弱湍流信道无线光通信分集接收合并技术

为了克服大气湍流所造成的信道衰落效应,分析了在弱湍流信道模型下基于强度检测脉冲位置调制方式的自由空间光通信空间（FSO）分集接收系统模型,推导了无分集系统的误时隙率计算公式。然后以此作为参考,在独立同分布的情况下,采用数值仿真的方法,分别对比分析了最大比合并（MRC）、等增益合并（EGC）和选择性合并（SC）的误时隙率性能。结果表明,3种合并技术中,误时隙率性能改善最优的是MRC,其次是EGC,而SC的改善性能最差,但是SC实现相对容易。利用分集接收合并技术可以有效改善FSO系统的性能,并且具有较好的抗大气信道衰落能力,在无线光通信中将有一定的应用前景。     

大气湍流综合效应下空间分集接收性能研究

分析和研究大气湍流和瞄准误差综合效应下,空间分集接收技术对差分相移键控(DPSK)光通信性能的改善。在不同湍流情况下,讨论采用多入多出(MIMO)和单入多出(SIMO)空间分集技术的系统性能;并将3种分集合并技术对系统误码率(BER)和中断概率的影响进行分析;采用广义超几何方法推导出自由空间光通信(FSO)系统误码率闭合表达式。由分析和实验结果可知:空间分集技术可以提高系统误码率并降低中断概率,有效地改善大气湍流引起的信道衰落;当分集数增大时,系统性能改变越明显。对比3种分集技术,最大比合并接收分集技术最为优越。     

信道相关对空间分集接收信号闪烁的影响

为了探究信道相关性对无线光通信中空间分集接收信号闪烁的影响,给采用空间分集接收技术的通信端的各子孔径大小与分布设计提供参考,理论推导了弱起伏条件下空间分集接收信道相关系数的表达式,给出了信道相关系数与分集接收信号闪烁的关系;数值研究了水平湍流均匀路径与整层大气湍流非均匀下行传输路径下的信道相关系数。结果表明,对于平面波,湍流非均匀路径下孔径接收时信道间存在明显的负相关特性。对于球面波,湍流非均匀路径下孔径接收时的信道相关性与湍流均匀路径情况类似,负相关特性都不明显。     

无线相干光通信空间分集接收合并技术

空间分集接收能补偿大气湍流造成的信道衰落。在给出相干检测分集接收的系统模型和晴朗大气信道模型的基础上,考虑子孔径间信号相关性,分析了等增益合并分集和最大比合并分集的误码率性能,并就中断概率与选择分集进行了比较。分析结果表明,空间分集接收能够明显改善相干光通信系统的性能,并且接收信号间的空间相关性越小分集接收的性能越好,其中最大比合并分集性能相对其他两种合并方式优势明显,选择分集性能最差,但它与等增益合并分集的差距不大,同时选择分集实现相对容易,在工程应用中要综合考虑实现的难易程度和性能。     

弱湍流中紫外光非直视分集接收技术的研究

根据弱湍流信道中对数正态分布模型,建立了紫外光非直视分集接收系统。采用开关键控（OOK）调制,在不同闪烁指数和接收天线数下,分别对比分析了最大比合并（MRC）、等增益合并（EGC）和选择性合并（SC）的误码性能。仿真结果表明,相比于无分集情况,采用三种合并方式的误码率性能有明显提升。在接收天线数相同的情况下,三种合并方式中,MRC的性能最优,其次是EGC,SC的性能最差。对比分析了不同接收天线数时的误码率性能,随着接收天线数的增加,三种合并方式的误码性能得到了较大改善。在弱湍流信道中,采用分集接收技术能够减轻衰落的影响,提高分集增益。     

SIMO系统分集合并技术的性能分析

由于无线传输环境的复杂性,使得接收端必须采用抗信道衰落的技术,分集技术就是抗信道衰落的最有效措施之一。本文介绍了SIMO系统3种常见分集合并方式的基本原理及合并准则,分析了分集接收天线数与系统性能及系统复杂度之间的关系,并在瑞利衰落信道中采用16-QAM调制的情况下,对3种分集技术的误码率性能进行了仿真。结果表明MRC性能最好,EGC性能稍差,SC性能较差。但3种合并技术的算法复杂度正好相反,在实际应用中可根据需要进行折衷。     

空间激光通信探测器阵列接收合并技术

大气湍流、吸收和散射等因素引起的光强闪烁严重影响了空间激光通信系统的效率,导致激光束能量衰减、信噪比下降,探测器阵列分集接收技术能有效克服这种影响.主要研究了探测阵列分集接收的三种合并方式,即选择式合并、等增益合并和最大比合并.分析对比了三种合并方式在提高功率增益和信噪比方面异同点.在相同大气湍流和中断概率条件下,最大比值合并对信号改善最为明显,等增益合并次之,选择式合并在分集接收中对信号改善最小.当两路分集接收时,最大比合并相对于无分集时信噪比改善因子提高了100％,等增益合并提高了78.5％,选择式合并提高了50％.最大比合并实现复杂,选择式合并实现相对容易,可根据实际工程性能要求,选择合适的合并方式.     

