Regulation-Centric, Logic-Based Compliance Assistance Framework

This paper describes the development of a logic based regulation compliance assistance system that builds upon an extensible markup language (XML) framework. First, a document repository containing federal regulations and supplemental documents, and an XML framework for representing regulations and associated metadata are briefly discussed. The prototype effort for the regulation assistance system focuses on federal environmental regulations and related documents. The compliance assistance system is illustrated in the domain of used oil management. The overall objective is to develop a formal infrastructure for regulatory information management and compliance assistance.     

The Canadian Code of Ethics and the regulation of psychology.

Addresses the question of whether and how the Canadian Code of Ethics has been used as a regulatory document in Canada. After a discussion of the philosophy of codes of ethics and the principles associated with the regulation of professions, the various responses of Canadian regulatory bodies to the Canadian Psychological Association Code of Ethics is reviewed. Some of the strengths and limitations of the Canadian Code of Ethics as a regulatory document are discussed, as is the relationship between the Canadian Code of Ethics and other regulatory standards and regulations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Regulations and Liabilities of Constructed Wetlands for Aquacultural Wastewater Treatment

Treatment and reuse of wastewater is a key constraint to increased aquaculture development worldwide. Constructed treatment wetlands have significant advantages over conventional and other natural systems technologies. The two main types of systems are free water surface and subsurface flow constructed wetlands. There is regulatory oversight at the federal, state, and county levels, with requirements of the Clean Water Act providing the most guidance. Legal liabilities are dominated by the risks associated with bioaccumulation of toxic materials in the wetlands and the effects they may have on migratory birds and endangered species. Technical aspects of water quality discharge are explained and related to regulatory enforcement. The status of existing regulations that affect wetland use are reviewed—the Clean Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Endangered Species Act, Coastal Zone Act, and the Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production regulation. The Hawaii Revised Statutes and Hawaii Administrative Rules are also reviewed for their regulation of wetlands. Major findings of six court cases with application to wetlands are presented. Three case studies, the Kesterson Marsh, the Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary, and a New Mexico State University study on recirculating wastewater aquaculture are provided, which demonstrate successes and failures that provide lessons to help conform to the regulations in place for water discharge.     

Iron metabolism in rats consuming oil from fresh or fried sardines

The influence of the consumption of diets containing oil from either fresh sardines or fried sardines, under domestic conditions, on the dietary iron metabolism of rats has been investigated. Three groups of rats were fed, over 28 d, semipurified diets containing 8% of: olive oil (OO), fresh sardine (Clupea pilchardus) oil (SO) and oil from sardines previously fried in olive oil (FSO). Body mass and food intake were monitored and, during the periods 5-12 d and 21-28 d, faeces and urine were collected. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed and blood, liver, spleen and a segment of skin were stored. Food intake and body mass decreased markedly in the SO rats. These parameters were slightly increased in the FSO group compared with OO. Iron absorption and retention were lower in SO than in OO or FSO. This was primarily caused by the poor food intake but also by the lower efficiency of absorption and high urinary Fe losses. Liver and spleen iron contents were reduced by half in SO compared with the other groups, partly owing to the smaller size of the organs, and liver Fe concentration also decreased. These results, together with the high total iron binding capacity, the decreased level of hemoglobin and total erythrocytic iron found in the SO animals, indicate that the consumption of fresh sardine oil as the only dietary fat resulted in iron depletion. The SO animals showed a higher Fe accumulation in skin than OO or FSO. It was concluded that a diet high in sardine fatty acid administered as a unique source of fat, can cause metabolic alterations including iron depletion, but these negative effects of sardine oil disappear with frying, probably owing to the exchange that takes place between fatty acids in the olive oil used in frying and those in the sardine oil.     

A comparison of evening primrose oil and sunflower oil for the management of papulocrustous dermatitis in cats

Eleven cats with papulocrustous dermatitis were randomly assigned to one of two groups and supplemented with either evening primrose oil or sunflower oil for 12 weeks. Clinical scores were assessed at intervals of three weeks and blood samples were taken for the analysis of plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid concentrations. The cats in both groups improved during the period of treatment and the concentration of linoleic acid in erythrocyte phospholipid increased in the cats fed evening primrose oil. Six weeks after the supplement was withdrawn the cats fed evening primrose oil had deteriorated less than those fed sunflower oil.     

