气粒两相平面湍射流拟序结构的大涡模拟

采用Eulerian/Lagrangian方法,对空间发展的气粒两相平面湍射流的非定常流动过程进行了数值模拟。以Re数为13000的平面不可压缩湍射流流动为例,气相场采用大涡模拟（large-eddy simulaiton,LES）技术,直接求解大尺度涡运动的Navier-Stokes方程,小尺度涡采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟。为了示踪两相射流中气相的运动,同时球 解了标志物的浓度输运方程。颗粒相的运动用Lagrangian方法直接求解。大涡模拟结果表明,在平面射流的过渡区及充分发展区存在丰富的拟序结构及其相互作用。对于稀疏两相射流,不同Stokes数的颗粒运动规律和浓度分布取决于颗粒惯性和气相拟序结构的共同作用。对于Stokes数小于10的两相射流,颗粒相的瞬时浓度场分布与拟序结构密切相关,研究颗粒相的扩散应当考虑拟序结构的影响。     

几何对称性处理对自由平面湍射流大涡模拟的影响

研究了几何对称性处理自由平面湍射流大涡模拟的影响，以Re数为113000的平面不可压缩湍射流流动为例，采用Chorin的分步投影法求解大尺度涡运动的Navier-Stokes方程，小尺度涡采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟。初始条件采用平面射流无粘流动解，出流速度边界使用Sommerfeld辐射开边界条件处理，计算域的横向外边界使用自由裹入边界条件，对计算域的横向对称中心平面分别采用对称性条件和直接求解两种方法。模拟结果显示，采用对称性条件处理，会抑制自由平面湍射流中拟序结构的生长，阻碍大尺度涡从中心平面的穿透、长时间的统计平均不能给出合理的湍流低阶矩的时均结果。相反，对中心平面进行直接求解的做法能真实再现自由平面射流中涡的合并与破碎过程，得到合理的模拟结果。     

基于大涡模拟的发动机缸内湍流流动及拟序结构

应用大涡模拟方法对发动机缸内湍流流场进行了三维瞬态数值分析.主要从湍流脉动、湍动能和缸内拟序结构演变等方面考察了发动机缸内流场特性.计算结果表明:相比雷诺平均模型,大涡模拟方法可以更真实地反映发动机循环过程中缸内气体流动的细节和规律.利用大涡模拟结合Q准则判别法可以较好地识别缸内大尺度湍流拟序结构;拟序结构对于缸内大尺度动能的产生及湍流的维持具有关键的作用.RANS类模型则不具备充分捕获大尺度拟序结构的能力.湍流脉动与活塞平均运行速度接近于成正比.     

圆湍射流控制的实验研究

本文以圆湍射流为对象,研究了初始扰动参数的改变对湍流拟序结构发展的影响。当雷诺数Ｒｅ＝２９３８,５６４０,１１７５０,以及扰动Ｓｔｒｏｕｈａｌ（Ｓｒ）数在０～０．９范围变化时,通过流场显示,对射流喷口附近过渡区的拟序结构演变过程进行了观测。实验发现,在Ｓｔｒｏｕｈａｌ数为０．５左右时,射流核心区长度最短,拟序结构的发展最显著,且对Ｒｅ数不敏感;拟序结构随初始扰动振幅的增大而增长,但扰动幅值增大到一定程度后,涡的增长趋于不明显。本研究为通过控制湍流拟序结构进而控制湍流提供了初步依据。     

气固两相自由射流颗粒弥散实验研究综述

本文为水平浓淡煤粉燃烧技术研发基础工作之一。以双矩形气固两相平行射流为研究背景,作者考察了气固两相平面和圆自由射流的实验研究。综述表明,大涡拟序结构的存在和初始条件对自由射流颗粒弥散的影响是关键的,利用St数可定性估计这种影响,颗粒尺寸和负荷对气固两相流场的湍流结构具有显著影响,大颗粒尾涡脱落显著地影响湍流结构的事实使数值模拟气固两相流动的努力面临着模拟方法选择与指导工程设计的矛盾要求。因此,数值模拟技术需要评估,这是继续的工作。     

