激光熔覆再制造涂层应力超声无损评价

基于声弹理论研究激光熔覆再制造涂层应力超声无损评价方法。应用泰勒级数展开法对激光熔覆层中声弹公式进行合理简化,结合静载拉伸实验,标定熔覆层声弹系数。结果表明:随着拉伸应力的增加,瑞利波在Fe314激光熔覆层中的传播速度变化率以线性规律增加,拉伸应力大于495MPa时,瑞利波信号的传播速度不再以线性规律变化。结合超声传播理论及微观组织揭示声弹曲线变化规律及其对应力评价结果的影响机理。结果表明:各向异性熔覆层的非均匀变形是导致高应力阶段声弹曲线波动的主要原因,各向异性组织效应会影响应力检测结果的可靠性,熔覆层间声波的传递对检测结果的影响可以忽略。通过对声弹曲线进行拟合确定了各向异性组织效应影响因子。佐证实验结果表明,采用本研究提出的方法,有效降低了组织效应对检测结果的影响,提高了激光熔覆再制造涂层应力超声无损检测的可靠性(最大相对误差为4.4%)。     

缺陷/应力交互对碳钢L_(cr)波声弹性系数的影响

基于L_(cr)波声弹性理论,探讨缺陷及其尺寸对L_(cr)波评价应力的影响机理。结合"当量法"预制不同直径盲孔,采用互相关系数函数计算L_(cr)波时间差,通过线性拟合得到L_(cr)波声弹性系数,基于弹塑性变形和圆孔应力集中理论澄清盲孔直径对L_(cr)波声弹性系数的影响机理。结果表明:各直径盲孔L_(cr)波时间差随应力增大基本呈线性增加,但其非线性特征亦逐渐明显,线性阶段的最大应力值小于试样屈服强度;L_(cr)波声弹性系数随盲孔直径增大逐渐减小,并趋于平稳。分析认为,盲孔应力集中是导致上述结果的主要原因,试样各向异性组织及盲孔深度也是其重要因素。     

爆炸过程中有关应力波传播问题探讨

针对爆炸过程中出现的3种常见应力波,对基传播速度和应力波幅值进行了讨论,指出应力波的传播速度及其引起的质点振动幅值均与材料的泊松比密切相关。对于应力波传播试验中出现的纵波、横波及瑞利表面波这3种常见应力波,从数值模拟的角度进行了再现。     

互相关函数步长影响超声波评价涂层应力的实验研究

以声弹效应理论为基础,结合力学拉伸实验,采用表面超声波法对涂层应力进行评价,并在互相关函数法的基础上计算应力引起的信号间时间延迟.结果表明:当涂层试样处于弹性变形范围内时,随着应力的增加,表面超声波在涂层中的传播速度逐渐变大,而当拉伸应力达到一定值使得涂层内部出现微裂纹时,随着应力的增加,伴随着裂纹的扩展超声波波速会出...     

应力卸载过程砂岩应力波传播及衰减特性试验研究

由于岩体开挖卸载和原岩应力重新分布的复杂性,围岩体通常处于复杂的应力卸载环境中。为研究应力卸载过程砂岩应力波的传播及衰减特性,设计了长径比L/D≈65的条形试件,利用动静组合加载装置进行了不同轴向卸载应力下的小扰动撞击试验,测得了不同测点处的砂岩应力波信号,研究了不同卸载应力对应力波波形、纵波波速值、波峰的时空衰减规律、波峰及波峰衰减速率等的影响,并建立了经验规律模型。研究表明:砂岩是否具有卸载应力对应力波波形具有显著影响;随应力卸载,纵波波速呈“近似线性+非线性”衰减,波峰及其衰减率均呈指数变化;随距离和时间增加,波峰均呈指数衰减,且不同应力卸载阶段波峰的时空衰减具有不同敏感性;研究结果对爆破开挖条件下深部工程岩体稳定性分析提供了重要的理论参考。     

爆炸过程中的应力波

通过对爆炸过程进行分析,运用质量和动量守恒原理,导出了爆炸过程中应力波传播规律;随着介质质点距装药中心距离的增大,应力波幅值在衰减,应力波波形在变化,其传播速度也在减小。通过对球形装药爆炸后应力波传播过程的数值模拟,可以形象地说明上述传播规律。     

激光声表面波检测铝板表面凹痕的数值研究

采用平面应变的有限元模型数值模拟了热弹机制下线型脉冲激光辐照金属铝板表面激发高频声表面波,及声表面波经过表面矩形凹痕时发生反射的过程.计算结果表明: 声表面波中的瑞利波经过表面凹痕时发生明显的反射,并产生两个相继出现且具有相同的传播速度的反射表面波成分;随着凹痕深度的增加,两个反射瑞利脉冲出现的时间间隔将增大;数值计算从理论的角度有力地证实了前一反射瑞利波产生于凹痕的顶端,而后者源于其底部的论断,从而为定量检测金属表面缺陷的深度提供了理论依据.     

