氧化锆层状复合陶瓷表面压应力与相变增韧的关系

利用维氏硬度仪和X射线应力分析仪、X射线衍射仪等手段分别对单层和层状氧化锆陶瓷进行了力学性能测试和分析,研究结果表明,在ZrO2层状复合陶瓷中,压痕裂纹的形成除了因塑性区体积变化产生的残余应力外,还与相变应力和表面压应力有关,表面压应力对表面裂纹具有较大的抑制作用.层状陶瓷断裂韧性提高,主要是通过表面压应力对压痕裂纹区应力强度因子的贡献、提高断裂相变量,强化相变增韧效果、细化晶粒等几个方面来实现的.     

紫铜/Al_2O_3陶瓷/不锈钢复合结构钎焊接头残余应力研究

采用有限元数值模拟的方法研究AgCuTi钎焊紫铜/Al_2O_3陶瓷/不锈钢复合结构的形变和残余应力分布情况,并对模拟结果进行实验验证。结果表明:残余应力主要分布在接头区,并且该区形变较小。陶瓷端的残余应力对接头性能影响较大,由于线膨胀系数差异过大,不锈钢陶瓷侧易产生裂纹缺陷,接头倾向于在该区域断裂,紫铜侧陶瓷端TiO反应层的形成导致该区域裂纹的出现,降低了接头的性能。研究各应力分量对最终残余应力的贡献,结果显示环向应力和轴向应力在陶瓷端所产生的拉应力是造成接头强度降低的主要因素。接头拉剪实验表明,接头主要在靠近不锈钢侧的陶瓷端断裂,验证了模拟结果的准确性。     

等离子喷涂沉积率对梯度涂层结合强度影响研究

研究了等离子喷涂粉末沉积率对功能梯度涂层的结合强度影响,结果表明,在设计比例下,由于ZrO2的沉积率低,使涂层表面纯陶瓷层与次表层的成分梯度增大,应力梯度增加,导致界面结合变弱,涂层结合强度降低,通过增加次表层ZrO2含量,可较大幅度增加涂层的结合强度。     

Ti／ZrN／瓷界面微观结构和力学性能

通过磁控溅射法在纯钛表面溅射了一层ZrN涂层,研究了Ti/ZrN/瓷界面组织和力学性能.结果表明,Ti/瓷界面由富含Ti,Si,O元素的反应层和钛表面氧化层组成.钛表面溅射ZrN涂层后,Ti/瓷界面的连接转变为Ti/ZrN/瓷界面的连接,ZrN涂层能有效地防止钛表面生成过厚的氧化层.Ti/ZrN/瓷结合强度为29.2MPa,与Ti/瓷结合强度23.5MPa相比,提高了24.3%.     

等离子喷涂ZrC基涂层逐道逐层沉积残余应力模拟与实验验证

采用商用ANSYS14.5软件, 依据复合梁增层力学模型, 采用逐道逐层累积模型模拟了C/C复合材料表面等离子喷涂ZrC基涂层沉积残余应力的特征, 分析了SiC过渡层、第二相(SiC, MoSi₂)和涂层厚度对ZrC基涂层残余应力的影响, 并进行了实验验证。结果表明, SiC过渡层有效缓解了涂层与基体的热失配应力。涂层体系的应力随着涂层厚度的增加逐渐减小, 符合应力松弛和叠加规律。在涂层内部的径向应力以拉应力为主, 基体中主要为压应力, 且在界面边缘存在压应力集中的极限区域, 易使涂层产生裂纹并沿界面扩展。该模拟采用逐道逐层累积的方法更逼近实际喷涂过程, 能更准确预测涂层的残余应力。     

热喷涂零件界面裂纹扩展行为影响因素研究

热喷涂技术在提高构件寿命等方面得到了广泛应用,但界面裂纹的存在对零件寿命的影响尤其明显。本工作利用有限元法研究了残余应力、涂层厚度以及初始裂纹长度等因素对界面裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明:残余压应力的增加会导致临界载荷的降低,促使裂纹尖端应力相角增大,更易萌生界面裂纹;而残余拉应力的增加会导致临界载荷的升高,促使裂纹尖端应力相角降低,更易萌生垂直于界面的裂纹。此外,厚涂层易产生平行于界面的裂纹,以剪切失效为主导;薄涂层易产生垂直于界面的裂纹,以拉伸失效为主导。初始裂纹长度越长越易出现涂层与基体的剥离,导致涂层的失效。通过三点弯曲实验对不同初始长度的裂纹进行验证,实验结果与有限元模拟结果相近,验证了有限元模拟的正确性,为精确控制热喷涂零件界面的裂纹扩展提供了科学依据和理论基础。     