重力对水平两相湍射流中颗粒行为的影响

研究了重力对空间发展的水平两相平面湍射流中颗粒运动的影响。气相场用 Euler方法求解 ,通过大涡模拟直接求解大尺度涡运动的 Navier- Stokes方程 ,小尺度涡采用 Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟。颗粒相的运动采用L agrangian方法直接求解。射流 Re数为 1130 0。模拟发现 ,对于 St 1及 St～ 0 (1)的颗粒 ,其在平面射流下游的瞬时分布对重力的影响不敏感。随着颗粒 St数的增大 ,重力对平面射流场中颗粒行为的影响逐渐明显 ,但其作用效果还明显地与两相入射流滑移系数的大小有着直接联系。在小两相入流滑移系数情况下 ,对于 St～ 0 (10 )的颗粒 ,在重力作用下的沉降过程还受到了湍流拟序结构的作用 ,而重力作用导致的更大 St数颗粒的沉降 ,将引起固相粒子在射流下游的非对称分布 ,但它既不是均匀各向同性湍流中颗粒的梯度扩散结果 ,也未呈现出受到湍流拟序结构影响的特征     

湍流扩散火焰的大涡模拟及验证

对丙烷/空气射流扩散火焰进行了大涡模拟,并就截面流向速度无量纲分布、速度脉动无量纲分布、温度无量纲分布以及NOx生成与Sandia实验室测量数据进行了对比分析,得出大涡模拟方法可以较好地模拟湍流扩散火焰的结论.在此基础上对拟序结构与化学反应的相互影响以及雷诺数对各尺度的影响进行了研究,结果表明:在流场的起始阶段,燃烧对拟序结构的形成有促进作用;在发展阶段,燃烧对大涡拟序结构有削弱作用,却能使小涡的生成增加,从而增强了化学反应;大涡拟序结构的存在改变了各参数的分布;随着雷诺数的增大,各尺度横向脉动均变大,预测到的NOx减小,产生的最大值前移.     

入流滑移条件对两相射流特性影响的大涡模拟研究

研究了入流滑移条件对空间发展的气粒两相平面湍射流的非定常流动特性的影响。以Re数13000的平面不可压缩湍射流流动为例,气相场用Euler方法求解,通过大涡模拟(large-eddy　simulation,LES),直接求解大尺度涡运动的Navier-Stokes方程,小尺度涡用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟。颗粒相的运动用Lagrangian方法直接求解。在不同入流滑移条件下(U     

圆湍射流拟序结构的频谱特性

以圆湍射流为对象 ,用修正的周期图法对圆湍射流下游近场的速度场进行了频谱特性分析 ,空气射流的雷诺数为 Re=2 93 8。研究了外界主动声激励对圆湍射流功率谱的影响 ,并与流场显示的结果进行了对照。实验结果表明 ,在圆湍射流混合层内缘与核心区结合部是射流对外界声激励响应最明显的位置。外界声激励对圆湍射流的影响区域集中在射流近场。沿着射流方向 ,在射流出口和核心区尾部之间 ,功率谱分布有一个最大值。     

平面自由射流中燃料扩散的大涡模拟

对甲烷－空气预混气体的平面自由射流进行了大涡模拟,采用分步投影法求解动量方程,亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟,压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解,空间方向采用二阶精度的差分格式,在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了预混气体射流中拟序结构对燃料扩散的影响,表明促使燃料扩散的主要因素是射流中的拟序结构,由浓度梯度导致的组分扩散较弱。     

Numerical study for hysteresis phenomena of shock wave reflection in overexpanded axisymmetric supersonic jet

When the high-pressure gas is exhausted to the vacuum chamber from the supersonic nozzle,the overexpandedsupersonic jet is formed at specific condition.In two-dimensional supersonic jet,furthermore,it is known that thehysteresis phenomena for the reflection type of shock wave in the flow field is occurred under the quasi-steadyflow and for instance,the transitional pressure ratio between the regular reflection(RR)and Mach reflection(MR) is affected by this phenomenon.Many papers have described the hysteresis phenomena for underexpandedsupersonic jet,but this phenomenon under the overexpanded axisymmetric jet has not been detailed in the pastpapers.The purpose of this study is to clear the hysteresis phenomena for the reflection type of shock wave at theoverexpanded axisymmetric jet using the TVD method and to discuss the characteristic of hysteresis phenomena.     

The prediction of turbulent swirling jet flow

A space marching integration procedure is used to solve the Reynolds equations governing the axisymmetric incompressible turbulent swirling jet flow. Turbulence is modelled by the k−ε model with an isotropic turbulent viscosity. Besides mean velocity field, turbulent properties—such as Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate—are obtained and the results are compared with experimental data. Agreement is quite encouraging and shows that the assumption of isotropic turbulent viscosity seems plausible.     

Large eddy simulation of coherent structure of impinging jet

The flow field of a rectangular exit, semi-confined and submerged turbulent jet impinging orthogonally on a flat plate with Reynolds number 8500 was studied by large eddy simulation (LES). A dynamic sub-grid stress model has been used for the small scales of turbulence. The evolvements such as the forming, developing, moving, pairing and merging of the coherent structures of vortex in the whole regions were obtained. The results revealed that the primary vortex structures were generated periodically, which was the key factor to make the secondary vortices generate in the wall jet region. In addition, the eddy intensity of the primary vortices and the secondary vortices induced by the primary vortices along with the time were also analyzed.     