轴向静载对变截面杆中应力波幅值的影响

针对变截面构件受到动静组合荷载作用的工程实际,研究轴向静载对变截面杆中应力波幅值的影响。选用铝制备锥形直杆试件,基于动静组合加载试验系统,对试件进行不同轴向静载工况下的应力波传播试验。通过沿轴向不同位置处布置的应变片测定应变时程曲线,以动应变幅值随传播距离及静载的变化规律表征其传播衰减特性。结果表明,轴向静载对应力波下降沿有较大的影响;随着静载的增大,直锥铝杆中应力波传播速度先小幅增加后趋于不变;幅值空间衰减系数呈现"小幅降低—基本不变"的变化特征;试件入射端响应幅值持续减小,且其变化率先逐渐增大,后趋于不变;不同测点的幅值均随静应力的增加近似线性减小,越远离入射端,幅值的变化率越小。     

拉伸试样颈缩过程中I1的分布函数

采用拉伸试样颈缩区应力方程的Bridgman解推导了颈缩区最小截面上的应力第一不变量I1的计算公式,并对EH50钢试样拉伸过程中颈缩区不同位置的应力分布进行了分析.结果表明,圆拉试样拉伸至不同颈缩程度时,应力第一不变量I1值从最小截面中心处到外边缘随r/a变化呈幂函数分布,颈缩区截面中心处I1随应变量呈线性增加,相关性方程:I1=517+1153ε.     

Barkhausen技术测量钢件应力探讨

本文研究了钢铁在平面应力状态下Ｂａｒｋｈａｕｓｅｎ Ｎｏｉｓｅ强度随磁化方向改变而呈周期性变化的规律，找出了各向异性试样中易磁化方向与应力及Ｂａｒｋｈａｕｓｅｎ Ｎｏｉｓｅ强度的对应关系；提出了利用Ｂａｒｋｈａｕｓｅｎ Ｎｏｉｓｅ效应测量钢铁件应力的两种新方法。并利用回归分析法求出了０８钢宽板试样拉伸时测量应力的经验公式。     

Measurement of acoustoelastic coefficients of Rayleigh waves in steel alloys

An ultrasonic technique to determine the acoustoelastic coefficients of Rayleigh waves in steel alloys is described. The technique is based on the measurement of the time of flight of Rayleigh waves over a fixed surface distance as a function of applied stress. Measurements on AISI 1080 carbon steel, AISI 4130 alloy steel, and 316L stainless steel specimens are reported. Time of flight resolution and repeatability as well as temperature effects are discussed insofar as they influence the applicability of ultrasonic methods to the measurement of applied and residual biaxial surface stresses in steel.     

A new point contact surface acoustic wave transducer for measurement of acoustoelastic effect of polymethylmethacrylate

A new acoustic transducer and measurement method have been developed for precise measurement of surface wave velocity. This measurement method is used to investigate the acoustoelastic effects for waves propagating on the surface of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sample. The transducer uses two miniature conical PZT elements for acoustic wave transmitter and receiver on the sample surface; hence, it can be viewed as a point- source/point-receiver transducer. Acoustic waves are excited and detected with the PZT elements, and the wave velocity can be accurately determined with a cross-correlation waveform comparison method. The transducer and its measurement method are particularly sensitive and accurate in determining small changes in wave velocity; therefore, they are applied to the measurement of acoustoelastic effects in PMMA materials. Both the surface skimming longitudinal wave and Rayleigh surface wave can be simultaneously excited and measured. With a uniaxial-loaded PMMA sample, both acoustoelastic effects for surface skimming longitudinal wave and Rayleigh waves of PMMA are measured. The acoustoelastic coefficients for both types of surface wave motions are simultaneously determined. The transducer and its measurement method provide a practical way for measuring surface stresses nondestructively.     