The effects of frying and grilling on the fat content of common foods (salmon, hake and beefsteak)

The effects of pan frying and deep frying in olive oil on the fat content in very lean meat (fat = 4.0%), salmon (fat = 26.0%) and hake (fat = 1.8%) have been studied. Both techniques produced fat loss in the meat: pan fried 0.5% (p = 0.07), deep fried 1.3% (p = 0.00036); and salmon: pan fried 11.7% (p = 0.0000026), deep fried 7.9% (p = 0.00012). Hake increased fat content with pan fried 2.4% (p = 0.002) and with deep fried 5% (p = 0.00001). Deep frying or pan frying of meat induce fat loss without dietetic relevance. Fat loss in salmon is nutritionally important specially when pan fried. Fat gain in hake is too small to be considered biologically relevant. This results can not be applied to frying with others fats than olive oil or to frying others food with the same oil.     

Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse.

Several learning-based theories have been forwarded to account for the problem of drug relapse, including conditioned withdrawal, conditioned compensatory responding, appetitive motivational models, and social learning models. The various models are compared and evaluated against available evidence from studies with humans pertaining to alcohol and tobacco addiction. Studies that are reviewed focus primarily on the antecedents and consequences of alcohol and smoking relapse, as well as on reactions to cues that have been associated with prior drug ingestion, in an attempt to understand their motivational relevance. Problems in evaluating the various relapse models in humans are discussed. It is concluded that the appetitive model is better supported than the withdrawal model, and the compensatory model is least supported. Reactions to substance use stimuli may play an important role in alcohol and smoking relapse. Concepts drawn from the various theoretical models are linked tentatively in a schematic diagram of a hypothesized sequence of cognitive/affective, physiological, and behavioral events that lead to initial drug use after a period of abstinence (slip) and then to continued use (a relapse). The treatment implications of some of the cue reactivity models are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of styrene-7,8-oxide adducts formed via reaction with cysteine, N-terminal valine and carboxylic acid residues in human, mouse and rat hemoglobin

Protozoan parasites were the most frequently identified etiologic agents in waterborne disease outbreak from 1991 to 1994. The waterborne parasites Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Isospora belli, and the microsporidia are reviewed. For each parasite, the review includes history, life cycle, incidence, symptoms, and therapy. Clinical detection methods are compared, and emerging technologies are discussed. Information on the association of these parasites with waterborne outbreaks is reviewed. Current information on protozoan parasites identified as etiological agents in waterborne outbreaks is discussed. Water industry issues related to recent disease outbreaks are examined in the context of water quality testing regulations for G. lamblia and those proposed for C. parvum. The review identifies the limitations of the American Society of Testing and Materials water-testing method for these parasites. An overview of federal regulations affecting the water industry and laboratories that test for water quality is also provided. The article highlights the importance of the clinical laboratory as a frontline defense for the detection of infectious organisms. The review points to the need for clinical laboratories, physicians, and public health personnel to cooperatively plan and assess the challenge of meeting this potential public health threat.     

Migration testing with olive oil in a microwave oven

A study was carried out to compare the overall migration from packaging materials into olive oil during heating in a microwave oven, and the overall migration from the same materials into olive oil but applying time and temperature conditions stipulated in the current EC and Dutch legislation on food packaging. Application of additional test conditions (e.g. 30 min and 1 h in combination with test temperatures exceeding 121 degrees C, and a test temperature of 130 degrees C) have demonstrated the need for extension of the test conditions mentioned in existing food packaging regulations to enable realistic migration testing of microwave packaging materials under conventional test conditions. It is concluded that the overall migration into olive oil from packaging materials intended for microwave oven use, including susceptor materials, can be judged on the basis of migration testing using conventional heating. For testing film or susceptor materials in a microwave oven by one-sided contact, a migration cell transparent to microwaves was developed and used up to 200 degrees C. In conventional high-temperature tests applying hot-filling of trays or migration cells, a temperature drop was observed, while handling oil at temperatures of 150 degrees-175 degrees C may be considered perilous. To prevent problems of this kind it is proposed to start migration tests at room temperature and to heat the simulant rapidly to the final test temperature. This procedure is comparable to migration tests carried out with aqueous food simulants at 121 degrees C in an autoclave.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Fatty acids in 80 brands of edible vegetable oil and in 14 brands of mayonnaise (author's transl)

