气泡对过滤介质的堵塞机理

过滤介质的透水实验表明 ,清洁过滤介质的透水速率随时间延长而降低。水中所溶解的气体会吸际于过滤介质的纤维表面 ,并将滤布的孔隙堵塞 ,从而使过滤介质的透水速率逐渐降低。过滤介质的孔隙越小 ,纤维的疏水性越强 ,此现象越明显。     

Centrifugal Filter for Aerosol Collection

Air filters collect particles by the mechanical collection mechanisms, namely, inertia, interception, gravitational settling, and Brownian diffusion. There exists the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) in submicron size range for which none of the collection mechanisms work effectively. In this study, we propose a new type of filter named as “centrifugal filter,” which collects aerosol particles by centrifugal force together with the conventional mechanical collection mechanisms. The centrifugal filter proposed in the present work may be rotated by a motor or compressed air. Air passes through the filter in the axial direction of filter rotation. The filter rotates so does the air embedded in the filter, and therefore centrifugal force exerts on particles. In addition to the mechanical collection mechanisms, small migration of particles due to the centrifugal force enhanced the collection efficiency of submicron particles significantly without increasing the pressure drop. The performance tests of centrifugal filter were conducted by changing the fiber diameter, the air flow velocity and the rotation speed. We found that the collection efficiency of filter is enhanced significantly by rotating the filter without increasing the pressure drop and that the filter efficiency is well predicted by the conventional filtration theory accounting for the centrifugal force.

Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research     

微米级气溶胶粒子在滤层中的收集效率研究

采用颗粒床过滤系统对含气溶胶气体进行过滤实验,研究微米级气溶胶粒子在滤层中过滤效率的变化规律,并建立滤层模型计算过滤效率理论值.结果表明,在低风速(u0≤0.2m/s)范围内,过滤风速的提高有利于大粒径气溶胶粒子(dP=2.5 μm)的收集,而对中小粒径气溶胶粒子(dp≤1.0μm)的过滤效率没有明显帮助;滤料材质相同时,滤料粒径越小、比表面积越大,过滤效率越高;材质不同时,Hamaker 常数越大,越有利于捕集气溶胶粒子.由颗粒床层模型分析得出,当dp<0.1μm时,扩散效应起主导作用,颗粒粒径越小,扩散效率越高;当dp>1.0μm时,惯性碰撞效应起主导作用,粒径越大,惯性碰撞和拦截效应越显著.     

聚苯乙烯装置进料过滤器频繁堵塞的原因分析及对策

对聚苯乙烯装置橡胶浆料进料过滤器频繁堵塞的原因进行了分析,并在分析的基础上提出了解决过滤器频繁堵塞的建议和措施。     

成饼过滤中过滤介质阻力与堵塞研究的进展

过滤介质是过滤作业的基本部件,由于在过程中不断地被堵塞,介质阻力不断增加,过滤性能逐渐下降,以致于不能再继续使用。因此研究其被堵塞的机理和降低、减少堵塞的措施就成为改善过滤作业的重要课题。综合了26篇有关文献,介绍了成饼过滤介质堵塞的机理、被堵塞过滤介质阻力的大小、影响过滤介质堵塞的主要因素等几方面的近期研究进展。     

Experimental Study of the Mechanism of Constant Pressure Cake Filtration: Clogging of Filter Media

Abstract

Failure of data taken in pilot plant filtration of liquefied coal to fit conventional analysis led to research summarized in this paper. Historically, the effect of migrating fine particles in cake filtration has been ignored in theoretical treatments. In usual development, the total resistance to flow has been broken into cake resistance R_C and medium resistance R_m. Experimentors have only measured the total resistance and have assumed that R_m remained constant. In this investigation, a filter with seven probes was empolyed to measure the individual resistances. Medium resistance is found to increase with time and mass of dry cake per unit area due to migration of fine particles into the interestices of a filter medium.     

