退火温度对铝青铜微观组织及硬度的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD和硬度计等分析了Cu-Al-Ni合金在冷轧与退火过程中微观组织结构及硬度的变化规律,研究了合金在不同退火温度条件下的软化行为。结果表明,当采用950 ℃保温淬火工艺后,Cu-Al-Ni合金主要由面心立方结构的α相与体心立方结构的β相组成,分布于晶界处的β相对合金硬度的影响作用小。由于位错强化作用的显著增强,合金在冷轧后硬度明显升高,达到270 HV0.5。冷轧态Cu-Al-Ni合金在400 ℃以上温度退火后会发生明显软化现象,软化的主要原因是再结晶反应所引起的位错密度下降。Cu-Al-Ni合金的再结晶温度在300 ℃以上,高于纯铜的再结晶温度,这表明Ni、Al元素的添加有利于提高纯铜再结晶温度,并能改善其高温抗软化性能。     

短时低温退火对Cu-2.1Fe-0.03P合金板材组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等研究了短时低温退火处理对冷轧态Cu-2.1Fe-0.03P合金板材组织与性能的影响.结果表明:经短时低温退火处理后,合金板材的导电率几乎没有变化,强度和硬度得到了提高;其中经350℃退火30 s后,合金板材的强度从424.4 MPa提高至432.6 MPa,硬度由132.0HV0.1提高至149.4 HV0.1,分别提高了 1.9％和13.2％.微观组织观察表明,250℃退火态合金板材发生再结晶现象,退火温度升高至350℃时晶粒开始长大;退火处理降低了合金板材内部的位错密度,同时促进了析出相粒子的增加,合金板材中的3种析出相分别为α-Fe、γ-Fe和Fe3P;退火过程中位错密度的降低导致板材的软化以及析出相的强化是板材性能改善的主要原因.     

退火温度对高纯铝变形组织的影响

对纯度为99.9995%的高纯铝进行了累积变形量为60%的冷轧变形,并对变形的高纯铝进行了不同温度下的退火处理.采用宏微观分析以及硬度测试等手段,研究了变形高纯铝在热处理时的组织性能演变.结果表明,99.9995%的高纯铝经冷轧累计变形60%后未发生动态再结晶,经50℃×30min退火后高纯铝变形组织已经开始再结晶,经200℃×30 min高纯铝变形组织再结晶完全.     

退火温度对冷轧气相沉积高纯钨再结晶行为的影响

通过不同温度的退火试验研究了化学气相沉积高纯钨冷轧后的再结晶行为.结果表明,冷轧钨中形成层状异质结构,提高了材料的应变硬化率,进而提高了塑性,韧脆转变温度降低到200℃以下,硬度从沉积态的402 HV0.2提高到547 HV0.2.高温退火后,冷轧钨在1100℃发生再结晶,与沉积态钨相比,再结晶温度降低了880℃,这是...     

固溶处理对选区激光熔化Inconel 718合金组织与硬度的影响

利用选区激光熔化技术制备Inconel 718合金,对其在不同温度、时间和冷却条件下进行热处理。采用扫描电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射仪和显微硬度计研究不同热处理工艺条件下Inconel 718合金的微观组织与硬度。结果表明:当热处理温度为1 080℃时,沉积态合金中的束状亚结构消失、第二相含量减少,随着保温时间的延长,晶粒开始由非均匀柱状晶转变为再结晶晶粒,残余应力集中区和小角度晶界逐渐减少,并且形成11160°退火孪晶,硬度从292 HV降低至253 HV;当热处理温度为1 130℃时,沉积态合金中的非平衡组织全部发生再结晶,残余应力集中区基本消失,晶粒内部出现均匀的退火孪晶,硬度保持在220 HV左右;对于1 080℃/60 min热处理试样,随炉冷却方式的硬度高达431 HV,其较高的硬度主要与随炉冷却形成大量的亚结构和析出相有关。     