协同通信中分集合并性能分析

无线通信信道时变多径的传输特性严重影响了传输系统的性能,必须采取有效的措施来对抗信道衰落。分集接收技术成本低廉,性能优越,在无线通信技术中广泛使用,是对抗无线信道衰落最有效的技术之一。文中详细地叙述了分集接收合并的原理,给出了严密的数学公式,通过理论推导,研究了三种合并技术(最大合并比MRC、选择合并SC、等增益合并EGC)的误码率和合并增益,仿真并分析了其在瑞利衰落信道下的性能,为实际应用提供参考。     

基于LDPC码的无线光通信副载波误码性能分析

为了研究信道编码技术对无线光通信副载波系统差错性能的影响,基于无线光通信链路噪声特性,建立了大气信道等效数学模型。采用低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码作为信道编码方式引入无线光通信,在不同光强闪烁指数下对基于副载波相移键控调制无线光通信系统进行了差错性能仿真,比较分析了LDPC编码前后副载波调制系统的误比特率,并对二相相移键控及四相相移键控两种系统进行了对比。结果表明,副载波二相相移键控调制系统的差错性能优于四相相移键控系统,同时LDPC码在弱湍流信道具有优越的纠错能力,可以获得比未编码系统较高的编码增益,在无线光通信领域具有一定的应用价值。     

一种多光束发射和接收FSO系统的信道建模方法

在单光束发射和接收无线光通信(FSO)系统中,目前人们普遍接受的是光强闪烁在强湍流下服从负指数分布,在弱湍流下服从对数正态分布,而在强弱湍流下都适用的Gamma-Gamma分布则是研究的热点。在这几种分布的基础上,将它们推广到多光束发射和接收FSO系统,分别推导出了基于对数正态分布、负指数分布以及Gamma-Gamma分布的多光束发射和接收FSO系统的光强闪烁概率密度分布函数,建立起多光束发射和接收系统光强闪烁信道模型,并对基于负指数分布的多光束信道模型与通信距离、激光波长、接收孔径以及收发天线数目等参数的相互关系进行了具体的仿真分析。这对多光束发射和接收FSO系统的理论分析和系统设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Research on diversity receive technology for wireless optical communication using PPM in weak turbulence atmosphere channel

In order to mitigate atmospheric turbulence, the free space optical （FSO） system model with spatial diversity is ana- lyzed based on intensity detection pulse position modulation （PPM） in the weak turbulence atmosphere. The slot error rate （SER） calculating formula of the system without diversity is derived under pulse position modulation firstly. Then as a benchmark, independent of identical distribution, the average slot error rates of the three linear combining tech- nologies, which are the maximal ratio combining （MRC）, equal gain combining （EGC） and selection combining （SelC）, are compared. Simulation results show that the performance of system is the best improved by MRC, followed by EGC, and is poor by SelC, but SelC is simpler and more convenient. Spatial diversity is efficient to improve the performance and has strong ability on resistance to atmospheric channel decline. The above scheme is more suitable for optical wire- less communication systems.     

BER Performance of Free-Space Optical Transmission with Spatial Diversity

Free space optical (FSO) communications is a cost-effective and high bandwidth access technique, which has been receiving growing attention with recent commercialization successes. A major impairment in FSO links is the turbulence- induced fading which severely degrades the link performance. To mitigate turbulence-induced fading and, therefore, to improve the error rate performance, spatial diversity can be used over FSO links which involves the deployment of multiple laser transmitters/receivers. In this paper, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of FSO links with spatial diversity over log- normal atmospheric turbulence fading channels, assuming both independent and correlated channels among transmitter/receiver apertures. Our analytical derivations build upon an approximation to the sum of correlated log-normal random variables. The derived BER expressions quantify the effect of spatial diversity and possible spatial correlations in a log-normal channel.     

一种基于光子计数的协作自由光通信技术

提出了一种基于光子计数的协作自由光通信技术。在自由光通信中,利用网络编码中继协作机制和光子计数技术,在保证系统性能良好的前提下,提高了系统抗衰落的能力。采用了交织多址接入方案,降低了多用户检测的复杂度。仿真结果表明,该系统能提供良好的传输性能,并且在衰落信道中,中继协作机制能够带来明显的空间分集增益。     

基于FSO系统的多进制LT码性能分析

为克服空间光通信(FSO)链路受大气湍流效应的影响,将LT码应用到FSO系统中.多进制LT码具有较高的传输效率.提出一种新型度分布函数来改善多进制LT码的译码性能.计算不同进制LT码的译码失败率,并模拟强湍流信道,对采用不同编码方案的FSO性能进行仿真.结果表明:采用新型度分布的LT码能够降低译码失败率,且能有效改善FSO系统在强湍流情况下的性能.     

