多层连接碳纤维纬编双轴向衬纱织物增强复合材料的层间剪切性能

研究了三层连接、四层连接、五层连接的碳纤维纬编双轴向多层衬纱织物增强复合材料在0°和90°方向的层间剪切性能,结果表明:随着纤维体积含量的增加其层间剪切强度提高。复合材料的层间剪切载荷-挠度曲线趋于线性变化,达到最大值后载荷突然下降,表现出脆性断裂的特征。层间剪切试样断口形貌的分析结果表明,增强体结构对复合材料的层间剪切性能有显著的影响,试样的剪切破坏形式是分层破坏,在各织物组之间产生的裂纹较多。     

聚乙烯自增强复合材料损伤过程的声发射特征

复合材料在承受外载时, 声发射可产生于基体破裂、纤维-基体界面脱粘和纤维断裂等。测定了U HMWPE/ HDPE 复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下的声发射(AE) 振幅信号。对特殊试样, 即预测到断裂有明确方式, 如纤维-基体界面脱粘、基体破裂、纤维断裂和分层等的试样, 实施加载直至破坏。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观测试样的断裂表面, 对产生于若干特殊损伤类型的AE 信号进行了鉴别。在相同加载条件下, 完成了不同种类的U HMWPE/ HDPE 准各向同性层合板声发射检测。结果在特殊试样损伤类型与声发射信号事件振幅之间建立了对应关系, 揭示了上述各种准各向同性层合板损伤扩展过程的AE 特征与损伤破坏机制。各种准各向同性层合板试样的声发射事件累计数对拉伸应力关系曲线相异, 其相同损伤类型发生时所对应的拉伸载荷水平不等, 表明它们的铺设角度和铺设顺序对损伤演变过程有显著的影响。结果证实了它们的最终破坏由严重层间分层造成。      

复合材料胶结修补缺损金属结构的力学性能研究

进行了未修补与复合材料胶结修补的含穿透性裂纹金属试样的力学性能实验,测定了失效载荷,并分析了失效机理;采用实体层单元模拟复合材料补片和胶层,建立了复合材料胶接修补缺损金属结构的三维有限元分析模型,数值模拟了两种试样的载荷-位移曲线和应力分布,预测了破坏位置,与实验现象吻合良好。研究发现,与未修补的试样相比,经复合材料修补后的缺损结构承载能力得到明显提高。     

玻璃纤维复合材料中不同破坏类型的声发射特征

本文就七种不同类型玻璃纤维复合材料试样在拉伸过程中的声发射幅度分布特征作了分析比较,对几种基本破坏模式的声发射幅度分布进行了探讨.它们具有各自的特点,从而有可能对一些铺层类型的复合材料的损伤扩展过程进一步认识.      

含边裂纹试样弯曲断裂声发射特征研究

采用类岩石材料研究了含边裂纹试样在三点弯曲加载条件下的裂纹扩展过程，并利用声发射（AE）测试技术分析了含裂隙试样弯拉应力作用过程中预制裂纹萌生、起裂、扩展和断裂破坏的全过程的声发射特征。试验结果表明，声发射的阶段性突发特征反映了张拉裂纹阶段性扩展的规律，但边裂纹的拉破裂特征不同于压剪应力作用下的声发射特征。预制裂纹在拉破裂过程中的声发射特征表现为AE数的渐进增长、快速增长、突发式增长和逐渐下降4个阶段。声发射源的带状分布规律表明，在弯拉应力作用下，裂隙的张性断裂不是孤立的，而是有若干个小断裂面聚集而成宏观断裂，探讨了预制裂隙受拉破坏的内在机理。     

Q235B钢板拉伸损伤试验的声发射特性

制作完整和焊接两种Q235B板材试样,利用声发射技术对其拉伸过程的损伤特性进行监测,根据获得的拉伸过程载荷时间历程曲线和材料损伤声发射信号,结合金属材料力学行为特性,对材料损伤声发射信号的幅度、振铃计数以及能量等参数进行分析,获得了材料塑性屈服、强化变形以及断裂等损伤阶段所表现出的声发射特性,通过对声发射信号撞击幅度和能量的统计分析,初步得到了不同损伤阶段所对应的声发射参数分布范围。对比分析完整和焊接两种试样损伤所表现出的不同声发射特性,结果表明声发射特性参数能够很好地描述焊接对材料力学特性的影响,并能以声发射参数"双峰"分布的形式从微观上反映焊接对试样屈服所造成的影响。实验结果为声发射技术应用于起重机结构状态监测提供了参考数据。     

