退火参数对p型GaAs欧姆接触性能的影响

采用磁控溅射的方法在p型GaAs衬底上沉积了Ti/Pt/Au金属薄膜,研究了退火工艺参数(温度和时间)对p-GaAs/Ti/Pt/Au欧姆接触性能的影响。结果表明:p-GaAs上制作的Ti/Pt/Au金属系统能在很短的退火时间(60 s)内形成很好的欧姆接触。过分延长退火时间,并不能改善系统的欧姆接触性能。退火温度在400~450℃时均可得到较好的欧姆接触。当退火温度为420℃,退火时间为120 s时,比接触电阻率达到最低,为1.41×10–6.cm2。     

退火参数对p型GaAs欧姆接触性能的影响

采用磁控溅射的方法在p型GaAs衬底上沉积了Ti/Pt/Au金属薄膜,研究了退火工艺参数(温度和时间)对p-GaAs/Ti/Pt/Au欧姆接触性能的影响。结果表明:p-GaAs上制作的Ti/Pt/Au金属系统能在很短的退火时间(60 s)内形成很好的欧姆接触。过分延长退火时间,并不能改善系统的欧姆接触性能。退火温度在400~450℃时均可得到较好的欧姆接触。当退火温度为420℃,退火时间为120 s时,比接触电阻率达到最低,为1.41×10–6.cm2。     

Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性

利用金属有机化合物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)在SiC衬底上外延生长了N-polar GaN材料,采用传输线模型(TLM)分析了Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au (20/60/10/50 nm)在N-polar GaN上可形成比接触电阻率为2.2×10-3Ω·cm2的非合金欧姆接触,当退火温度升至200℃,比接触电阻率降为1.44×10-3 Ω·cm2,随着退火温度的进一步上升,Ga原子外逸导致欧姆接触退化为肖特基接触.     

二次退火对Au/Ni/Au/Ni/p-AlGaN欧姆接触组织结构的影响

在蓝宝石衬底上,利用金属-有机物化学气相沉 积(MOCVD)方法制备p-i-n结构AlGaN基体,采 用常规工艺制作台面型紫外探测器。电子束蒸发蒸镀Ni/Au/Ni/Au(20nm/20 nm)结构制备 p 电极。经空气中550℃/3min一次退火和N₂气氛中750℃/30s二次退火后得到欧姆接触。利用高分 辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和能谱(EDS)研究不同退火条件下p 电极接触的组织结构演变。结果 表明:一 次退火p电极金属层出现明显扩散,但仍维持初始的分层状态,金属/半导体接触界面产生 厚约4nm 的非晶层;二次退火后,金属电极分层现象和界面非晶层消失。金/半界面结构表现为半共 格关系,界面结 构有序性提高。Ni向外扩散,Au向内扩散,Ga扩散至金属电极,造成界面附近金属层富 集Au、Ga元素,导致p电极欧姆接触的形成。     

n型4H-SiC上Ni/Pt和Ti/Pt欧姆接触(英文)

研究了Ni/Pt和Ti/Pt金属在n型4H-SiC上的欧姆接触。在1 020℃退火后,Ni/Pt与n型4H-SiC欧姆接触的比接触电阻为2.2×10-6Ω·cm2。Ti/Pt与n型4H-SiC欧姆接触的比接触电阻为5.4×10-6Ω·cm2,退火温度为1 050℃。虽然Ni的功函数比Ti的功函数高,但是Ni比Ti更容易与n型4H-SiC形成欧姆接触。使用能谱分析仪(EDX)分析了Ni/Pt和Ti/Pt金属与4HSiC接触面的元素,观察到C原子相对于Pt原子的原子数分数随退火温度的变化而不同。实验验证了在n型4H-SiC中退火导致的碳空位起施主作用是有利于欧姆接触形成的主要原因。     

