CO2 emissions,renewable energy and economic growth in the US

Given the great importance of achieving sustainable economic growth, however, it has been suggested that the replacement for fossil fuels by renewable energy sources can reduce environmental pollution. Renewable energy can decrease emissions caused by economic activities through increasing renewable energy consumption in energy-intensive-polluted sectors, and adopting environmental-friendly technologies in production. Therefore, this paper examines the linkages between energy-related CO2 emissions, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption for the 48 U.S. states over the period 1997–2017 by employing the panel ?xed-effects, the panel-corrected standard errors, the two-step Generalized Method of Moments, and the Method of Moments Quantile Regression with ?xed effects developed by Machado and Silva (2019). The results provide strong evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship be-tween economic growth and environmental degradation, which known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Furthermore, this paper con?rms that renewable energy consumption, electricity prices, and primary energy prices have negative impact on emissions whereas Heating Degree Days have a positive impact on emissions. Moreover, the panel quantile regression models con?rm that the effects of all explanatory variables on CO2 emissions are heterogeneous at different quantiles. The ?ndings of this paper provide evidence of the environmental bene?ts of promoting in renewable energy and suggest policy tools to reduce emissions through energy price mechanisms.     

基于概率的电网静态风险评估方法研究与应用

电网静态风险评估是电网规划的基础。针对传统电网规划使用的风险评估准则的局限性,提出了基于概率的静态风险评估方法。该方法采用潮流灵敏度算法进行失效状态的调整,所用的概率可靠性指标能够多维度量化电网安全运行风险,辨识电网安全风险薄弱环节的根源,统一度量电网规划方案的安全风险和投资风险。在广东电网的应用表明,该方法可以满足实际大电网静态风险评估的需要,具有良好的实用价值。     

A strategic policy framework for advancing U.S. civilian nuclear power as a national security imperative

The U.S. is at an inflection point on nuclear power with much debate revolving around the extent to which markets or policy should be leveraged to sustain nuclear. This has generated concerns about costs, grid reliability and climate. However, the national security implications must also be accounted for. Here, a strategic policy framework is presented as a means for sustaining U.S. nuclear power domestically and expanding U.S. nuclear power abroad as a national security imperative.     

基于变权FAHP的配电CPS风险评估方法

为了更好地分析和评估配电信息物理融合系统发生故障时所造成的风险,提出一种基于变权模糊层次分析法FAHP(fuzzy analytic hierarchy process)的配电信息物理融合系统风险量化评估方法。首先,考虑网络安全分区及安全漏洞对设备功能的影响,提出配电信息物理融合系统风险指标量化方法;然后,利用模糊层次分析法以确定不同指标相对权重并利用变权重公式对相对权重进行修正;再基于改进攻击图理论建立配电网信息物理融合系统风险传播模型,实现跨空间故障传播的配电网信息物理融合系统风险评估;最后,基于IEC61850标准构造配电子站模型进行仿真。仿真结果验证所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于可信性理论的电力系统运行风险评估(一)运行风险的提出与发展

介绍了运行风险评估的基本定义,总结了电力系统运行风险评估与传统调度确定性分析方法和电力可靠性研究相区别的特征.电力系统运行风险评估的主要目的有2个:一是对电力系统运行中的不确定性因素进行定量评估,建立运行风险指标体系;二是以运行风险指标为决策手段,综合协调电力系统的安全性与经济性.与核电厂运行风险进行类比,分析了电网运行风险评估的发展前景.概述了运行风险评估的相关研究已分别在元件级的安全评估和系统级的安全评估2方面取得的一些重要进展,介绍了它们所借鉴的传统的可靠性研究方法,阐述了风险评估的研究思路.     

Portrayals of engineers in "Science Times"

Engineering plays a crucial role in the creation of technologies and infrastructure that make vital contributions to the U.S. economy and security, to U.S. prestige in the international arena, and to individual well-being through the provision of jobs, services, and products. Despite this, a large proportion of the U.S. public undervalues the role played by engineers in a wide variety of technologically-based activities, holds engineering as a less prestigious occupation than science, and regards engineers as less socially responsible than scientists. In addition, declining levels of enrollment by Americans in engineering programs, together with under-representation of women and minorities in the profession, are also seen as causes for concern. The reasons for these low levels of public understanding about what engineers do are most likely complex. However, since Americans obtain much of their information about science and technology through the mass media, it seems likely that media coverage of engineering plays at least some role in the formation of public ideas about engineers and engineering.     

