混合粒径固体颗粒对滑套球座冲蚀磨损的影响

随着超长水平井施工排量和加砂量的不断增加,滑套球座冲蚀磨损日益严重。目前对液固两相流冲蚀磨损的研究较多,但均未考虑混合粒径固体颗粒对冲蚀磨损的影响。研究不同粒径混合的支撑剂对球座的冲蚀磨损,基于欧拉双流体理论,运用Fluent软件对混合粒径固体颗粒对滑套球座的冲蚀磨损进行数值模拟。结果表明：混合粒径固体颗粒与单一粒径固体颗粒对球座冲蚀磨损规律有所不同,单一粒径固体颗粒对球座冲蚀磨损速率随着粒径的增大而减小;混合粒径固体颗粒对球座冲蚀磨损速率不仅和支撑剂粒径有关,而且和不同粒径固体颗粒的比例有关,即冲蚀磨损速率随混合固体颗粒中小粒径固体颗粒比例的增大而表现出先减小后增大的趋势。模拟结果为水平井分段压裂材料的选择提供了依据。     

冲击形式产生的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验研究

舰船等海洋运输装备在海水中行驶时,船体表面受到含沙海水的冲蚀磨损,舰船行驶速度变化引起的空蚀磨损,以及海水的腐蚀磨损,因此舰船表面材料的破坏形式是冲击式的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损。为了研究联合磨损的影响因素,研制冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验台,并实验研究沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度以及冲蚀速度对45钢试件的联合磨损影响规律。实验结果表明:冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损程度强于冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损或单纯腐蚀磨损,在较低的沙粒浓度和较低的含盐浓度条件下,金属材料联合磨损质量损失与沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度和冲蚀速度均成正比关系。磨损面形貌分析表明:随着沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度、冲蚀速度的增加,试件表面的冲蚀沟和空蚀孔的磨痕深度和面积增大,而在人造海水中,试件表面不仅存在冲蚀沟和空蚀孔,还产生了腐蚀坑。     

QT500的冲蚀磨损试验研究

在自制的转盘式冲蚀磨损试验台上以灰口铸铁（HT200）为对比材料，对球墨铸铁（QT500）的冲蚀磨损性能进行了试验研究，结果显示QTS00的冲蚀磨损规律与HT200基本相似，而耐冲蚀磨损性能比HT200稍强。在电子显微镜（SEM）下对QTS00和HT200冲蚀磨损表面形貌进行观察，分析表明：QTS00的冲蚀磨损机制是硬质砂粒对材料表面的微切削作用，而HT200的冲蚀磨损机制是因赫兹裂纹导致的脆性脱落。     

砂粒粒径对航空涡轴发动机压气机叶片冲蚀磨损的影响研究

高原、沙漠和沿海等服役环境中不同粒径的砂粒不可避免地对涡轴发动机压气机叶片造成冲蚀磨损,破坏叶片叶型和动力学特性,严重危及涡轴发动机使用寿命和直升机飞行安全。基于Finnie冲蚀磨损理论推导了颗粒对金属表面的磨损率表达式,分析颗粒粒径对材料冲蚀磨损率的影响,以某型涡轴发动机压气机动叶和静叶为研究对象,设计搭建砂粒冲击速度测试装置和钛合金冲蚀磨损实验装置,通过典型砂粒粒径下冲蚀磨损实验获取磨损率表达式中与靶材材料和冲击速度相关的关键参数,结合气固两相流动力学分析开展砂粒粒径对压气机动叶和静叶冲蚀磨损的影响研究。结果表明：砂粒粒径与冲击速度存在内在关联,材料冲蚀磨损率与砂粒冲击速度呈幂函数关系。实验条件下,砂粒粒径由177 μm增至423 μm时,其冲击速度平均降低约17%。压气机动叶和静叶的磨损集中区域不随砂粒粒径的改变而变化,但磨损程度差异明显,其中177 μm砂粒对动叶和静叶造成的最大冲蚀磨损率浓度值相比423μm砂粒分别增加91%和131%。研究结果为涡轴发动机压气机叶片抗磨损设计提供了理论参考。     