风电叶片复合材料拉伸损伤破坏声发射行为

通过风电叶片单向和多向复合材料拉伸力学性能实验, 结合声发射技术, 研究复合材料损伤演化特性及纤维预断缺陷对复合材料力学性能的影响。复合材料单向和加卸载拉伸实验时, 采用声发射实时监测整个损伤破坏过程, 获取复合材料试件的拉伸力学性能、 损伤破坏特征及相应的声发射响应特征。结果表明: 由于纤维预断缺陷的存在, 单向复合材料加载到约30％破坏载荷时, 缺陷位置及相邻区域的基体和界面开始出现明显损伤; 加载到约60％破坏载荷时, 含缺陷层和相邻的层出现明显的层间剪切破坏, 导致刚度的急剧缩减, 声发射撞击累积数明显高于无缺陷试件。含纤维预断多向复合材料加载到约60％破坏载荷时, 纤维预断处树脂基体出现明显损伤; 随相对应力水平的提高, 多向复合材料的Felicity比下降较为平缓。     

风电叶片复合材料拉伸损伤破坏声发射行为

通过风电叶片单向和多向复合材料拉伸力学性能实验,结合声发射技术,研究复合材料损伤演化特性及纤维预断缺陷对复合材料力学性能的影响.复合材料单向和加卸载拉伸实验时,采用声发射实时监测整个损伤破坏过程,获取复合材料试件的拉伸力学性能、损伤破坏特征及相应的声发射响应特征.结果表明:由于纤维预断缺陷的存在,单向复合材料加载到约30％破坏载荷时,缺陷位置及相邻区域的基体和界面开始出现明显损伤;加载到约60％破坏载荷时,含缺陷层和相邻的层出现明显的层间剪切破坏,导致刚度的急剧缩减,声发射撞击累积数明显高于无缺陷试件.含纤维预断多向复合材料加载到约60％破坏载荷时,纤维预断处树脂基体出现明显损伤;随相对应力水平的提高,多向复合材料的Felicity比下降较为平缓.     

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料螺栓连接结构在拉伸载荷下损伤过程的声发射分析

采用声发射技术对不同几何尺寸的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料（CFRP）螺栓连接结构在静力载荷下破坏行为进行了试验研究,比较了不同几何构型下的连接结构的破坏行为与声发射信号之间的映射关系。采用声发射技术对结构损伤过程中的声发射信号进行全程采集与转换,结合CFRP螺栓结构的载荷-位移曲线和宏/细观破坏形貌,分析了幅值、熵曲线和Andrews曲线与破坏行为之间的关系。结果表明:挤压与剪切破坏试件的载荷-位移曲线均呈现出较明显的塑性特征。结构发生挤压和剪切破坏时,声发射信号以中幅值信号为主,并伴随少量高幅值信号;结构发生拉伸破坏时对应的幅值为中幅值信号。根据熵曲线特征将CFRP连接结构破坏过程分为四个阶段,在损伤演化阶段发生纤维断裂、分层等失效模式,在结构失效阶段以分层失效为主。基于Andrews曲线分析得到挤压和拉伸失效模式在损伤演化阶段会出现多种损伤类型,剪切失效模式在结构失效阶段会出现多种损伤类型。      

三维机织碳/碳复合材料双轴压缩载荷下的力学行为

基于三维机织碳/碳复合材料的细观结构特征, 设计平板十字形试样, 在材料双轴力学性能试验机上开展了复合材料单轴、 双轴加载压缩试验, 对比分析了三维机织碳/碳复合材料在双轴压缩载荷下的力学行为。研究表明: 三维机织碳/碳复合材料的压缩行为表现为非线性、 脆性断裂; 双轴载荷作用下非线性特征更为显著, 压缩模量随应力的增加而增大, 强度与模量相较于单轴有较大幅度增加, 双轴压缩载荷作用下材料的强化效应显著; 试样破坏位置并未出现在试样中心区, 而是发生在试样的加载端部或十字形试样的加载分枝根部, 主要表现为基体开裂、 纤维断裂和层间脱粘, 碳布及其层间界面剪切强度的强弱直接影响材料的压缩强度。     