陶瓷/金属钎焊接头内残余应力计算

用有限元法计算了陶瓷/金属钎焊接头内的残余应力,结果表明,在陶瓷一侧轴向残余应力的最大值位置在靠近连接界面的陶瓷表面,而不在连接界面上.最大主应力在接头内的变化规律与σzz的变化规律相似.σyy在陶瓷一侧表现为较大的压应力,在金属一侧表现为较大的拉应力.给出了接头最可能断裂的轮廓线.     

Ni-Cr／Ti／多元陶瓷连接界面微观结构与性能

在Ni-Cr合金表面磁控溅射一层Ti薄膜作为中间层,研究了Ni-Cr/Ti/多元陶瓷连接界面微观结构与性能.结果表明:Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面结合致密,无裂纹、孔隙等缺陷.Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面反应非常复杂,界面处形成的新物相有SnCr0.14Ox,NiCr2O4,Cr2O3,TiO2,A1Ti3和Ti2Ni.Ti中间层的厚度,烤瓷温度和烤瓷时间将影响Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面反应产物的种类、数量及分布,最终决定了界面结合强度.烤瓷温度990℃,烤瓷时间2.5min,Ni-Cr/瓷界面结合强度达40.2MPa;在Ni-Cr合金表面溅射Ti中间层厚度为3μm时,Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面结合强度可达到48.4MPa.     

氧化锆基复合材料的裂纹扩展和疲劳性能

氧化锆(ZrO2)陶瓷中的应力诱导相变概念,在陶瓷领域颇具新意.70年代业已证明,ZrO2陶瓷确实有一个抗裂纹扩展的相变韧化机理.应力诱导相变就是裂纹尖端的亚稳四方晶体向单斜晶体转变,伴随体积膨胀诱导出压缩应力,起着减小裂纹扩展驱动力的作用.四方晶体的ZrO2陶瓷(TZP),通过添加不同氧化物,例如铈氧化物(Ce-TZP)或钇氧化物(Y-TZP),以四方对称的形式保持稳定.ZrO2陶瓷也能以四方晶体形式存在于立方基体中.     

可加工Ce-ZrO2/CePO4陶瓷材料的裂纹扩展及加工损伤

对可加工Ce—ZrO2／CePO4陶瓷材料中裂纹扩展及加工损伤进行了研究。发现其与一般脆性陶瓷中裂纹扩展有所不同，由于CePO4的加入在基体中形成了弱界面，在荷载作用下弱界面处易形成微裂纹，并发生裂纹的偏转、分支和桥联等形式，使得材料中裂纹的扩展呈现不连续性。而且CePO4加入量对裂纹扩展和加工损伤具有较大的影响，加入量较小时裂纹扩展不连续性并不明显，加工损伤大，加工困难；加入量较大时裂纹呈发散状态，加工损伤小，但材料性能降低。     

Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面反应机制

采用磁控溅射技术,在Ni-Cr合金表面溅射一层Ti薄膜作为中间层,研究了Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面组织结构,产物种类、分布及反应机制。结果表明:Ni-Cr/Ti/瓷界面反应复杂,界面处形成的新物相有Ti2Ni,AlTi3,TiO2,SnCr0.14OX,NiCr2O4和Cr2O3。高温烤瓷过程中,Ti与Ni以稳定的化合物Ti2Ni形式结合,同时Ti与陶瓷中Al2O3反应生成AlTi3化合物,与SnO2和SiO2发生置换反应生成TiO2,TiO2与陶瓷中氧化物结合,更好的实现了Ni-Cr合金与陶瓷的连接。     