Impacts of a jet''s exit flow pattern on mixing and combustion performance

The influence of modifying a jet's exit flow pattern on both the near and far-field turbulent mixing processes and on the resulting combustion performance, is explored. This reveals that, in contradiction to some common assumptions, increasing the coherence of large-scale motions can decrease molecular mixing rates, and yet can still be beneficial in some applications.

Even relatively minor changes to the exit flow pattern of a non-reacting round jet, through changes to the nozzle profile are found to propagate downstream into the far field, apparently through the underlying turbulent structure. Importantly, while a jet from a smoothly contracting nozzle is found to have higher rates of entrainment, mean spread and mean decay of the scalar field than does a long pipe jet, it has a lower rate of molecular mixing. That is, increased large-scale mixing does not necessarily result in increased fine-scale mixing. A range of devices are reviewed which enhance, or stimulate the large-scale, coherent motions in an emerging jet using acoustic, mechanical or fluidic methods. The available evidence suggests that those methods which induce instantaneously asymmetric flow structure are more effective at increasing the near-field spreading than are those which induce instantaneously axisymmetric flow structure. Only limited data are available of the effects of such near-field changes on the far-field properties. Nevertheless, the available data reveal a clear trend that this near-field flow undergoes a transition to a far-field state whose spread and decay is comparable with that of a steady jet, albeit being indelibly altered by the near-field excitation. It also suggests that “self-exciting” devices (i.e. that are not externally forced), cause a net reduction in the total entrainment relative to the unexcited jet, due to the losses induced by the device itself. Nevertheless, the changes which they can impart to the flow, such as redistributing the turbulent energy from the fine to the larger scales, can be beneficial for combustion in applications where high radiant heat transfer is desirable.

Precessing and flapping jets are found to cause an increase in flame volume relative to an equivalent simple jet (SJ), implying lower molecular mixing rates. However, importantly, this decrease in mixing is achieved with no increase in the flame length. Rather the width to length ratio of these flames is increased significantly. This is of practical significance because the length of a flame is often the limiting dimension in industrial systems. The reduced strain-rates lead to an increased presence of soot within the flame, while not, in general, significantly influencing the emission of soot from the flame. The increased volume of soot leads to increased radiation, which in turn acts to reduce flame temperature, so lowering thermal NO_x emissions through a global residence time–temperature reduction. For example, in full-scale cement kilns these burner nozzles are found to reduce NO_x emissions by around 40–60% and increase fuel efficiency (or output) by around 5–10%.     

Turbulent flow in the distribution header of a PEM fuel cell stack

A numerical investigation of the flowfield in a model distribution header manifold of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack is conducted. The computational model simulates two segments of an experimental setup of a pair of model headers which replicate the headers of a fuel cell stack. The model headers consist of an inlet and outlet sections connected with a plate containing an array of holes that replicate the unit cells. The flow structures in the outlet header are rather complex and are the result of the superposition of a series of impinging jets in a confined space in the presence of crossflow. The flow from each hole, which represents an individual cell outlet, enters the outlet header as a jet stream and is subjected to a crossflow. Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are performed for a portion of the outlet header to investigate the complex turbulent flow and related structures under different crossflow conditions, and are complemented by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The LES results show that two large vortical structures are formed in the header cross-section, with a high-speed round jet from the cell outlet holes forcing a diversion of the crossflow, dividing it into two separate branches. Investigation of the flow restructuring after a blockage of one of the jets is performed. Simulation results using a slot opening for the jet show flow instabilities. The results of this study highlight the unsteady and highly turbulent nature of the flow in the header and provide a characterization of the complex three-dimensional structure of the flow. The flowfield and flow structures may impact the overall pressure drop along the header and the effective cross-sectional area for the flow leaving the header. The observations and insights obtained from the LES simulation and PIV measurements point to the need to further investigate the impact on flow sharing in a stack of the flowfield development in the outlet header.     

Visualization of a turbulent jet using wavelets

ho-cttonCoherent strUctUres are known to ealst and areresPOnsible for most of the momentUIn transfer inndulent jets. Many identification techniques, such asimage processing, sPeCtI'a analysis, spatial correlationfimctions, education schemes, PrOper OrthOgonaldecomposihon, stOChastic eshInation, pattem recoghhon,and wave1et tusform, are wen established to detennincoheret stI'Ucwts. Howevee the local scales with resPeCtto spacehme change continously for the turblence andthe coheren stheA…