电力系统安全预警评估指标及其应用

电力系统运行状态的转换直接关系到系统安全性能分析及调度操作策略,在系统状态转移之前分析状态转移的可能性以及对系统造成的危害程度,对电力系统的安全稳定有着重要的意义.文中在基于风险理论的预警评估指标体系基础上,提出了对电力系统运行状态进行定量风险分析的安全预警评估指标,对状态变化的风险做出预警,也可为电力系统的低电压预防、过负荷预防、系统电压失稳预防的决策提供支持.以上海电网84节点的仿真分析表明了其可行性和实用性.     

智能电网信息安全风险评估

智能电网信息安全风险评估是智能电网信息安全建设的起点和基础,文章结合智能电网信息化、自动化、互动化的技术特点与发展情况,分析在智能终端、无线通信信道、密码技术、应用代码、嵌入式系统等方面具有智能电网特色的信息安全风险评估需求,有针对性地提出常规评估、渗透测试、针对性评估等风险评估方法。按此方法得出的评估结论,可作为智能电网信息安全优化及整改的依据。     

基于风险理论和模糊推理的电压脆弱性评估

该文分析了在电力市场环境下传统的电力系统电压安全评估方法存在的缺陷，论述了实行电压脆弱性评估的必要性，应用了电压脆弱性概念：该概念综合反映了电压的安全水平以及系统运行条件变化对其的影响：并用电压风险指标和风险指标变化率分别表示电压的安全水平以及系统运行条件变化对其的影响；采用模糊推理方法，结合运行人员的经验，由电压风险指标和风险指标变化率推理出电压的脆弱度，为运行人员决策提供了有力支持。基于该方法编写了电压脆弱性评估软件，新英格兰39节点算例证明了该方法的有效性以及软件的实用性。     

Collateral damage: American science and the war on terrorism

In the terrorist attacks of 2001, the United States government undertook a rushed effort to increase security. In addition to new legislation such as the Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the government dramatically ramped up enforcement of laws that have long been on the books, and revised its policies to deal with new terrorist threats. While the need for increased security is undeniable, the costs of security measures need to be weighed as well, in terms of collateral damage they produce to the U.S. science and engineering (S&E) enterprise. In this article we focus on two main problems: the increasing difficulties faced by students and scientists from abroad in obtaining visas to visit and study in the United States, and the barriers that are being erected to communication and collaboration between U.S. investigators and international scholars.     

大电网动态安全风险智能评估系统

针对大规模交直流混联系统的快速动态安全风险防控需求,研究了系统动态安全风险智能评估系统的架构与关键技术。结合电力系统安全风险评估的一般流程,提出了基于机器学习的安全风险智能评估系统的总体框架和动态安全风险统一评估模型结构;构建了包含发电负荷运行方式、网络拓扑结构和故障位置特征的训练样本集合,采用样本平衡技术提高评估模型精度;基于深度学习提取动态安全风险高级特征,采用主流机器学习框架构建和更新动态安全风险统一评估模型。以省级电网为例验证了所提动态安全风险智能评估系统的可行性。     

Software implementation of online risk-based security assessment

This paper describes software implementation for online risk-based security assessment which computes indices based on probabilistic risk for use by operators in the control room to assess system security levels as a function of existing and near-future network conditions. The paper focuses on speed enhancement techniques that are essential for online application and result visualization methods that offer clear and meaningful ways to enhance human assimilation and comprehension of security levels. Results of testing on a series of 1600 bus power flow models retrieved from the energy management system of a large US utility are presented and serve to illustrate the benefits of the software.     

基于突变理论电网企业信息安全风险管理模型研究

当代信息技术的快速发展使得电网企业面临着更为错综复杂的信息安全威胁,信息安全风险管理的作用也显得更加重要。因此,结合电网企业的特性,针对其信息安全风险管理进行了深入的研究与分析。首先,结合电网企业内外部信息环境的特点,对信息安全的风险进行了科学合理的归类识别;其次,首次结合突变理论构建信息安全风险评估模型,并结合其风险评估的结果设定阈值制定了风险应对的措施;此外,为增加电网企业信息安全的稳定性和可靠性,提出了多维度和多层次的风险防范措施;最后,通过将其方法应用到电网企业信息安全风险管理的实例验证了该方法的有效性和合理性。     

Contract with America: costing the earth?