ZrO2/hydroxyapatite coating on titanium by electrolytic deposition

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated on a titanium (Ti) substrate over a ZrO(2) layer by the electrolytic deposition method, this double layer coating was then compared with a single layer coating of HA. The HA layer was used to increase the bioactivity and osteoconductivity of the Ti substrate, and the ZrO(2) layer was intended to improve the bonding strength between the HA layer and Ti substrate, and to prevent the corrosion of the Ti substrate. The electrolytic deposition formed an HA layer with a thicknesses of approximately 20 mum, which adhered tightly to the Ti substrate. The bonding strength of the HA/ZrO(2) double layer coating on Ti was markedly improved when compared to that of the HA single coating on Ti. The improvement in bonding strength with the use of a ZrO(2) base layer was attributed to the resulting increase in chemical affinity of the ZrO(2) to the HA layer and to the Ti substrate. The osteoblast-like cells cultured on the HA/ZrO(2) coating surface, proliferated in a similar manner to those on the HA single coating and on the pure Ti surfaces. At the same time, the corrosion resistance of Ti was improved by the presence of the ZrO(2) coating, as shown by a potentiodynamic polarization test.     

Effect of ZrN coating by magnetron sputtering and sol–gel processed silica coating on titanium/porcelain interface bond strength

In this study, a coating technique was applied to improve the bond strength of titanium (Ti) porcelain. ZrN coating was prepared by magnetron sputtering, and silica coating was processed by a sol–gel method. The treated surfaces of the specimens were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, and the Ti/porcelain interface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The coated specimens appeared fully coherent to the Ti substrate. The fractured bonding surface was also investigated by SEM. The residual porcelain on the metal surface could be observed in the ZrN group and silica group, but there was no obvious porcelain remaining in the control group. A three-point-bending test showed that the bonding strength of the ZrN group (45.99 ± 0.65 MPa) was higher than the silica group (37.77 ± 0.78 MPa) (P < 0.001) and control group (29.48 ± 1.01 MPa) (P < 0.001), while that of the silica group was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001). In conclusion, conditioning the ceramic surface with ZrN and silica coatings resulted in a stronger Ti/porcelain bond. ZrN coating by magnetron sputtering was a more effective way to improve the bond strength between Ti and porcelain compared with sol–gel processed silica coating in this study.     

钛表面的氧化对钛瓷结合强度的影响

研究了钛表面氧化对钛/瓷结合强度的影响, 并采用溶胶凝胶技术在钛表面制备SnO_x中间层, 研究SnO_x层对钛/瓷结合强度的影响. 结果表明：空气炉中800℃氧化3min后, 钛/瓷结合强度明显下降; 烤瓷炉中预氧化3min, 钛/瓷结合强度无明显变化. 热处理使钛表面生成一层金红石型氧化层, 钛/瓷剥脱主要发生在金红石氧化层与钛之间. 采用溶胶-凝胶法经300℃处理后在钛表面制得的SnO_x涂层, 可有效隔绝氧向Ti表面的扩散, 防止钛表面的过度氧化, 提高了钛/瓷结合强度. 经SnO_x涂层处理后, 钛/瓷剥脱主要发生在SnO_x涂层内.     

ZrO_2与40Cr钢钎焊中的缓冲层

本试验研究了ＺｒＯ２与４０Ｃｒ钢在加入缓冲层前后的钎焊连接，结果表明：插入缓冲层Ｃｕ和Ｔｉ可以提高接头强度。对每一种缓冲层，存在一最佳厚度，对应的钎焊强度最大。此最佳厚度对Ｃｕ为０．４ｍｍ左右，对Ｔｉ为１ｍｍ左右。作者认为这是由缓冲层的力学性能和热膨胀系数对残余应力释放产生的两种相反影响而造成的。钎焊时，缓冲层Ｃｕ和Ｔｉ向钎料中均有程度不同的溶解，但不影响钎料对ＺｒＯ２的浸润和反应结合。ＺｒＯ２－４０Ｃｒ钢连接的所有接头均断在陶瓷的近缝区，其断裂方式有三种。     

Interfacial structure and strength on Ti(C,N) joint using liquid phase diffusion bonding with Ti/Ni interlayer

Abstract

Partial transient liquid phase diffusion bonding (PTLP-DB) on Ti(C,N) cermet was studied in the present paper using Ti/Ni/Ti foil sandwich structure as the interlayer. The interfacial structure and element distribution at the interface were observed using SEM, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. The joint strength was measured using four-point bending test. The results showed that metallurgical bonding between Ti(C,N) cermet was achieved using PTLP-DB. Near Ti(C,N) cermet side, a strong chemical reaction occurred to produce an interfacial multilayer containing Ti–Al and Ti–Ni intermetallics. Different bonding times during PTLP-DB were also studied, and there was an optimum time during bonding. With a shorter bonding time, voids were observed at the interface, while with a prolonged time, the bending strength on the joints also decreased due to the overgrowth on intermetallic layer and the existence of high gradient residual stress at the interface.     