Effectiveness of nonlinear ultrasonic and acoustic emission evaluation of concrete with distributed damages

Nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques are used for nondestructive evaluation of concrete, damaged under compression loading. Experiments were carried out in 18 cubic specimens (150 × 150 × 150 mm) cast with three different w/c (six specimens for each w/c). Three specimens at each w/c were used for AE monitoring and three others for NLU evaluation. The NLU evaluation is based on measuring the change in fundamental amplitude with increasing damage and output power level. In acoustic emission testing technique four sensors were used to listen to the wide range of events under various loading and unloading cycles. An increase in AE hits was observed with increasing damage. Each loading and unloading stage was carefully examined for Kaiser and Felicity effects in order to assess the concrete deterioration. It was proposed to measure Felicity ratio at three different loading levels, corresponding to AE hits at 3%, 5%, and 10% of the AE hits at the previous maximum load, respectively. Normalized values of Felicity ratio were plotted and compared with the NLU test data. Correlation between acoustic emission and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques in assessing damage growth in concrete was investigated.     

Size effect of concrete members applied with flexural compressive stresses

In this study, two types of special experiments are carried out to understand flexural compressive strength size effect of concrete members. The first type is an ordinary cylindrical specimen (CS) with a fully penetrated and vertically standing plate type notch at the mid-height of the specimen, which is loaded in compression at the top surface (e.g., in the parallel direction to the notch length). The second type is a general double cantilever beam (DCB), which is compression loaded in axial direction (e.g., in the parallel direction of the notch). For CS, an adequate notch length is taken from the experimental results obtained from the compressive strength experiment of various initial notch lengths. The trial tests to select the effective initial notch length show that CS with an initial notch length approximately greater than four times the maximum aggregate size fails without an additional increased load and in stable manner under Mode I failure mechanism. Therefore, the initial notch length to the maximum aggregate size ratio of 4.0 is used for all size specimens. For DCB, the eccentricity of loading points with respect to the axial axis of each cantilever and the initial notch length are varied. In both specimens, the compressive loads apply flexural compressive stresses on the crack tip region of the specimens. These two types of specimens fail by Mode I crack opening mechanism. By testing 3 geometrically proportional size specimens for CS and DCB, the experimental datum for flexural compression size effect of concrete are obtained. Using the obtained flexural compressive strength size effect datum, regression analyses are performed using Levenberg-Marquardt's least square method (LSM) to suggest new parameters for the modified size effect law (MSEL). The analysis results show that size effect is apparent for flexural compressive strength of specimens with an initial notch. For CS, the effect of initial notch length on flexural compressive strength size effect is apparent. For DCB, flexural compressive size effect is dependent on the eccentricity of loading points with respect to the axial axis of the cantilever beam. In other words, if DCB specimen is applied with greater tensile stress at the crack tip, the size effect of concrete becomes more distinct. The results show that the flexural compressive strength size effect of initial notch length variation of DCB exists but directly dependent on the loading location. This is due to the fact that the sizes of fracture process zone (FPZ) of all DCB specimens are similar regardless of the differences in the specimen slenderness ratio, but the flexural compressive and tensile stress combinations resulting in stress concentration at the crack tip region has direct effect on size effect of concrete members.     

丁腈橡胶含量对高模量碳/环氧复合材料力学性能的影响

本文对基体中四种不同丁腈橡胶含量(0,10%,15%,20%)的高模量碳纤维增强环氧复合材料进行了层间剪切、弯曲、拉伸及阻尼性能的实验,用声发射技术监测了微结构损伤并分析了其断裂形貌,比较了四组不同丁腈橡胶含量的碳/环氧复合材料的各项力学性能;得到了这种复合材料的最佳丁腈橡胶含量,并讨论了宏观力学性能与微结构破坏的关系。      

Experimental investigation of fracture damage of notched granite beams under cyclic loading using DIC and AE techniques

Fracture experiments of three‐point bending notched granite beams were performed under cyclic loading using digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The damage evolution process of the specimen under cyclic loading was analysed on the basis of AE ring count and b value. The strain and displacement fields and the fracture process zone (FPZ) ahead of the crack tip were revealed by DIC. The results showed that the AE characteristics of rock fracture indicated a noticeable Kaiser effect in the stage of cyclic loading and unloading. Moreover, when the loading force reached 70% of its peak value, the AE characteristics showed the Felicity effect. The damage produced during the loading‐unloading process contributed to the development of the cracks leading to the catastrophic fracture. Besides, a relatively high loading rate was found to help to suppress the development of the FPZ at the crack tip.     

