改进的各向异性扩散图像去噪算法

图像去噪是图像处理中的重要环节,经典的图像去噪算法,如中值滤波、高斯滤波和加权平均滤波等,去噪效果都不是很理想。传统方法在去除噪声的同时,会使图像的边缘也变得模糊。偏微分方程(PDE)是近年比较流行的图像处理方法,它具有各向异性的特点,在去除噪声的同时,能很好地保持图像的边缘。基于现有算法,提出了一种改进的去噪算法。将传统P-M算子中的固定边缘阈值改为随梯度模变化的自适应阈值,并结合图像结构张量构造一个扩散函数。在图像平坦区,改进的P-M模型具有各向同性的特点,有利于平滑噪声;而在图像边缘处,该模型只沿切线方向扩散,有利于保护图像细节。试验表明,改进的P-M模型能很好地改善图像去噪效果,同时也能很好地保持图像的边缘。     

基于偏微分方程的舌图像去噪研究

在对舌图像的去噪过程中,平滑噪声的同时容易丢失边缘和纹理等细节信息。为此,研究基于偏微分方程的舌图像去噪方法,分别采用中值滤波、高斯滤波、P-M方程、正则化P-M方程以及耦合冲击-复扩散滤波模型,对加噪舌图像进行滤波。比较结果表明,正则化P-M方程更适合舌图像的去噪处理,该方法处理速度快、去噪效果好,且能有效保护图像边缘。     

P-M扩散法的图像去噪研究

从理论上分析了用P-M扩散方法去除图像噪声的原理与特点,分析了P-M扩散中参数k的选取问题,讨论了去噪应用中梯度算子的数值计算方法,在传统的p-M扩散方法的基础上得到了改进的P-M扩散算法。实验结果表明:与传统算法相比,改进的P-M扩散算法能有效抑制图像噪声,更好地保持边缘细节。     

结合核方法的选择性各向异性扩散去噪算法

在低信噪比图像噪声抑制处理中,为了有效地保持图像边缘,在基于多相位分层分割算法的各向异性扩散模型的基础上,提出一个基于核方法的选择性各向异性扩散去噪算法。该算法根据图像数据的线性不可分特点,首先利用核方法把多相位分层分割算法中的数据项从线性不可分的低维空间推广到可实现线性可分的高维特征空间,在特征空间中实现图像分割;然后根据分割得到的同质区域的梯度信息改进了P-M模型中的扩散系数;最后,在同质区域中采用改进的P-M模型平滑噪声。实验结果表明,该算法无论在噪声去除还是边缘保持上都具较好的效果。     

基于边缘扩散的医学图像非线性去噪算法*

在对医学图像去噪的同时保留边缘信息,对于后期的诊断具有重要的意义。分析了ＰＭ和Ｃａｔｔｅ算法 以及它们的不足,提出了一种基于边缘扩散的非线性去噪方法,通过边缘检测把图像分为边缘和非边缘两部分, 非边缘区域通过各向同性算法去噪;边缘区域通过各向异性算法去噪,改进扩散形式,只沿边缘方向扩散去噪。 实验表明方法非常有效,带噪声的医学图像经过改进后的算法去噪处理,图像质量得到明显的改善。     

基于PDE的图像去噪方法

针对P-M非线性扩散模型以及自蛇模型对图像滤波的不足,为了充分利用两种模型各自的优势,提出了一种新的基于自蛇模型与P-M扩散模型相混合的去噪方法,同时在其扩散方程中添加了忠诚项,这样噪声去除与边缘保留就可以得到一个较好的效果。最后实验结果表明,该方法既能有效去除图像噪声,也能很好地保持图像的边缘等细节信息。     

结合方向信息测度和NSCT分解的图像融合算法

针对传统图像融合算法容易造成边缘细节信息丢失且抗噪声能力不强的问题,提出一种结合方向信息测度和非下采样轮廓波变换分解的图像融合算法,先利用方向信息测度对图像进行复原操作,再对低频部分采用方向信息测度加权融合规则进行融合,对高频部分采用改进区域能量加权融合规则进行融合.该算法较好地结合了非下采样轮廓波变换良好的信息保持能力和方向信息测度良好的抗噪性能,使得融合图像的效果良好.实验证明,该算法能较好的保持边缘信息且抗噪性强,能广泛地应用于多聚焦图像的融合.     

基于Canny算子的边缘切线扩散医学超声图像去噪

医学超声图像的细节特征在临床诊断中具有重要的意义.针对于传统的PM算法以及各种改进型各向异性去噪方法(Catte_PM、SRAD、CENCD等)存在边缘中的噪声点未作处理,多次迭代产生虚假边缘等缺点,通过分析具有代表性的Catte_PM各向异性模型,提出了一种结合自适应Canny算子,沿图像边缘切线方向扩散的去噪方法.该算法首先通过改进的Canny算子将图像范围分为边缘区和非边缘区;其次改进现有的扩散方法,使扩散方向只沿图像边缘切线方向进行;最后对非边缘区域采用有限次(三次)的各向同性滤波.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地解决滤波和图像细节保护这一矛盾问题,使得图像质量有较明显的改善.     

实现自适应边缘增强的P-M模型

P-M模型利用扩散偏微分方程进行图像平滑,通过随梯度自适应变化的扩散系数实现去除噪声的同时保护图像边缘特征,为进一步提高图像视觉效果,希望在图像边缘附近进行逆扩散以增强边缘特征,为此提出了实现自适应边缘增强的P-M模型。该改进模型中的边缘增强作用基于shock滤波器逆扩散方程,通过设置随梯度自适应变化的逆扩散系数而实现。实验结果表明,相比经典P-M模型,改进模型能使去噪后的图像有更好的主观视觉效果,同时峰值信噪比也更高。     

小波方向子带偏微分方程遥感图像去噪

针对小波阈值法在去除遥感图像高斯噪声时,所存在的由于过度"扼杀"小波系数而引起的模糊边缘问题,以及P-M模型通常会使图像的灰度趋于分段常量而产生所谓的"块状"效应问题。提出小波域偏微分方程(PDE)遥感图像去噪模型,该模型通过对遥感图像进行小波分解,保持低频子带信息,而只对含有噪声、图像边缘的高频子带进行基于子带方向特性的非线性异性扩散,使模型在有效去除高斯噪声的同时,能够很好地保护遥感图像中的边缘特征和细节纹理信息,避免了去噪后的结果图像出现分段常量现象。实验结果表明,对于相同的遥感图像高斯噪声,基于所提出混合模型的去噪图像的PSNR较基于类零树的Bayes阈值法和P-M模型提高了1～2dB。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).