug delivery systemsOther keywords: transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, visible absorption spectroscopy, silver ions, narrow size distribution, silver nitrate concentrations, green synthesis, medicinal plants, solution pH, green tea leaf, hydrodynamic size, silver nanoparticles, Camellia sinensis L, drug delivery, reduction component, epigallocatechin gallate, UV‐visible spectra, hydrodynamic diameters, spherical colloidal Ag NPs, temperature 4.0 degC, Ag     

Process optimisation for green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and evaluation of its antimacrofouling activity

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the plant‐mediated synthesis of nanoparticles because it is an eco‐friendly method compared to the synthesis by chemical route. This study aims to optimise the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) mediated by coconut water using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of the individual variables (concentration of coconut water, temperature and time) and their interactions during the biosynthesis of ZnO‐NPs were determined by RSM employing Box–Behnken design. The variables selected were tested by a 17‐run experiment and quadratic model was used for the analysis of the results. The accuracy of the model was confirmed by the coefficient of determination (R ²) value of 0.9968. The significance of the regression model was found to be high which is validated by the low probability value of P  < 0.0001. The ZnO‐NPs thus synthesised was evaluated for its antimacrofouling activity against mollusks using in‐vitro foot‐adherence bioassay. The results demonstrated the potential of biosynthesised ZnO‐NPs in inhibiting fouling induced due to the test organisms.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, response surface methodology, zinc compounds, regression analysis, design of experiments, biotechnologyOther keywords: plant‐mediated synthesis, eco‐friendly method, biosynthesis, zinc oxide nanoparticles, coconut water, response surface methodology, RSM, Box–Behnken design, quadratic model, regression model, antimacrofouling activity, biosynthesised ZnO‐NPs, process optimisation, green synthesis, ZnO nanoparticles     

Salacia mulbarica leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial and ct‐DNA damage via releasing of reactive oxygen species

In this examination, we researched the advantages of DNA fragmentation and metallic nanoparticles well‐appointed with biomolecules. A novel interpretation of DNA damage by Silver Nano‐Clusters (AgNCs) which were developed by the utilization of green synthesis method was demonstrated. The green synthesis of AgNCs was accomplished by utilizing the leaf extract of Salacia mulbarica (SM). The preparation of SM‐AgNCs was developed by estimating surface plasmon resonance peak around 449 nm by using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The effect of phytochemicals in SM leaf extract on the development of stable SM‐AgNCs was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The size of the fabricated SM‐AgNCs was estimated by dynamic light scattering and zeta‐sizer analysis and the morphology of the SM‐AgNCs was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The presence of clusters of Ag particles in the prepared SM‐AgNCs was recognized by energy dispersion X‐ray analysis. The results show that saponins, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds present in plant extract may play a great part in developing the SM‐AgNCs in their specialized particles. The succeeded SM‐AgNCs shows incredible anti‐bacterial action towards Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In‐light of the antibacterial study, these SM‐AgNCs were analyzed with calf thymus‐DNA and found significant damage to the strand of thymus‐DNA.Inspec keywords: visible spectra, surface plasmon resonance, transmission electron microscopy, DNA, nanofabrication, particle size, X‐ray chemical analysis, ultraviolet spectra, molecular biophysics, nanomedicine, microorganisms, nanoparticles, silver, X‐ray diffraction, antibacterial activity, Fourier transform infrared spectra, biomedical materialsOther keywords: stable SM‐AgNCs, silver nanoparticles, ct‐DNA damage, metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoclusters, Salacia mulbarica leaf extract, reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, surface plasmon resonance, UV‐Visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Zeta‐sizer analysis, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, plant extract, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Ag     

Green preparation of seaweed‐based silver nano‐liquid for cotton pathogenic fungi management

