Fully polarimetric bistatic radar scattering behavior of forestedhills

The bistatic radar scattering measurements of forested hills were performed at grazing incidence and at azimuth scattering angles from 28° to 66° from the forward scatter plane. Using pulse-to-pulse switching between orthogonal transmitted polarizations, the radar simultaneously measures two orthogonally polarized components of the scattered wave to obtain full polarimetric information about the scattering process. These are the first fully polarimetric terrain clutter measurements to be conducted at large bistatic angles. The complete Stokes matrix, computed by averaging successive realizations of the polarization scattering matrix, is used to examine the polarization sensitivity of the bistatic clutter. It is found that the polarization state of the EM wave scattered out of the plane of incidence strongly depends on the polarization orientation of the incident electric field. Unlike the monostatic case, these two incident wave polarization states are found to produce substantially different scattered wave behavior when trees are viewed at large bistatic angles. Scattered fields resulting from vertically oriented incident fields are found to be highly polarized and to produce bistatic clutter power levels that are strongly dependent on the polarization of the receiving antenna. In contrast, horizontally oriented incident fields are found to produce weakly polarized scattered waves with bistatic clutter power levels that are insensitive to the polarization of the receiving antenna     

A novel bistatic scattering matrix measurement technique using amonostatic radar

Presents a new technique for measuring the bistatic scattering matrix of point targets using a monostatic radar. In this technique, the complexity of the traditional bistatic measurement setup and difficulties in retaining the phase coherence between the transmitter and the receiver are circumvented completely. The bistatic measurement is performed using a wideband, polarimetric, monostatic radar in conjunction with a rotatable ground plane positioned behind the target. Assuming that the distance between the target and the ground plane is larger than the radar resolution, the desired bistatic response (image contribution) can be isolated from the unwanted backscatter. Noting that the radar operates in the backscatter mode and using the reciprocity theorem, it is shown that the measured cross-polarized responses (σ_vhand σ_hv) cannot be determined uniquely. To rectify this problem, additional independent measurements are required. Additional equations for characterizing the cross-polarized components are obtained by placing an anisotropic lossless slab over the perfectly conducting flat surface. The validity and accuracy of the new bistatic measurement technique is demonstrated by measuring a number of point targets with known theoretical bistatic responses. Also, a new approach for determining the effective dielectric constant of dense random media based on the new bistatic measurement technique is developed     

进动圆锥弹头双基地微多普勒特性分析

微动特征是弹道中段目标雷达识别的有效特征之一。该文首先利用由几何绕射理论推导的圆锥弹头散射中心模型确定了3个散射中心分别是锥顶及双基地角平分线在锥底平面上的投影与底面边缘的2个交点;然后建立了进动圆锥弹头双基地微多普勒模型,经化简可知双基地微多普勒模型与双基地角平分线上单基地雷达微多普勒模型相似,且双基地微多普勒幅值为单基地微多普勒幅值的半双基地角的余弦倍,这与单双站散射等效定理吻合;再通过分析3个散射中心的微多普勒模型得出了可用于进动和结构参数估计的3种相关性;最后利用电磁计算软件FEKO计算了圆锥弹头模型的双基地雷达截面积(RCS),通过对RCS序列的时频分析,验证了该文理论分析的正确性。     

双基地高频地波雷达系统布站研究

由发射机(T)和接收机(Rm)共站的单基地高频地波雷达增设分置的接收系统(Rb)构成的T/Rm-Rb双基地高频地波雷达系统用于海洋环境监测时,既可测得矢量流速度,又可消除风向模糊性,是目前高频地波雷达的发展趋势之一。该文首次从T/Rm-Rb系统的探测能力与海流测量误差两方面分析最佳基线长度和最佳双基地角范围,从而确定其布站原则,即：在确定T/Rm单基地雷达的位置后,先根据T-Rb双基地雷达设计指标中的最大探测距离和确定基线长度,然后根据T/Rm-Rb系统海流测量误差最小的原则确定最佳双基地角范围,从而确定T-Rb双基地雷达接收站Rb的位置。该布站原则可为双(多)基地高频地波雷达的海洋环境监测应用提供参考和依据。     

双站逆合成孔径雷达成像理论研究

常规单站逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)不能对沿雷达视线方向飞行的目标成像,收发分置的双站逆合成孔径雷达(双站ISAR)系统解决了以上问题。该文分析了双站ISAR目标回波的特点,研究了双站ISAR对目标成像时的成像原理、方位分辨力、目标尺寸限制和采样率要求,得到了严格数学解,最后给出了模拟飞机目标的成像结果。     

双基地雷达的主要性能分析与试验方法研究

双基地雷达的主要性能指标均与收/发两站的布站方式及目标所处的空间位置有关,这与单基地雷达有很大的差异,不能直接采用单基地雷达的试验方法来检验双基地雷达的主要性能指标。为解决双基地雷达的试验与性能评估问题,重点围绕双基地雷达的探测范围、测量精度、分辨力等主要性能进行了理论分析与计算,据此提出了合理可行的双基地雷达主要性能试验方法,有关研究成果已经在一个实用双基地雷达中得到了成功的应用。     