线路金具沙粒磨损模拟试验——机械性能与微观研究

本文以Q235材质的U型挂环为研究对象,选择粒径范围在0.1-2.0mm、流量不同的沙粒作为外界影响因素,研究了在不同沙粒影响因素的条件下线路金具U型挂环的磨损情况,分析了沙粒流量和粒径大小对线路金具磨损后显微组织和机械性能的变化情况。结果表明,当沙粒流量一定时,随着沙粒粒径的增加,线路金具U型挂环的截面剩余率先增加后减小,当沙粒粒径为1.5mm时,沙粒磨损程度最严重,另外,当沙粒粒径一定时,全程一次性落沙对U型挂环的磨损情况最严重。通过对比、分析磨损后显微组织与原始组织后发现靠近表面的组织被拉长,形成条状组织,且原始晶界已经很难分辨出来,从而推断磨损行为只发生在材料表面。     

大型轴流泵泥沙磨损特性研究

为探讨大型轴流泵的泥沙磨损特性,采用非均相流模型、Particle模型和Tabakoff磨损模型和滑移壁面边界条件,研究泥沙在轴流泵内部的流动规律及磨损机制。结果表明:叶片头部及叶片工作面的泥沙体积分数和磨损率最大,导致叶片头部、工作面磨损速度和程度大于背面;粒径对泥沙的运动轨迹有显著影响,而含沙量的改变对泥沙的运动轨迹影响不大;颗粒在叶轮中的运动速度与粒径呈正相关关系,粒径大的沙粒向叶片工作面运动的趋势更为明显,说明粒径为影响泥沙运动轨迹的一个主要因素,含沙量为一个次要因素;随着泥沙粒径的增大,磨损率范围增大,磨损强度也相应增大,随着含沙量的增大,叶轮内各处磨损率均增大,说明粒径和含沙量均是加快轴流泵磨损的重要因素。     

固液两相流泵叶轮用Cr26高铬铸铁的冲蚀率模型及影响因素

采用正交试验方法对Cr26高铬铸铁进行了冲蚀试验,基于冲蚀率理论计算模型对试验数据进行多元非线性回归,得到了Cr26高铬铸铁的冲蚀率计算模型并进行了验证;通过试验和模型计算对冲蚀率随其影响因素的变化规律进行了定量描述。结果表明:所建立的Cr26高铬铸铁冲蚀率计算模型具有较高的准确性;冲蚀率随冲蚀角度的增大先增大后减小再略微增大,最大冲蚀率出现在冲蚀角度40°附近,在低冲蚀角度下磨损形式以切削磨损为主,在高冲蚀角度下磨损形式以变形磨损为主;随着固体颗粒粒径的增大,冲蚀率增大,切削磨损占比增大,变形磨损占比减小;随着冲蚀速度的增加,切削磨损占比减小,变形磨损占比增大。     

压裂双弯头液固两相流冲蚀影响数值分析

在水力压裂过程中,地面高压管汇受管内携砂压裂液的复杂流动影响,长期承受着严峻的冲蚀破坏。在各类高压管汇构件中,弯管的冲蚀损伤最为严重。为改善压裂双弯头冲蚀磨损状况,采用DPM模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型,综合分析了斯托克斯数(St)、重力方向、粒径及流速对串联双弯头冲蚀磨损的影响。结果表明：冲蚀磨损区域主要由St和重力方向共同决定;St<1时,最大冲蚀率随颗粒尺寸增大呈线性增加,St>1时呈指数增长;St相同时,速度对冲蚀磨损程度的影响远比颗粒尺寸强烈;向下流重力方向下,损伤区域随St增加完全转移至第二弯头的临界粒径显著小于向上流临界粒径;重力方向对同向冲击颗粒的冲蚀损伤虽有增强效应,其对冲蚀磨损程度影响远不及颗粒尺寸因素作用大。     

40Cr冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试验研究

对40Cr进行模拟化工泵叶轮流道内工况条件下的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试验,分析40Cr材料的抗交互磨损性能和冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试件表面磨痕。结果表明:40Cr的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损失重曲线分为孕育期、上升期、衰减期和稳定期。在孕育期中,材料失重量很小;在上升期中,材料的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损失重量增加。40Cr材料的交互磨损特性是以微切削、犁削和脆性剥落为主,同时存在针眼和剥落坑。40Cr试样表面的冲蚀沟槽和空蚀坑主要沿水流线速度矢量的方向,但也存在一些与线速度成一定夹角的摩擦痕迹或沟槽,说明影响冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损的因素不仅是水流速度,还与沙粒运动轨迹、水流方向及冲蚀角度等有关。     