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesised using the crude ethyl acetate extracts of Ulva lactuca and evaluated their bioefficacy against two crop‐damaging pathogens. The sets of lattice planes in the XRD spectrum for the Ag NPs were indexed to the 111, 200, 220 and 311 orientations and support the crystalline nature of the Ag NPs. The 3414 and 2968 cm⁻¹ peaks were observed in crude algal thallus extract and they were characteristic of terpenoids. Further, a peak at 1389 cm⁻¹ was observed as fatty acids. The marine macroalgae terpenoids and palmitic acid acted as reducing agent and stabiliser, respectively. The size (3 and 50 nm) and shape (spherical) of Ag NPs were recorded. The energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis exemplified the presence of silver in its elemental nature. Moreover, U. lactuca Ag NPs were effective against two cotton phytopathogens namely Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (FOV) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (XAM). The minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 80.0 and 43.33 μg ml⁻¹ against FOV and XAM, respectively. Results confirmed the anti‐microbial activity of green nanoparticles against select pathogens and suggest their possible usage in developing antifungal agents for controlling destructive pathogens in a cotton agroecosystem.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, biotechnology, antibacterial activity, silver, microorganisms, X‐ray chemical analysis, crops, X‐ray diffraction, cottonOther keywords: crude ethyl acetate extracts, crop‐damaging pathogens, lattice planes, XRD spectrum, crystalline nature, crude algal thallus, fatty acids, marine macroalgae terpenoids, palmitic acid, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis, elemental nature, cotton phytopathogens, green nanoparticles, destructive pathogens, cotton agroecosystem, green preparation, seaweed‐based silver nanoliquid, cotton pathogenic fungi management, silver nanoparticles, Ag NP, Ag     

Role of Ribes khorassanicum in the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their antibacterial properties

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been biosynthesised through the extracts of Ribes khorassanicum fruits, which served as the reducing agents and capping agents. Biosynthesised AgNPs have been found to be ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra since they have displayed one surface plasmon resonance peak at 438 nm, attesting the formation of spherical NPs. These particles have been characterised by UV–vis, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The formation of AgNPs at 1.0 mM concentration of AgNO₃ has resulted in NPs that contained mean diameters in a range of 20–40 nm. The green‐synthesised AgNPs have demonstrated high antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Biosynthesising metal NPs through plant extracts can serve as the facile and eco‐friendly alternative for chemical and/or physical methods that are utilised for large‐scale nanometal fabrication in various medical and industrial applications.Inspec keywords: X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, scanning electron microscopy, silver, nanomedicine, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy, biomedical materialsOther keywords: antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles, reducing agents, capping agents, surface plasmon resonance peak, spherical NPs, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analysis, plant extracts, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, antibacterial effect, Ribes khorassanicum fruits, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, surface plasmon resonance, AgNO₃ , Ag     

Antibacterial and anticancer activity of biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles

The present investigation aims for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant extract. The obtained CuO NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Significant bacterial activity was manifested by CuO nanoparticles against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The synthesised CuO NPs have good cytotoxicity against both human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) and lung cancer cell line (A549) with minimum cytotoxic effect on normal L929 (fibroblast) cell lines.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, ultraviolet spectra, nanomedicine, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, cellular biophysics, antibacterial activity, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, lung, copper compounds, cancer, toxicology, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, biosynthesised CuO nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, Nilgirianthus ciliatus plant, X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectrum, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, bacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria, synthesised CuO NPs, human breast cancer cell line, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus mutans, CuO     

Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Mukia maderaspatna plant extract and its anticancer activity

The present investigation reveals the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the biosynthesised metal nanoparticles on the MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines. The gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesised through an environmentally admissible route using the Mukia Maderaspatna plant extract. Initially, the biomolecules present in the plant extract were analysed using phytochemical analysis. Further, these biomolecules reduce the metal ion solution resulting from the formation of metal nanoparticles. The reaction parameters were optimised to control the size of nanoparticles which were confirmed by UV visible spectroscopy. Various instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterise the synthesised gold and silver nanoparticles. The synthesised gold and silver nanoparticles were found to be 20–50 nm and were of different shapes including spherical, triangle and hexagonal. MTT and dual staining assays were carried out with different concentrations (1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml) of gold and silver nanoparticles. The results show that the nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxic effects with IC 50 value of 44.8 µg/g for gold nanoparticles and 51.3 µg/g for silver nanoparticles. The observations in this study show that this can be developed as a promising nanomaterial in pharmaceutical and healthcare sector.Inspec keywords: gold, silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, cancer, cellular biophysics, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopyOther keywords: gold nanoparticle synthesis, silver nanoparticle synthesis, Mukia maderaspatna plant extract, anticancer activity, MCF 7 breast cancer cell line, biomolecule, phytochemical analysis, size 20 nm to 50 nm, healt hcare sector, pharmaceutical sector, nanomaterial, dual staining assay, MTT assay, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrocopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, instrumental technique, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, metal nanoparticle formation, metal ion solution     

Silver nanoparticles and silver salt (AgNO3) elicits morphogenic and biochemical variations in callus cultures of sugarcane