Measurement of Acoustoelastic Effect of Rayleigh Wave in Plastically Deformed Silicon Steel Using Lensless Line-Focus Acoustic Microscopy

In this paper, a lensless line-focus poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] ultrasound transducer and its \(V(f, z)\) defocusing measurement system have been applied to measure the acoustoelastic effect of Rayleigh wave propagating inside a plastically deformed silicon steel. The silicon steel sheets are subjected to uni-axial tensile loading so that different levels of permanent deformation ranging from 5 to 30 % are created. Since the ultrasound transducer is line-focused, Rayleigh wave velocities on each of the plastically deformed silicon steel samples can be measured along various directions relative to the loading direction. Finally, the correlation between Rayleigh wave velocity and plastic deformation is experimentally established in a direct, easy, and accurate way. The experimental results can then be used for the purpose of non-destructive evaluation of silicon steels which are widely used in industry.     

Acoustoelastic Effects in Elastic Media with Nonuniform Initial Stress

A perturbative formalism for the treatment of the acoustoelastic effect in material plates with a stress profile in the thickness direction is proposed and compared with a numerical method. The latter consists of an application of the local interaction simulation approach (LISA). The reliability of both the analytical treatment and the numerical approach is tested by comparing the respective results for several cases of propagation of Rayleigh waves in specimens with various kinds of stress fields, including welded steel plates. Finally, the linearization obtained from the perturbation treatment is exploited for the solution of the ``inverse problem,' i.e., the determination of the stress field from a set of RW times of flight with different wavelengths. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the method, starting from a set of synthetic data obtained with LISA.     

Acoustoelastic Effects in Elastic Media with Nonuniform Initial Stress

Abstract

A perturbative formalism for the treatment of the acoustoelastic effect in material plates with a stress profile in the thickness direction is proposed and compared with a numerical method. The latter consists of an application of the local interaction simulation approach (LISA). The reliability of both the analytical treatment and the numerical approach is tested by comparing the respective results for several cases of propagation of Rayleigh waves in specimens with various kinds of stress fields, including welded steel plates. Finally, the linearization obtained from the perturbation treatment is exploited for the solution of the “inverse problem,” i.e., the determination of the stress field from a set of RW times of flight with different wavelengths. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the method, starting from a set of synthetic data obtained with LISA.     

Nondestructive Evaluation of Welding Residual Stresses in Dissimilar Welded Pipes

This paper investigates the nondestructive capability of ultrasonic waves in residual stress evaluation of dissimilar welded pipes. Longitudinal critically refracted (L _CR ) waves are employed to measure the residual stresses in a pipe-pipe joint of stainless steel 304 and carbon steel A106. Measuring the acoustoelastic constant is usually accomplished through the tensile test which needs cutting the tested material to extract tensile test specimens. However, cutting the tested pipe to complement the nondestructive ultrasonic measurement was not considered here. Instead, a dissimilar welded plate with the same welding specification, joint geometry, thickness and the same dissimilar materials is used to extract tensile test samples. The measured acoustoelastic constant of the plate along with the measured time of flight of the L _CR wave on the pipe, are utilized for ultrasonic stress measurement. A finite element model of welding process validated by hole-drilling method is used to verify the ultrasonic results. The results show good agreement between finite element and ultrasonic measurements in the pipe measured without any destructive process.     

Velocity of shear waves in an initially stressed incompressible anisotropic medium

The paper aims at the study of propagation of shear waves in an initially stressed anisotropic medium. The velocity equation is obtained and it is seen that the velocity of propagation depends upon the direction of propagation, the anisotropic factor and also on the initial stresses. Numerical computation indicates that the initial compressive stress diminishes the velocity of a shear wave which propagates along the direction 0° to 45° but increases it along the direction 45° to 90°. The reverse effect is obtained when initial stress is tensile. The anisotropy increases the velocity and even in the absence of initial stresses the velocity of the wave depends on the direction of propagation.     

杆中导波声弹敏感模态与激励频率的确定方法

基于超声导波声弹性效应检测波导结构的应力水平具有潜在的优势。为实现超声导波声弹应力检测的关键技术——检测模态与激励频率的选取,提出一种基于Murnaghan超弹模型的有限元特征频率法。使用该方法计算预应力杆中的频散特性,得到反映不同激励频率应力敏感性的声弹频散曲线,与文献中的L(0,1)模态试验结果进行对比,趋势一致,说明该方法的适用性。为进一步验证该方法的可靠性,选取L(0,1)模态声弹敏感的几组频率,在自制拉伸试验平台上,对碳素钢杆进行超声导波声弹试验。试验结果表明:低应力区域误差较大,在高应力区域误差均低于10%,且声弹常数与理论结果趋势一致。研究表明该理论方法可指导超声导波声弹应力检测时频率与模态的选取。