离心压缩机叶轮材料FV520B冲蚀规律和机理的研究

利用高速冲蚀试验系统,以7 μm、10 μm、14 μm多角氧化铝微粒为冲蚀颗粒,在120 ~ 210 m/s冲击速度范围内,对离心式压缩机叶轮材料FV520B在模拟压缩机叶轮高速粒子冲蚀环境下的冲蚀规律进行了系统的试验研究。对冲蚀表面形貌进行分析,研究冲蚀磨损机理。结果表明：参与冲蚀的粒子质量在5 ~ 80 g之间时,冲蚀率先增加后减小即为冲蚀过渡期,冲蚀粒子质量大于80 g后冲蚀率趋于平稳,进入冲蚀稳定期;高、低强度的两种FV520B材料,均呈现出典型的塑性材料的冲蚀特性,最大冲蚀率分别出现在24°、18°的冲击角度附近;高强度FV520B在24°和90°冲击角度时的速度指数分别为3.37和3.68,速度指数随冲击角度的增大而增大;FV520B冲蚀磨损的实质是微切削与变形磨损共同作用,在低角度冲蚀时,以微切削磨损为主,而在大于60°的高角度冲蚀,以变形磨损为主。     

Control and evaluation of particle impact conditions in a sand erosion test facility

For the prediction of actual damage to plant component materials and for making the erosion mechanisms clear, it is important to control and to evaluate the particle impact conditions in a testing facility. A sand blast type erosion test rig, which can achieve the particle impact velocities up to 135 m s⁻¹ and a wide range of impact angles has been constructed. The key factors in particle impact conditions of particle flux, impact velocity and impact angle were examined. The relative distance between particles and particle size was discussed, as the particle flux affected erosion rate of material. A new method was proposed to determine particle velocities in this facility. The theoretical velocity of the particle calculated by the equations of particle motion was compared with the experimental results. The divergence of particles from a geometrical angle was evaluated by measuring surface roughness of the specimens. Although some spread of the particles were observed surrounding the central damage area of the specimen surface, the greatest amount of damage was concentrated in the center. As a result, it was found that particle impact conditions were well controlled in this testing unit.     

An Efficient Bionic Anti-Erosion Functional Surface Inspired by Desert Scorpion Carapace

To improve the particle erosion resistance of mechanical surfaces, a bionic coupling method inspired by the morphology and flexibility of desert scorpion (Androctonus australis) carapace was proposed in this study. The finite element method based on ANSYS/FLUENT was applied to examine the erosion resistance of a bionic V-shaped model. Subsequently, an experimental research was carried out to compare the particle erosion resistance performance of three types of specimens, namely, smooth, bionic V-shaped, and bionic V-shaped and flexibility coupling. Surface erosion microstructure was also examined under a stereoscopic microscope and a scanning electron microscope to characterize erosive damage. The anti-erosion property of the coupling and V-shaped specimens increased by approximately 74.7 and 57.4% compared to that of the smooth specimen in a 10-min test. The mechanism of particle erosion resistance is also discussed in detail. The particle impact marks that were distributed on the surfaces of both of the V-shaped and coupling specimens were regular.     

The effect of material composition and operational variables on the erosion of alumina ceramics

The erosion behavior of five different aluminas, with and without the silicate glassy phase and zirconia, was studied in a sandblast type of test rig. The effects of the target parameters, such as microstructure, composition and mechanical properties, and the operational parameters, namely impingement angle, velocity, particle size and erodent concentration, were investigated. Eroded surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to provide an understanding of the erosion mechanisms involved. It was found that the erosion resistance of pure alumina was the lowest and that the resistance was improved by the presence of glassy phase and zirconia in the other aluminas. The erosion resistance increased with increasing hardness and fracture toughness. The erosion damage occurred in the form of intergranular and transgranular cracking, the extent of each type of cracking depending upon the compositions and microstructures of the aluminas.     

A mechanistic model for the prediction of ductile erosion

Mechanisms operative in dust erosion of ductile materials were determined with the aid of scanning electron microscope studies. Dimensional analysis was employed in the development of a mathematical model for predicting the erosion of ductile materials. The basis of the model was an identified erosion mechanism (target melting) and the model was verified in an erosion testing program. The target materials in the testing program were three stainless steels, two aluminum alloys, a beryllium copper alloy and a titanium alloy. The erosive agents were three dusts with hard angular particles and one dust with spherical particles. Maximum particle velocities were 130 or 250 ms^?1.     