As part of their “Contract with America”, Republican lawmakers in the United States Congress have been attempting to reform the country's health, safety, and environmental legislation through the application of risk assessments and cost-benefit analyses. Their “Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Act of 1995” was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in early 1995 but then stalled in the Senate. The bill would require that government agencies undertake a full risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis before implementing any major regulation. The rationale embodied in the bill is to “provide more cost-effective and cost-reasonable protection to human health and the environment” by using “scientifically objective and unbiased” consideration of risks, costs, and benefits as a basis for decision-making. This raises the question of whether environmental and health costs and benefits can be assessed in a scientifically objective manner. Environmental controversy arises because different groups of people have varying appreciations of the environment and what it is worth. Under the bill, costs and benefits would be quantified as much as possible. The reduction of political values to numbers enables such analyses to appear to be scientifically objective when they are not. “Numbers carry an unwarranted authority” because they are associated with rationality and neutrality. Asking economists to assign numbers to values, as this bill would involve, is unlikely to resolve value conflicts. But it will give more influence to the values of one group of people-the economists and those who employ them     

基于区间层次分析法的网络安全风险评估

针对网络风险评估过程中存在的复杂性和影响因素的不确定性,提出基于区间层次分析法的网络安全风险评估方法.该方法通过用区间数代替具体值对传统层次分析法进行改进,合理地处理了决策因素的不确定性和专家判断的模糊性,增强了对网络安全风险评估结果的可信度.详细介绍了区间层次分析法的具体步骤.实例计算表明,所提出的方法是一种更加科学的,更加客观的网络安全风险评估的方法.     

关于电网运行安全风险在线评估的评述

根据确定性的准则进行电网运行控制,难以妥善协调电网运行的安全稳定性与经济性;在线安全稳定综合防御技术的发展与应用,为电网运行安全风险在线评估奠定了良好的基础。文中评述电网运行安全风险在线评估相关的研究成果,讨论电网运行安全风险的内涵、工程化的电网运行安全风险指标的特征及其要求,分析运行安全风险在线评估的特点,探讨电网运行安全风险在线评估的流程及其实现所要解决的关键问题。     

适用于SG-ERP的信息安全风险评估方法的研究

随着SG-ERP在电力企业的全面应用, 如何有效保障SG-ERP系统的安全是亟待解决的关键问题, 也是安全风险评估需要解决的主要内容。在分析现有信息安全风险评估理论和风险评估模型的基础上,探讨了适用于SG-ERP的风险评估方法,该方法的评估过程紧密结合了SG-ERP应用的组织特征和组织业务等背景信息,风险计算通过对系统的重要性分级,综合考虑了系统的威胁、脆弱点和已有的安全措施, 真实客观地反映了SG-ERP所面临的风险等级, 为等保加固的实施奠定了坚实的基础。     

Health care, public health, and the food and agriculture critical infrastructures

The safety of U.S. citizens and the global consumers of U.S. food products is at significant risk. Approximately 76 million people in the United States contract an illness from consuming contaminated food products each year, 325,000 of these victims require hospitalization, and approximately 5,000 die from their illness [1]. Contaminated food product incidents from 2006 to the present highlight the severity of this risk. The spinach Escherichia coli (E. coli) outbreak in 2006, the iceberg lettuce E. coli outbreak at Taco Bell restaurants in 2006, the peanut butter salmonella outbreak in 2007, the contaminated pet food outbreak in 2007, and the nationwide salmonella outbreak initially thought to have been caused by contaminated tomatoes in 2008 caused widespread national concern and demanded that the U.S. Government should adopt a national approach for ensuring U.S. food product safety. With approximately one in four U.S. consumers contracting illnesses from contaminated food products annually, the United States must develop and use a national food product safety management enterprise architecture (EA) to protect this critical national infrastructure industry.     

Power system probabilistic security assessment using Bayes classifier

This paper presents a method for power system security assessment based on the Bayes classifier. This method can be applied to calculate probabilistic security indices as well as on-line security assessment. In general, the determination of security breach is a cumbersome and time-consuming process due to dynamic and steady-state effects. These effects can be incorporated by considering transient stability, satisfaction of system load without violation of constraints, and voltage stability studies. The variation of the system load, as well as contingencies, may cause system transition to a different operating state. It is impractical if not impossible to evaluate all these situations, such as contingencies resulting from load variation. The straightforward Monte Carlo simulation, one of the possible methods in power system reliability analysis, requires the evaluation of a system operating state for each sampled state and is computation-intensive. In the proposed method, first the joint probability density of feature vectors has been obtained by using some training data. Once this joint distribution is obtained, the Bayes classifier provides the assessment of system security without complicated contingency analyses and can reduce the computational burden. Security status of a given feature vector can be determined by a posteriori probability rule called Bayes rule, which can be implemented in on-line security assessment or power system reliability studies.     

信息安全风险评估在浙江省电力公司的应用

介绍信息安全风险评估的概念和内容,根据浙江省电力系统相关企业的实际情况和特点,详细阐述了可操作的电力信息系统安全风险评估的方法和流程,以及实际操作过程中的技术细节。