一种基于MIMO-FSO的最大似然盲检测算法

在多天线自由空间无线光通信(MIMO-FSO)系统中,提出一种基于通用最大似然的序列(MLSD)盲检测算法,使用等增益合并(EGC)获得MIMO空间分集,研究了大气湍流衰落信道不同强度条件下算法的性能。此外,针对MLSD在较长序列长度下的高复杂度,提出一种次优的快速搜寻算法。蒙特卡洛仿真结果显示,所提出的接收机模型在MIMO-FSO系统中,能够获得空间分集,在不同信道条件、中等序列长度条件下,得到接近最优检测的性能。     

Outage analysis of the hybrid free-space optical and radio-frequency channel

We study the hybrid free-space optical (FSO) and radio-frequency (RF) channel from an information theoretic perspective. Since both links operate at vastly different carrier frequencies, we model the hybrid channel as a pair of parallel channels. Moreover, since the FSO channel signals at a higher rate than the RF channel, we incorporate this key feature in the parallel channel model. Both channels experience fading due to scintillation, which is slow compared to typical signalling rates. Under this framework, we study the fundamental limits of the hybrid channel. In particular, we analyse the outage probability in the large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, and obtain the outage diversity or SNR exponent of the hybrid system. First we consider the case when only the receiver has perfect channel state information (CSIR case), and obtain the exponents for general scintillation distributions. These exponents relate key system design parameters to the asymptotic outage performance and illustrate the benefits of using hybrid systems with respect to independent FSO or RF links. We next consider the case when perfect CSI is known at both the receiver and transmitter, and derive the optimal power allocation strategy that minimises the outage probability subject to peak and average power constraints. The optimal solution involves non-convex optimisation, which is intractable in practical systems. We therefore propose a suboptimal algorithm that achieves significant power savings (on the order of tens of dBs) over uniform power allocation. We show that the suboptimal algorithm has the same diversity as the optimal power allocation strategy.     

Performance improvement of spatial modulation-assisted FSO systems over Gamma–Gamma fading channels with geometric spreading

A number of studies recently have proposed optical spatial modulation (SM) as a simple, power- and bandwidth efficient modulation scheme for free-space optical communication (FSO) systems. In these studies, it was assumed that an active laser source only sends the signal to one targeted photodetector (PD). However, undesirable PDs still can receive the signal from the active source due to geometric spreading (i.e., laser beam broadening). In addition, if the fading channels between the active source and multiple PDs are correlated, the probability of wrong detection of the active source’s index during spatial demodulation process may increase. In this paper, we first analyze the impact of geometric spreading on the performance of FSO systems using SM over uncorrelated Gamma–Gamma fading channel. We find that the advantage in reducing the transmission bandwidth of SM cannot compensate its limitation in suffering from geometric spreading. We then propose to combine N-SM with pulse-position modulation (L-PPM) and transmit diversity (\(M\,\times \,1\) MISO) to improve the performance of SM-based FSO systems. The numerical results, which are validated by Monte–Carlo simulations, confirm the superiority of the proposed system in comparison with the conventional ones.     

Performance analysis of a variable‐gain amplify‐and‐forward relayed mixed RF‐FSO system

In this work, an amplify‐and‐forward variable‐gain relayed mixed RF‐FSO system is studied. The considered dual‐hop system consists of a radio frequency (RF) link followed by a free space optical (FSO) channel. The RF link is affected by short‐term multipath fading and long‐term shadowing effects and is assumed to follow the generalized‐K fading distribution that approximates accurately several important distributions often used to model communication channels. The FSO channel experiences fading caused by atmospheric turbulence that is modeled by the gamma‐gamma distribution characterizing moderate and strong turbulence conditions. The FSO channel also suffers path loss and pointing error induced misalignment fading. The performance of the considered system is analyzed under the collective influence of distribution shaping parameters, pointing errors that result in misalignment fading, atmospheric turbulence, and path loss. The moment‐generating function of the Signal power to noise power ratio measured end‐to‐end for this system is derived. The cumulative distribution function for the Signal power to noise power ratio present between the source and destination receiver is also evaluated. Further, we investigate the error and outage performance and the average channel capacity for this system. The analytical expressions in closed form for the outage probability, symbol and bit error rate considering different modulation schemes and channel capacity are also derived. The mathematical expressions obtained are also demonstrated by numerical plots.     

Performance analysis of MIMO FSO link with Alamouti coding and switch-and-examine combining

Atmospheric turbulence is one of the main causes of degrading the quality of service in free-space optical (FSO) systems. The use of diversity techniques in an FSO system can minimize the fading effect which is caused by atmospheric turbulence. When diversity combining is applied at both the transmitter and the receiver ends, the system can mitigate the degradation more effectively. In this paper, we consider a \(2\times L\) multiple-input multiple-output FSO system with on–off keying modulation where the link is affected by gamma–gamma fading. Alamouti space–time coding is implemented at the transmitter, while the receiver employs switch-and-examine combining. Analytical expressions for different performance metrics such as outage probability, average bit error rate and average capacity are derived using a moment-generating function-based approach. Numerical results are provided and are compared with Monte Carlo simulations.