In situ measurement of sediment resuspension caused by propeller wash with an underwater particle image velocimetry and an acoustic doppler velocimeter

Flow induced by propellers of waterborne vessels can cause sediment resuspension in estuaries, bays and harbors, where sediments are usually contaminated. Bottom shear stress due to propeller wash is the key parameter that determines the initiation of sediment resuspension and the subsequent erosion. A novel self-contained underwater miniature particle image velocimetry (UWMPIV) system has been developed and deployed to study sediment resuspension under propeller wash in a US Navy harbor in San Diego, CA. Near bed profiles of mean velocity and Reynolds stresses were measured to evaluate the bottom shear stress, and to validate the shear stress measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) that is simultaneously deployed with the PIV system. The critical shear stress was estimated by directly observing PIV images and identifying the moment when sediment resuspension started. PIV measurement became unfeasible as the propeller speed increased and the optical access was blocked by high level of suspended solids. However, the development of the bed erosion was able to be recorded in PIV images at several intervals when sediment concentration was relatively low and the sediment bed was visible. The observed time series of cumulative erosion depth agreed well with an erosion rate model that depends linearly on the bottom shear stress excess.     

Nozzle passage aerodynamic design to reduce solid particle erosion of a supercritical steam turbine control stage

The solid particle erosion on the control stage nozzle of supercritical steam turbines can be reduced by using suitable nozzle passage design to control the particle impacting velocity and impacting angle. In this paper, two nozzle designs with tip endwall contouring/an aft-loaded vane profile respectively are presented. Furthermore, anti-erosion performances of these two nozzles for a supercritical steam turbine control stage are numerically analysed by means of a three-dimensional particle trajectory tracking technique combined with an erosion model of 12Cr steel impacted by iron oxide particle at 500 °C, which is developed based on the available experimental data. The three-dimensional solid particle moving behaviors, particle impacting positions, impacting parameters and local erosion rate distributions on the nozzle surface are computed and compared with those of a straight endwall nozzle under same conditions. The results show that the contoured endwall nozzle design can decrease the particle impacting velocity and thus reduce particle erosion damage effectively. Compared with the straight endwall nozzle the maximum local erosion rate and the severely eroded area on the pressure surface of presented endwall contouring nozzle are decreased by a factor of 40% and 30%, respectively. However, in comparison to the straight endwall nozzle the maximum local erosion rate of the aft-loaded nozzle is increased by a factor of 25% and the severely eroded surface area is about the same due to higher impacting velocity and larger impacting angle and hence the anti-erosion performance is not improved.     

三相磨料射流作用下材料的破坏机理研究

针对一种新型磨料射流形式，从摩擦学角度出发，分析材料在其作用下的破坏机理。结果表明材料磨蚀主要由冲蚀磨损、气蚀破坏以及它们的共混蚀损作用造成的。特别是共混蚀损，它是三相流中一种独特的现象，相互制约，相互促进，加速了材料的破坏。     

Particle erosion behaviour of boiler tube materials at elevated temperature

The particle erosion behaviour of typical boiler tube materials, including carbon steel, low alloy steels and austenitic steels, at elevated temperatures up to 650 °C was studied using irregularly shaped silica particles. Using 304 steel, the influence of various factors, namely particle concentration, velocity and impingement angle, was examined. The erosion behaviour did not seem to differ significantly from that obtained at room temperature. The erosion rate was a linear function of the particle concentration. The velocity exponents obtained at 300 and 650 °C were both approximately 2.8. The peak impingement angle was at acute angles of 20° – 30°, with a tendency for the peak angle to be slightly higher at 300 °C than at 650 °C. However, the temperature effect was clearly observed in that the erosion rate at acute impingement angles increased significantly with the temperature suggesting that the steel tends to show a behaviour more typical of ductile materials as the temperature is increased. The erosion morphologies at low angles indicated cutting for every temperature used and the lengths of the cutting tracks obtained at 20° also increased with temperature.The erosion rate varied significantly between materials, e.g. the alloy (Incoloy) 800 eroded the most and the 12Cr-1Mo-V steel eroded the least at every temperature used, although every material showed an increase in the erosion rate with temperature. From an attempt to compare the erosion rate data obtained at 20° for every material at every temperature with the tensile properties of the steels, it was found that the yield strength of materials correlates reasonably well with the erosion rate. The erosion rate was apparently proportional to the reciprocal of the yield strength, suggesting that the flow stress included in Finnie's cutting theory may be conveniently substituted by the yield strength multiplied by a constant.