The fatty acid patterns have been defined in 80 commonly used table oils chosen at random and of 14 brands of mayonnaise commercially available in West Germany. In addition, sterols of the various mayonnaises were analysed. The oils could be grouped into 8 different categories: 12 oliver oils, 8 maize oils, 14 soya oils, 5 linseed oils, 22 sunflower oils, 3 safflower oils, 5 groundnut oils, and 8 rapeseed oils. As a result of the analyses, it is in almost every case a question of a pure variety of non-animal oils. The range of the values obtained for the composition of the fatty acids for each variety, which can be considerable, represents a modern complement to previous analyses. The fatty acid pattern of 3 additional commerical table oils suggest an amalgamation with fats of other types, among which are 2 cases of mixture with rapeseed oils. For mayonnaise, soya oil is used almost exclusively as a fat component. The presence of sunflower oil was only confirmed in one brand of mayonnaise. The concentrations of cholesterol which were determined lie between 17.0 and 72.3 mg (average 53 mg) per 100 g mayonnaise, so that even in the case of persons which present an elevated risk of atherosclerosis there can be no objection to the consumption of mayonnaise. The nutritive-physiological significance of these various oils for human nutrition is thoroughly discussed. A possible health hazard is the sale of vegetable oils rich in erucic acid permitted in the West German Republic (proportion of erucic acid in the 8 samples examined: 223-53%). These vegetable oils, as is shown by the additionally indicated trade names with the corresponding supplementary specifications are overwhelmingly labelled as vegetable oil (Pflanzen?l) or table oil (Speise?l). The purchase prices indicated and paid by us for the oils examined are subject to considerable fluctuations even for oils of the same quality.     

石油经济产量研究综述

效益最大化是国际石油公司生产经营的永恒主题,油气产量是效益实现的载体,提高效益产量则是海外资产保值增值的必然途径. 针对目前国内公司对于海外项目开展提质增效的一系列做法,亟待建立一套能够兼容油价震荡、适应海外项目,并满足不同需求的综合效益产量决策方法,助力海外项目提质增效. 针对海外项目不同于国内项目的特点,分析了矿税制、产量分成、服务合同等不同油气项目合同模式下的效益实现特点及策略;并基于国内外调研分析,建立了一套不同效益条件（成本、产量等指标浮动）下的海外项目效益产量评价逻辑框架,以整体边际效益、现金流、利润优化目标为决策点,指导效益配产,实现资产增值保值;在兼顾收益性与风险性的基础上,创建全效益多维度效益产量决策模型并设计求解算法,在满足石油公司的投资、成本等多种约束条件下,考虑产量、利润、风险等多个决策目标,给出海外油气田项目开发的全维度最优决策区间,即帕累托解集. 将创建的模型应用于海外油田具体案例,给出一定决策目标下的帕累托效益最优决策区间,并对解集中的每个解进行深度分析比选,提出按不同决策偏好选取不同的对应解,从而满足效益经营决策的客观性及科学性. 最后考虑不确定性因素的影响,分情景对方案产量、油价、成本及投资等的不确定性进行分析,取得较好的应用效果,为制定海外油田效益产量优化方案、资产保值增值提供可靠的决策支持.     