Experimental Study of Electrostatic Aerosol Filtration at Moderate Filter Face Velocity

Aerosol collection efficiency was studied for electrostatically charged fibrous filters (3M Filtrete?, BMF-20F). In this study, collection efficiencies at moderate filter face velocities (0.5–2.5 m/s) representative of some high volume sampling applications was characterized. Experimental data and analytical theories of filter performance are less common in this flow regime since the viscous flow field assumption may not be representative of actual flow through the filter mat. Additionally, electrostatic fiber charge density is difficult to quantify, and measurements of aerosol collection efficiency are often used to calculate this fundamental parameter. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative influence of diffusion, inertial impaction, interception, and electrostatic filtration on overall filter performance. The effects of fiber charge density were quantified by comparing efficiency data for charged and uncharged filter media, where an isopropanol bath was used to eliminate electrostatic charge. The effects of particle charge were also quantified by test aerosols brought into the equilibrium Boltzmann charge distribution, and then using an electrostatic precipitator to separate out only those test particles with a charge of zero. Electrostatically charged filter media had collection efficiencies as high as 70–85% at 30 nm. Filter performance was reduced significantly (40–50% collection efficiency) when the electrostatic filtration component was eliminated. Experiments performed with zero charged NaCl particles showed that a significant increase in filter performance is attributable to an induction effect, where electrostatic fiber charge polarizes aerosol particles without charge. As filter face velocity increased the electrostatic filtration efficiency decreased since aerosol particles had less time to drift toward electrostatically charged fibers. Finally, experimental data at 0.5 m/s were compared to theoretical predictions and good agreement was found for both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic effects.

© 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Screening of Aerosol Filter Samples for PAHs and Nitro-PAHs by Laser Desorption Ionization TOF Mass Spectrometry

Direct and selective screening of aerosol particulate matter for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) is achieved using laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (LDI TOF) mass spectrometry. Desorption and ionization of collected aerosol particulate matter was accomplished using pulsed UV radiation at 266 nm. PAHs were detected in positive ion spectra, while nitro-PAHs were selectively detected in negative ion spectra. Direct laser desorption ionization circumvents extraction procedures necessary for HPLC or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses, and such screening offers potential cost saving by identifying samples which contain too little PAH for GC/MS analyses to be productive. Applicability of the LDI TOF method was demonstrated by collecting aerosol particles of less than 2.5 mu m aerodynamic diameter (PM 2 . 5) on Teflon filters from inside an urban bus terminal. Sampling of small air volumes (0.32-0.98 m3) was sufficient for LDI TOF analysis. Positive ion mass spectra of all collected aerosol samples exhibited peaks attributed to a wide range of PAHs. Of primary importance, selective ionization and detection of less abundant and more toxic nitro-PAHs is demonstrated in the negative ion spectra. GC/MS analyses of duplicate filters confirmed laser desorption ionization analyses and assisted identification of specific PAH isomers.     

A Bimodal Integral Solution of the Dynamic Equation for an Aerosol Undergoing Simultaneous Particle Inception and Coagulation

A model is developed from the general aerosol dynamic equation, using a bimodal integral formulation that includes particle formation and growth by coagulation in the free molecular regime. The particle inception mode accounts for the introduction of newly formed particles which, through coagulative collisions with one another, constitute the source of the particles in the growth mode. A numerical solution for the system of the first three moments of the particle volume distribution function is discussed, under the assumption of a logarithmic-normal behavior of the two modes of the size distribution function. The bimodal integral solution is subject to a detailed comparison with the MAEROS sectional model for the case of an aerosol that undergoes free molecular coagulation occurring simultaneously with particle formation by a Gaussian source pulse, under flamelike conditions.     