溅射靶材用Cr20Ni80合金管材的微观组织与再结晶退火

对溅射靶材用Cr20Ni80合金冷轧管材的微观组织和再结晶退火工艺进行了研究。首先观察了冷轧管材轴向与径向的微观组织变化;其次利用JMatPro计算了Cr20Ni80合金的相图,并设计了再结晶退火工艺;最后对冷轧管材进行了再结晶退火试验,表征了退火后管材的微观组织、晶粒尺寸和硬度。结果表明,冷轧管材沿轴向均为拉长晶,且存在大量孪晶;管材沿径向的微观组织中晶粒尺寸因形变量的增大而减小;当再结晶退火温度为690 ℃时,冷轧管材试样已开始发生再结晶;790 ℃×30 min时,形变晶粒已完全再结晶,平均晶粒尺寸为24.1 μm,为最优再结晶退火工艺;当退火温度进一步升高、保温时间进一步延长时,再结晶晶粒逐渐长大;试样的硬度随退火温度的升高而减小。     

退火温度对铝钛强韧的CrCoNi中熵合金组织与性能的影响

通过电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和维氏硬度测试,研究不同退火温度下新型铝钛强韧的CrCoNi中熵合金组织演变规律和硬度变化。结果表明,退火温度较高(1100℃)时,合金的退火孪晶密度较高,且孪晶形貌更加平直规整;再结晶和晶粒长大和退火温度并非简单的线性关系,超过临界温度合金再结晶和晶粒长大过程明显加快,在1100℃下退火1 h可得到平均晶粒尺寸20.89μm的等轴晶组织,由于加工应力释放,合金硬度下降到302.9 HV0.2。     

钽及钽钨合金冷轧变形过程中的组织和性能

通过显微硬度分析、X射线衍射分析和TEM详细研究了钽及钽钨合金在冷轧变形过程中的组织和性能演变规律,结果表明:W在Ta中具有晶粒细化和强化作用,Ta、Ta-2.5%W和Ta-7.5%W合金在1400℃温度退火1 h后的再结晶晶粒的平均尺寸为45、20和15μm;在冷轧过程中,随着变形量的增加,钽和钽钨合金的显微硬度都逐步提高,当变形量达到99%时,Ta、Ta-2.5%W和Ta-7.5%W的显微硬度分别达到了243、309和359 HV;在Ta中添加W后,合金的位错密度会得到极大的提高,其中Ta-7.5%W合金的位错密度比Ta的高一个数量级;钽和钽钨合金各取向的晶粒中的位错密度不同,其中{200}、{211}、{222}和{110}取向的位错密度依次增大,这与Taylor因子计算的结果一致;TEM研究表明,{100}取向的晶粒中形成了位错胞结构,而{110}取向的晶粒中形成了形变带组织。     

Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Hardness of Hot and Cold Rolled Zr705

主要研究了热轧和冷轧后Zr705合金在200～850℃温度范围内的退火行为.与冷轧后Zr705相比,热轧Zr705试样在较高的温度获得峰值硬度,且峰值硬度值较低.通过微观组织观察发现,热轧后Zr705试样中的β相向ω相的转变速率低于冷轧Zr705试样.经500℃退火后冷轧和热轧试样中均可观察到部分再结晶晶粒,但在热轧Zr705试样中的再结晶晶粒更多.热轧和冷轧Zr705试样在700℃保温1h后均再结晶完全.     

热处理对Ti-Mo合金组织及硬度的影响

对TiMo合金进行不同温度固溶处理,研究组织演变规律、硬度随温度的变化规律及其再结晶温度。结果表明：从750℃到820℃固溶,硬度呈现降低-升高-降低的变化规律;3%的α相含量与平均晶粒尺寸31.8μm的β晶粒混合组织形态具有硬度最小值（251.8 HV5）;合金的相变点为790～800℃;合金再结晶起始温度为760℃,完全再结晶温度为770℃。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.