Improving Coherence of Complex Image Pairs Obtained by Along-Track Bistatic SARs Using Range–Azimuth Prefiltering

An along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be used for ground moving target indication (GMTI) by comparing two SAR images obtained at different observation times. Different geometries of the two observations bring the decorrelation noise, which will degrade the detection performance. For bistatic SARs, the decorrelation theory is quite different from that for monostatic ones. This paper deals with the coherence between two complex SAR images formed by two along-track bistatic SARs with different baseline lengths. Using the single scattering model, the coherence between the two echoes collected by the two receivers is investigated, and the full-coherence conditions are derived. Then, a new method based on range-azimuth prefiltering is proposed to improve the coherence of complex image pairs. As the precise prefiltering is complicated, its three approximate implementations are given. The effects of prefiltering on SAR images are also analyzed. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

双基地雷达抗欺骗式干扰分析

双基地雷达由于收发分置，在抗欺骗式干扰方面具有与单基地雷达不同的特性。本文对几种特定干扰情况计算子双基地雷达抗欺骗式干扰的性能，并与单基地雷达情况进行了比较，得出了有价值的结论。     

Bistatic TerraSAR-X/F-SAR Spaceborne–Airborne SAR Experiment: Description, Data Processing, and Results

We report about the first X-band spaceborne–airborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) experiment, conducted early November 2007, using the German satellite TerraSAR-X as transmitter and the German Aerospace Center's (DLR) new airborne radar system F-SAR as receiver. The importance of the experiment resides in both its pioneering character and its potential to serve as a test bed for the validation of nonstationary bistatic acquisitions, novel calibration and synchronization algorithms, and advanced imaging techniques. Due to the independent operation of the transmitter and receiver, an accurate synchronization procedure was needed during processing to make high-resolution imaging feasible. Precise phase-preserving bistatic focusing can only be achieved if time and phase synchronization exist. The synchronization approach, based on the evaluation of the range histories of several reference targets, was verified through a separate analysis of the range and Doppler contributions. After successful synchronization, nonstationary focusing was performed using a bistatic backprojection algorithm. During the campaign, stand-alone TerraSAR-X monostatic as well as interoperated TerraSAR-X/F-SAR bistatic data sets were recorded. As expected, the bistatic image shows a space-variant behavior in spatial resolution and in signal-to-noise ratio. Due to the selected configuration, the bistatic image outperforms its monostatic counterpart in almost the complete imaged scene. A detailed comparison between monostatic and bistatic images is given, illustrating the complementarity of both measurements in terms of backscatter and Doppler information. The results are of fundamental importance for the development of future nonsynchronized bistatic SAR systems.      

Conceptual performance of bistatic Doppler radar for vehicle speed determination

A monostatic Doppler radar can yield accurate vehicle speed measurements over a very limited angular extent. When applied to a multilane superhighway geometry, the area within which the vehicle must be confined for accurate measurement becomes quite small. A much larger area yielding accurate measurement can be achieved by designing the radar system for bistatic operation. In this geometry the transmitter and receiver are on opposite sides of the multilane highway and both transmitting and receiving antenna beams are oriented towards the vehicle. A radiation leakage link is required between transmitter and receiver to provide a reference frequency signal. Examples are given to show the conceptual advantage of a bistatic radar compared to a monostatic radar.     

双基地合成孔径雷达的扩展ETF成像算法

本文详细研究了双基地合成孔径雷达的等效单基地成像模型,在此基础上提出了一种适用于双基地SAR的扩展ETF(Exact Transfer Function)成像算法.在原有单基地ETF算法的基础上,新算法采用由双基地成像几何关系所确定出的新的方位聚焦相位函数,算法的计算流程及效率和单基地SAR的ETF成像算法相同,优点是不需要任何的插值计算,论文同时讨论了算法的适用条件.最后通过点目标仿真验证了算法的有效性.     

雷达目标双基地散射特性研究进展

随着同步技术和高性能计算的发展,双/多基地雷达的"四抗"优势逐渐得以实现,双/多基地雷达成为当今雷达领域关注的焦点.雷达目标的双基地散射截面积(RCS)、双基地散射中心、双基地极化等特性与目标单基地散射特性相比,具有显著的差异.只有深刻理解雷达目标双基地散射特性才能充分挖掘双/多基地雷达在目标检测、特征提取与识别方面的...     