Investigation of Filter Bypass Leakage and a Test for Aerosol Sampling Cassettes

Plastic filter cassettes (37 and 25 mm), which are press fitted together to seal and hold a filter in place, are commonly used for sampling aerosols. Aerosol bypass leakage around the filter has been reported by several researchers and attempts have been made to test for leakage and to reduce the likelihood of leakage by improving cassette design. Under typical sampling conditions, there is often no indication to the user that leakage may have occurred. In the present study, a particle count leak test was developed that used a particle counter that measured the particle number concentration of ambient aerosol (primarily submicrometer particles) upstream and downstream of the filter cassette. The relationship between leak test results and particle loss from the filter depended on particle size and type in a complex fashion. The mechanisms of particle loss were investigated and the losses increased for particles above 2 w m and were much greater for solid and fume aerosols than for oil droplets. Although the test could not be used to predict particle mass loss during sampling, the test was a sensitive indicator of cassette bypass leakage and was used to establish compression pressures needed for proper assembly of these cassettes.     

茂金属双峰聚乙烯的研究进展

概述了用复合茂金属催化体系法和工艺法制备双峰聚乙烯的研究进展,讨论了２组分比例,及聚合温度、聚合压力、氢气用量对茂金属双峰聚乙烯制备的影响规律。     

Aerosol Measurement by Induced Currents

We introduce a new electrical measurement technique for aerosol detection, based on pulsed unipolar charging followed by a non-contact measurement of the rate of change of the aerosol space charge in a Faraday cage. This technique, which we call “aerosol measurement with induced currents,” has some advantages compared to the traditional method of collecting the charged particles on either an electrode or with a particle filter. We describe the method and illustrate it with a simple and miniature (shirt-pocket-sized) instrument to measure lung-deposited surface area. Aerosol measurement by induced currents can also be applied to more complex devices.

Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Aerosol etching by low-pressure impaction

Low-pressure impaction technology has been applied to a new etch process using aerosol, called aerosol jet etching (AJE). Fine droplets (0.1 to 0.3 urn) produced by spray-evaporation-condensation method impinge on a substrate in low-pressure impactor and etches its surface. Investigations were carried out on the control of etchant droplet size, the critical diameter for impaction and the performance of AJE on patterned etching. The patterned etching on SiO₂ film reveals some advantages over conventional wet etching: the economic use of etchant, the reduction of waste disposal and the increase in controllability of etching. To make maximum use of the advantage of AJE, techniques of further decreasing the droplet size and depositing this small droplets on substrates need to be developed.     

Aerosol Generation by Modern Flush Toilets

A microbe-contaminated toilet will produce bioaerosols when flushed. We assessed toilet plume aerosol from high efficiency (HET), pressure-assisted high efficiency (PAT), and flushometer (FOM) toilets with similar bowl water and flush volumes. Total and droplet nuclei “bioaerosols” were assessed. Monodisperse 0.25–1.9-μm fluorescent microspheres served as microbe surrogates in separate trials in a mockup 5 m³ water closet (WC). Bowl water seeding was approximately 10¹² particles/mL. Droplet nuclei were sampled onto 0.2-μm pore size mixed cellulose ester filters beginning 15 min after the flush using open-face cassettes mounted on the WC walls. Pre- and postflush bowl water concentrations were measured. Filter particle counts were analyzed via fluorescent microscopy. Bowl headspace droplet count size distributions were bimodal and similar for all toilet types and flush conditions, with 95% of droplets <2 μm diameter and >99% <5 μm. Up to 145,000 droplets were produced per flush, with the high-energy flushometer producing over three times as many as the lower energy PAT and over 12 times as many as the lowest energy HET despite similar flush volumes. The mean numbers of fluorescent droplet nuclei particles aerosolized and remaining airborne also increased with flush energy. Fluorescent droplet nuclei per flush decreased with increasing particle size. These findings suggest two concurrent aerosolization mechanisms—splashing for large droplets and bubble bursting for the fine droplets that form droplet nuclei.

Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Nanoparticle Detection by Aerosol Mass Spectrometry

An aerodynamic lens system with efficient transmission of particles in the 10-300 nm size range is used to study the efficiency of nanoparticle detection by laser ablation mass spectrometry with 193 nm and 266 nm radiation. Ideally, all particles in the beam path when the laser fires should be detected. However, the probability of particle detection is much less than 1 and dependent upon the particle type, defined by particle size and chemical composition, and the ablation conditions, defined by the laser wavelength and irradiance. Particles above 100 nm can be ablated and detected with near unit efficiency. Below 100 nm, the detection probability decreases with decreasing particle size and salt particles (sodium chloride, potassium chloride) are detected with higher efficiency than organic particles (oleic acid, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol). The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of laser ablation and the instrumental requirements for particle detection.     

Clogging of filter medium by excess polymer during alum sludge filtration

Lab-scale studies of the conditioning of an alum sludge by an anionic polymer showed that the excess polymer can lead to clogging of the filter medium, thereby increasing its resistance. Tests showed that medium resistance (R_m) behaved as R_m=αe^βv in which α and β coefficients and V is the volume of filtrate. Standard dewatering theory for the Specific Resistance to Filtration was modified to take account of this behavior. The modified theory shows that failure to take proper account of the characteristics of the medium resistance can distort the estimate of the cake resistance and can provide a misleading view of the optimum polymer dosage. The study also indicated that a simple test based on the moisture content of the sludge sediment can be used as a means of gauging an optimum polymer dosage.     

Characteristics of Aerosol Charge Distribution by Surface-Discharge Microplasma Aerosol Charger (SMAC)

The surface discharge on a dielectric barrier induced by dc pulses was successfully utilized as a stable bipolar ion source for neutralizing submicron aerosol particles where the concentration of positive and negative ions could be adjusted independently (a surface-discharge microplasma aerosol charger: SMAC; Kwon et al., 2005 Kwon, S. B., Sakurai, H., Seto, T. and Kim, Y. J. 2005. Charge Neutralization of Submicron Aerosols Using Surface-Discharge Microplasma. J. Aerosol Sci., in press[CSA] [Google Scholar]). The aim of this study was to determine the charge distribution obtained by the SMAC, which has been qualitatively presented in our previous study, and to investigate the effect of unequal bipolar ion concentration on the charge distribution. For this purpose, we performed quantitative analysis of the charge distribution of monodisperse particles in the size range of 30–200 nm acquired by the SMAC and compared the charge distributions with calculated charge fractions obtained from the diffusion charging theory. The ion parameters were calculated by measuring the ion mobility of positive and negative ions and they were used to obtain the analytic solutions of charge distribution. The charge distributions obtained by the equal or unequal concentration of bipolar ions adjusted by the SMAC showed general agreement with the diffusion charging theory.     

Authentication of Particulate Air Samples by Aerosol

A method was developed for the protection of aerosol filters against tampering that can be applied to any particulate sampler. In this method, tagged particles are dispersed into the sampled aerosol volume by liquid atomization to guarantee homogeneous distribution of the tag and deposition into the filter matrix. The tagged aerosols are collected insitu, together with the sampled dust particles. The tag can be measured in different ways. This feature can be used for self protection of the method. The authentication of the individual filters is preserved through the lifetime of the filter sample. Long-term field tests of the equipment indicate reliable performance.     

Aerosol filter characterization by electron microscopical methods

Scanning (SEM) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been proved to be suitable methods for the characterization of different aerosol filters.

An equipment and a standardized procedure are described for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of different characteristics for high efficiency aerosol filters. Solid aerosols, incl. radiolabeled aerosols, are used for this evaluation. The test aerosol is sampled in the up- and downstream on Nuclepore filters. By means of SEM- and TEM-methods aerosol concentrations, particle size distributions, particle forms and chemistry or radioactivity are measured on both Nuclepore filters. The total and the selective penetration and collection efficiencies are then estimated for particles of different sizes, forms, chemical composition and radioactivities. The SEM-procedure can also supply very useful information about deposition mechanisms of particles on the surface and inside the tested filter, about the clogging mechanism, about filter corrosion or destruction, etc.