汽轮机润滑油劣化的控制措施及改造实践

主要介绍了汽轮机油的劣化原因、控制措施,分析了油系统故障情况,并探讨了目前自动化汽轮机组中油品劣化控制的新方法。     

Neem oil as a sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) repellent

The repellent action of neem oil was evaluated against sand flies under laboratory and field conditions. Concentrations of 2% neem oil mixed in coconut or mustard oil provided 100% protection against Phlebotomus argentipes throughout the night under field conditions; against Phlebotomus papatasi it repelled sand flies for about 7 h in the laboratory. Neem oil is an indigenous product and a low-cost alternative for personal protection against sand fly bites.     

润滑油在冶金机械设备检修中的应用

在进行检修冶金机械设备工作中,润滑油起到了重要的作用,它不仅起到了润滑的效果,而且还延长了设备的使用时间,在一定程度上,还提升了设备检修的整体速度和质量。所以,相关的检修人员在实际的工作中,需要对润滑油的型号与检修的类型进行掌握和了解,以此才能使润滑油在设备检修中的作用更好的发挥出来,将会大幅度的提高检修效率。     

Review of Understanding America's drinking problem: How to combat the hazards of alcohol.

Reviews the book, Understanding America's drinking problem: How to combat the hazards of alcohol by Don Cahalan (see record 1987-98459-000). This book is a systems level analysis of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, with much of the focus on governmental and private efforts to control alcohol and those of the alcohol beverage industry to increase consumption and avoid regulation. A major theme of the book is that this industry, through lobbying, campaign contributions, and other tactics, has thwarted attempts to impose regulations on the marketing, advertising, and use of alcohol. The book provides an overview of important issues and some thought-provoking suggestions. It is, however, the person who has not been exposed to systems analysis, primary prevention, public policy development, and the role of political factors in the fight against alcohol-related problems who might gain the most from the book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

面向溢油污染治理的SiO2气凝胶疏水改性的研究进展

二氧化硅气凝胶（Silica aerogel，SA）具有高孔隙率、低密度、高比表面积等特性，可成为一种良好的吸油材料，然而亲水表面和珍珠项链的结构限制了其在吸油领域的广泛应用。疏水改性后的疏水SiO₂气凝胶（Hydrophobic silica aerogel，HSA）不仅具有SA的优异特性，而且疏水/亲油性好，是一种优异的轻质吸油材料。本文以表面后处理法和共前驱体法制备HSA为主线，系统介绍了这两种方法结合超临界干燥和常压干燥制备HSA的研究进展，分析总结了两种方法的优缺点。其中，共前驱体法主要结合超临界干燥工艺制备HSA，表面后处理法则常结合常压干燥，两种方法主要都采用硅烷化剂为疏水改性剂。表面后处理法改性不改变已形成的孔隙结构，HSA的孔径和粒径比较均匀，但可能存在内部改性不彻底的问题。共前驱体法在凝胶结构形成的同时完成改性，制备的HSA比表面积更大，疏水性更好，但是其孔径不均匀，引入的疏水基团有限。此外，本文还综述了目前常用的提高HSA机械性能的方法以及HSA吸油性能的研究进展。最后，立足于当前HSA用作吸油材料发展的趋势，对HSA吸油材料朝着开发低成本且环境友好的原料、开发周期短的疏水改性流程、制备大块体HSA、提高HSA的机械性能以及提高其吸油性能等发展方向进行了展望。      

Virtual Wind Speed Sensor for Wind Turbines

A data-driven approach for development of a virtual wind-speed sensor for wind turbines is presented. The virtual wind-speed sensor is built from historical wind-farm data by data-mining algorithms. Four different data-mining algorithms are used to develop models using wind-speed data collected by anemometers of various wind turbines on a wind farm. The computational results produced by different algorithms are discussed. The neural network (NN) with the multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm produced the most accurate wind-speed prediction among all the algorithms tested. Wavelets are employed to denoise the high-frequency wind-speed data measured by anemometers. The models built with data-mining algorithms on the basis of the wavelet-transformed data are to serve as virtual wind-speed sensors for wind turbines. The wind speed generated by a virtual sensor can be used for different purposes, including online monitoring and calibration of the wind-speed sensors, as well as providing reliable wind-speed input to a turbine controller. The approach presented in this paper is applicable to utility-scale wind turbines of any type.