The research work was arranged to check the role of AgNPs and silver ions on callus cells of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. cv CP‐77,400). AgNPs were synthesized chemically and characterized by UV‐Vis spectra, XRD and SEM. AgNPs and silver ions were applied in various concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60 ppm) to sugarcane calli and the induced stress was characterized by studying various morphological and biochemical parameters. AgNPs and silver ions treatments produced high levels of malondialdehyde, proline, proteins, TP and TF contents. Similarly, CAT, SOD and POX activity was also significant in both treatments. The lower concentration of AgNPs and silver ions (20 ppm) provided maximum intracellular GSH level. This work mainly showed effects of AgNPs and silver ions on sugarcane calli in terms of morphological aberrations and cell membrane damage due to severe oxidative stress and production of enhanced levels of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants as self‐defence to tolerate oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species. These preliminary findings will provide the way to study ecotoxicity mechanism of the metal ions and NPs in medicine industry and in vitro toxicity research. Furthermore, silver ions alone and their chemically synthesised AgNPs can be used for various biomedical applications in future.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, biomedical materials, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, silver, molecular biophysics, toxicology, enzymes, visible spectra, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, nanotechnology, plant diseases, crops, agricultural safetyOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, silver salt, scanning electron microscopy, total flavonoid contents, callus cultures, sugarcane cultivation, Saccharum spp, UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, malondialdehyde, proline, proteins, total phenolic content, catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidases activities, scavenging reactive oxygen species, biomedical applications, microbial disease resistance, AgNO₃ , Ag     

Antibacterial magnetic nanoparticles for therapeutics: a review

Along with the extensive range of exotic nanoparticle (NPs) applications, investigation of magnetic NPs (MNPs) in vitro has ushered modern antibacterial studies into an increasingly attractive research area. A great number of microorganisms exist in the size scales from nanometre to micrometre regions. The enormous potential of engineered MNPs in therapeutic procedures against various drug‐resistant bacteria has declined the menace of fatal bacterial infections. Many biocompatible MNPs have been introduced that possess remarkable impacts on various bacterial strains. Conventional synthesis methods such as co‐precipitation or hydrothermal techniques have been widely adopted in the production of MNPs. The MNPs for antibacterial applications are mainly required to be superparamagnetic, recyclable and biocompatible. To implement novel strategies in developing new generation antimicrobial magnetic nanomaterials, it is essential to obtain a comprehensive preview of recent achievements in synthesis, proposed antibacterial mechanisms and characterisation techniques of these nanomaterials. This review highlights notable aspects of antibacterial activity in engineered MNPs and nanocomposites including their particle properties (size, shape and saturation magnetisation), antibacterial mechanisms, synthesis methods, testing methods, surface modifications and minimum inhibitory concentrations.Inspec keywords: nanocomposites, magnetic particles, biomedical materials, antibacterial activity, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, drugs, precipitation (physical chemistry), reviews, nanomagnetics, superparamagnetism, nanomedicineOther keywords: drug‐resistant bacteria, fatal bacterial infections, bacterial strains, conventional synthesis methods, antibacterial applications, antibacterial activity, exotic nanoparticle applications, antibacterial mechanisms, antimicrobial magnetic nanomaterials, antibacterial MNP, biocompatible MNP, in vivo magnetic nanoparticle, review, hydrothermal techniques, superparamagnetism, nanocomposites, surface modifications     

Overcoming the blood–brain barrier in neurodegenerative disorders and brain tumours

Drug delivery is one of the major challenges in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. The brain needs to be protected from harmful agents, which are done by the capillary network, the so‐called blood–brain barrier (BBB). This protective guard also prevents the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain and limits the effectiveness of treatment. For this reason, various strategies have been explored by scientists for overcoming the BBB from disruption of the BBB to targeted delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) and cells and immunotherapy. In this review, different promising brain drug delivery strategies including disruption of tight junctions in the BBB, enhanced transcellular transport by peptide‐based delivery, local delivery strategies, NP delivery, and cell‐based delivery have been fully discussed.Inspec keywords: drugs, tumours, neurophysiology, blood, biochemistry, brain, drug delivery systems, nanoparticles, biomedical materials, molecular biophysics, cellular biophysics, nanomedicine, diseases, proteins, reviewsOther keywords: blood–brain barrier, neurodegenerative disorders, central nervous system disorders, BBB, therapeutic agents, targeted delivery, peptide‐based delivery, local delivery strategies, NP delivery, cell‐based delivery, brain drug delivery strategies, brain tumours, nanoparticles, immunotherapy, review