Notched fatigue behavior including load sequence effects under axial and torsional loadings

Notch effects on axial and torsion fatigue behaviors of low carbon steel were investigated. Fully-reversed tests were conducted on thin-walled tubular specimens with or without a transverse circular hole. A shear failure mechanism was observed for both smooth and notched specimens and under both axial and torsion loadings. The notch effect was more pronounced under axial loading, in spite of higher stress concentration factor in torsion. The commonly used nominal S–N approach with fatigue notch factor in conjunction with von Mises effective stress resulted in overly conservative life predictions of both smooth and notched torsion fatigue lives. Neuber’s rule yielded notch root stress and strain amplitudes close to the FEA results for both axial and torsion loadings. The local strain approach based on effective strain obtained from Neuber’s rule or FEA resulted in poor correlation of the fatigue life data of smooth and notched specimens. The Fatemi–Socie critical plane parameter represented the observed failure mechanism and resulted in very good correlations of smooth and notched specimens fatigue data under both axial and torsion loadings. In block loading tests with equal number of alternating axial and torsion cycles at the same stress level, beneficial effect of axial loading was observed. Possible potential reasons for this unexpected behavior are discussed.     

Failure assessment of notched polycrystalline graphite under tensile-shear loading

The fracture load and the fracture initiation angle were experimentally measured for a V-notched specimen made of polycrystalline graphite under combined tensile-shear loading. The experimental results were obtained for several specimens with different notch angles and various notch tip radii. The experimental observations showed that for a constant notch tip radius, the fracture load in pure tensile loading conditions decreases as the notch angle increases. Moreover, for a constant notch angle, as the notch tip radius increases the fracture load in graphite specimens enhances in the entire domain between pure tensile and pure shear loading conditions. A recently developed failure criterion was then used to estimate the experimental values of the notch fracture resistance and the fracture initiation angle for the tested graphite specimens. The experimental results could be estimated very well by using the results of the proposed criterion.     

界面层对碳/环氧复合材料力学性能的影响*

本工作研究了碳纤维表面经冷等离子体连续处理以及等离子体聚合形成的增韧层与防水层对碳/环氧复合材料界面性质及力学性能的影响。在宏观状态及在扫描电镜内小尺度进行了层间剪切和断裂的对比试验,结果表明:经等离子体处理和具有等离子体聚合形成的聚合层三种试件,其层间剪切强度和断裂韧度比碳纤维未经处理的碳/环氧试件,平均分别提高了30%和40%。以经等离子体聚合形成增韧层BS-1试件的增强效果最好,其层剪强度由71MPa提高到103MPa,增加了455,断裂韧度由985MPa√m提高到1548MPa√m,增大了57%。同时在SEM动态观测破坏过程中,分析了四种微观界面状态与力学性能的关系及其增强机理。     

Study of three- and four-point shear testing of unidirectional composite materials

Both the three- and four-point shear test methods for unidirectional composite materials were studied using a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis. The span-to-thickness ratios of the test specimens were varied to study the shear stress distributions. Specimens with lower span-to-thickness ratios were found to yield higher apparent interlaminar shear strengths. This prediction coincides with many available experimental results. The dependence of apparent interlaminar shear strength on span-to-thickness ratio, confirmed by both analytical and experimental studies, shows that both the three- and four-point shear test methods should be used with caution in this regard when measuring the interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional composite materials.     

Influence of loading path on fatigue crack growth under multiaxial loading condition

In this study, the specimens made of carbon steel S45 with an initial surface straight edge notch were subjected to combined cyclic axial‐torsion loading at room temperature. The fatigue life, surface crack extension direction and crack length were experimentally investigated. The effects of loading path, stress amplitude ratio and phase angle on the crack growth behaviour were also discussed. The results showed that, under the combination of cyclic axial and torsion loading, the tension stress amplitude had more effect on the initial crack growth path than the latter. The shear stress amplitude contributed mainly to the latter crack extension. The crack extension path was mainly determined by the stress amplitudes and the ratio of the normal stress to the shear stress, and almost independent of the mean stresses. The increase of the tension stress amplitude and shear stress amplitude would both accelerate the crack growth rate.