On the bonding of porcelain on titanium

The interface structure and bond strength between Ti and porcelain were studied using various firing times and vacuum levels. During firing an interfacial oxide layer was formed between Ti and porcelain. Fracture occurred between this oxide layer and Ti. A correlation was observed between the thickness of the interfacial layer and the bond strength: the thicker the layer, the weaker was bonding. An improved vacuum was found to increase the bond strength. Oxygen was observed by ESCA to dissolve into Ti, causing brittleness in the uppermost Ti layer with prolonged firing time.     

Microstructure of diffusional zirconia–titanium and zirconia–(Ti–6 wt% Al–4 wt% V) alloy joints

Zirconia–titanium and zirconia–titanium alloy joints were made by diffusion bonding under an inert atmosphere at temperatures in the 1162–1494°C range. To inhibit the strong oxygen uptake by the titanium member a platinum insert was alternatively used. The microstructures and elemental profiles across the joints were investigated by scanning electron microscopy imaging and energy-dispersive spectroscopy or wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis. It was found that direct ZrO2–Ti joining produces oxygen saturation in the Ti member and the formation of (Ti,Zr)2O at the interface. ZrO2/Pt/Ti joints present a complex layer sequence which at lower temperatures can be described on the basis of the Pt–Ti binary, except near the ceramic where a (Pt,Zr)-rich layer forms; at higher temperatures these joints develop an oxide layer of composition Ti2O3, this oxide probably resulting from local decomposition of the ceramic and reaction of oxygen with the incoming titanium. When Ti is replaced by the Ti–6 wt% Al–4 wt% V alloy in joints where Pt is present, the main consequences are the presence of liquid at lower joining temperatures and the earlier development of the oxide layer, now of nominal composition TiO. In all Pt-containing joints a phase of nominal composition Ti3Pt2 forms; it is advanced that this may be an equilibrium phase not predicted by the Pt–Ti diagrams available. All joints are weak, the fracture path running through the metal in the case of direct ZrO2–Ti joints and through the interface between the ceramic and the (Pt,Zr)-rich layer in joints where Pt is present.     

Mechanical analysis of indentation cracking in Al2O3/ZrO2 nanostructured laminated ceramics

Residual stress is not the only driving force for indentation cracking in Al2O3/ZrO2 laminated ceramics. An additional driving force is induced by martensitic transformation in the plastic zone beneath the indenter, whereas surface residual compressive stress controls the expansion of surface cracks. Contributions of the transformation driving force and surface residual stress are not considered in the traditional indentation and indentation-strength theory. Therefore, fracture toughness value measured by the traditional methods is usually lower than the practical one in Al2O3/ZrO2 laminated ceramics. When the improved SENB (Single edge notched beam method)-indentation-fracture method from Japanese Industrial Standard (No. JIS R 1607-1990) is used to measure fracture toughness of Al2O3/ZrO2 laminated ceramics, the value is more reliable.     

Transient liquid-phase insert metal bonding of Al2O3 and AISI 304 stainless steel

Transition liquid-phase insert metal bonding of Al2O3 and AISI 304 stainless steel based materials is investigated. This joining technique allows the continuous replenishment of the active solute which is consumed by the chemical reaction that occurs at the ceramic/filler metal interface. Replenishment is facilitated by employing a sandwich of filler materials comprising tin-based filler metal and amorphous Cu50Ti50 or NiCrB interlayers. During Al2O3/AISI 304 stainless steel bonding, the highest shear strength properties are produced using a bonding temperature of 500 °C. Thick reaction layers containing defects form at the ceramic/filler material interface when higher bonding temperatures are applied. Bonding at temperatures above 500 °C also increases the tensile residual stress generated at the periphery of Al2O3/AISI 304 stainless steel joints. The shear strength of joints produced using NiCrB interlayers markedly increased following heat treatment at 200 °C for 1.5 h. Heat treatment had little influence on the shear strength of the joint produced using Cu50Ti50 interlayers. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.