一维微粗糙面与其上方金属平板的复合电磁散射研究

研究了一维导体随机粗糙面与其上方金属平板的复合电磁散射。应用互易性原理使求解复合目标的二次散射场简化为求解包含平板上的极化电流和微粗糙面散射场的积分方程。利用物理光学近似和粗糙面微扰法分别计算了平板上的感应电流和粗糙面的电磁散射场,导出了复合散射模型单、双站散射的计算公式并给出了单站数值计算结果,讨论了后向复合散射截面随入射频率及平板尺寸、位置的变化关系。     

A polarimetric model for the recovery of the high-frequency scattering centers from bistatic-monostatic scattering matrix data

The objective of this investigation is to develop multistatic electromagnetic identification/discrimination algorithms using the complete polarimetric scattering data. At high frequencies the electromagnetic scattering from a complex object is modeled by certain scattering centers. The high-frequency (physical optics) bistatic and monostatic scattering matrix properties of a flat plate model of such a scattering center are developed in detail. For the complex target representations, the single scattering center results can be extended to two and three scattering center models. It is suggested that the knowledge of the locations and the local geometries of these scattering centers can be useful in developing identification and pattern recognition algorithms.     

分布式MIMO雷达目标散射模型研究

针对当前分布式多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达目标散射模型的不足,提出了一种三维特体目标模型;在考虑点散射体电磁散射的方向性、遮蔽及收发天线方位角、俯仰角等因素的条件下,推导了目标静态雷达截面积(RCS)的计算公式和MIMO雷达信道的相关函数;同时,仿真分析了目标动态RCS的统计模型及其与收发天线双基地角的关系,以及MIMO雷达信道空间去相关的条件。仿真分析结果与RCS的经典统计模型、双基地RCS的经验结论以及单基地雷达回波信号去相关角度的经验值是吻合的,证实了模型的科学性和合理性。研究结果对分布式MIMO雷达的检测、跟踪和系统配置等研究具有参考价值。     

变基线地空双基地雷达动态探测性能研究

给出了一种接收机置于隐身飞行平台的T/R-R地空双基地雷达,研究了这种变基线地空双基地雷达的动态探测性能,并与单基地雷达的探测性能进行了比较;通过仿真分析了目标的雷达截面（RCS）、收发天线功率增益等雷达系统参数的变化对地空双基地雷达探测性能的影响;通过对仿真结果的分析得出了一些有价值的结论,为双基地雷达的设计提供一定的理论基础。     

基于距离信息的复合双基地雷达密集多目标检测

对密集多目标的探测是当前雷达技术领域所面临的前沿课题和紧迫任务.本文提出了一种基于距离信息的T/R-R复合双基地雷达信号融合方法,该方法建立了单基地雷达接收机和双基地雷达接收机的目标回波信号模型,针对二维平面,基于距离信息提出了复合双基地雷达信号融合模型,采用最大似然法对密集多目标进行检测,并分析了信噪比、目标数量、目标起伏、检测门限以及复合双基地雷达几何配置对检测性能的影响.针对不同想定进行了仿真实验,蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明本文方法对密集多目标的检测是有效的.通过理论分析和仿真实验发现,目标到两个接收机的距离变化以及不同距离单元中的目标干扰对检测的影响比较小,影响密集多目标检测的主要因素包含信噪比、目标数量、目标起伏、同一距离单元内的角度不可分辨目标的干扰以及检测门限;另外,Swerling Ⅱ型目标为本文推导的假设条件,但在Swerling 0 和Ⅳ型目标起伏条件下本文的检测算法仍然有效.     

Bistatic scattering matrix for a finite right-circular cylinder

The bistatic scattering matrix for a finite conducting right-circular cylinder has been derived using the geometrical theory of diffraction. Initial evaluation of the analysis showed a very good agreement between theoretical predictions and monostatic measurements of radar cross-section as a function of polarisation and aspect angle. This letter now establishes the validity of that analysis in bistatic applications and for calculating scattering phase as well as radar cross-section.     

On the derivation of bistatic RCS from monostatic measurements

The factors which govern bistatic scattering are discussed and the relations between bistatic and monostatic scattering are presented in terms of the combined effect of individual scattering centers on the target. The concept of reradiation lobe patterns of the individual scattering centers is used to define the bistatic pattern in terms of the monostatic pattern and the bistatic angle β. Analytical arguments then demonstrate that for small bistatic angles, the bistatic RCS is very closely approximated by the monostatic RCS measured on the bisector of the bistatic angle and measured at a frequency lower than the true frequency by the factor cos β/2. The limitations to this approximation which are based on the angular width of the lobe patterns reradiated from individual scattering centers are noted. The approximation is of particular value in translating measured monostatic RCS values into bistatic RCS for small bistatic angles.     

A Two-Dimensional Spectrum Model for General Bistatic SAR

This paper derives a 2-D spectrum model for general bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR). By introducing some new parameters such as equivalent monostatic parameters, bistatic factor, and weighted-equivalent range, the 2-D spectrum of general bistatic SAR can be expressed in the form of monostatic SAR even when the transmitter and receiver move along unparallel trajectories with different velocities. The result formulates bistatic SAR into an equivalent monostatic SAR model and would be useful for developing efficient bistatic SAR algorithms in frequency-domain or hybrid-domain processing. Simulation results are given to validate the performance of the model. For special bistatic SAR configurations, the model can be simplified. Compared to other similar models, the proposed model is clearer and much more concise.