Ni层厚度对p-GaN/Ni/Au欧姆接触特性的影响

对p-GaN/Ni/Au欧姆接触特性与Ni金属层厚度之间的相关性进行了对比实验研究,利用XRD衍射结果与表面金相显微分析手段对Ni/Au双层金属电极在合金退火过程中的行为特性进行了细致探讨。分析结果表明:在Ni/Au电极结构中,由双层互扩散机制与NiO氧化反应机理决定,Ni层与Au层之间的厚度比率对p型GaN欧姆接触特性的优劣有重要影响,在Ni、Au层厚度相当时可获得最佳的p型欧姆接触。     

AlGaN紫外探测器p电极的Ni/Au/Ni/Au欧姆接触结构研究

研究了AlGaN半导体p电极的Ni/Au/Ni/Au接触结构的性能和组织结构。退火 前,p电极接触具有明显的整流特性。经空气中550℃/3 min一 次退火和N2气氛中750℃/30 s二 次退火后,电极呈现出了良好的欧姆接触。采用扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)、透射 电镜(Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM)、能量分散谱仪(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, EDS)和X射 线光电子能谱(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS)观察了电极退火后金--半界面微结构的演化过程。结果表明,完全退火后的p电极 界面及金属层出现了明显的互扩散和界面反应现象;金--半界面上形成了存在良好共格/半共格关系的外延结 构。初始沉积的金属电极分层现象消失,形成了单一的电极结构。Ni向外扩散并与O发生反应,Au扩散至p-GaN 表面。在金-半接触界面上,Ga扩散至金属电极,造成界面附近的金属层中富集Au和Ga元素;Au和Ni明显扩散 至半导体表层,在金-半界面附近形成了Au、Ga和Ni富集现象。这些现象应该对于降低势垒高度和形成欧姆接触具有重要作 用。     

中短波HgCdTe金属接触的退火研究

为制备良好的碲镉汞金属接触,研究了热退火处理对中短波Hg空位掺杂碲镉汞金属接触的影响。对中短波HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触及中波HgCdTe-Cr/Au接触经不同条件退火后的接触进行了测量。对于短波碲镉汞,p型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触经95 ℃,30 min退火可降低比接触电阻2个量级,而经125 ℃,30 min退火可降低3个量级;离子注入的n型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触则容易形成欧姆接触。对于中波碲镉汞,退火前p型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触平均比接触电阻为10-1 Ωcm2量级,经适当条件退火可以降低3个量级;此外,Sn/Au比Cr/Au更适合作为中波HgCdTe的接触金属。因而HgCdTe金属接触可通过一定退火处理得到改善。     

中短波HgCdTe金属接触的退火研究

为制备良好的碲镉汞金属接触,研究了热退火处理对中短波Hg空位掺杂碲镉汞金属接触的影响。对中短波HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触及中波HgCdTe-Cr/Au接触经不同条件退火后的接触进行了测量。对于短波碲镉汞,p型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触经95℃,30 min退火可降低比接触电阻2个量级,而经125℃,30 min退火可降低3个量级;离子注入的n型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触则容易形成欧姆接触。对于中波碲镉汞,退火前p型HgCdTe-Sn/Au接触平均比接触电阻为10-1Ωcm2量级,经适当条件退火可以降低3个量级;此外,Sn/Au比Cr/Au更适合作为中波HgCdTe的接触金属。因而HgCdTe金属接触可通过一定退火处理得到改善。     

金属/n型AlGaN欧姆接触

用传输线模型对n型AlGaN(n-AlGaN)上Au/Pt/Al/Ti多金属层欧姆接触进行了接触电阻率的测量.在850℃退火5min后,测得欧姆接触电阻率达1.6×10-4Ω·cm2.经X射线衍射分析,Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面固相反应得出在500℃以上退火过程中,AlGaN层中N原子向外扩散,在AlGaN表面附近形成n型重掺杂层,导致欧姆接触电阻率下降;随退火温度的升高,N原子外扩散加剧,到800℃以上退火在Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面形成Ti2N相,导致欧姆接触电阻率进一步下降.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks