The Effects of Mainstream and Sidestream Environmental Tobacco Smoke Composition for Enhanced Condensational Droplet Growth by Water Vapor

Although tobacco smoke is well known for its adverse health effects, the hygroscopicity and droplet growth properties of the aerosol have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, cigarette smoke is further characterized and several state-of-art analysis techniques are applied to understand the effects of particle chemistry and hygroscopicity for enhanced condensational growth (ECG) by water vapor and wet particle deposition. Low nicotine (LN) and ultra-low nicotine (ULN) research cigarettes are tested with a Walton Smoking Machine (WSM); mainstream and sidestream environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are produced. Online and offline analysis are combined to analyze the smoke. More than 99% of the mainstream and sidestream ETS mass is semivolatile aerosol and nonelemental carbon, of which more than 95% is organic. The water-soluble organic comprises 30-85% of the aerosol mass fraction and has no effect on surface tension when dissolved in water. The oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) and nitrogen-to-carbon ratio (N/C) from High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS or HR-AMS) data show that more oxidized components are present in mainstream smoke. Differences in the bulk aerosol composition have little effect on the overall water uptake. The two types of cigarettes produce aerosols of similar hygroscopicity (with single hygroscopicity parameter, κ ～0.15 or less) in mainstream and sidestream smoke. Droplets grow at the same rate within the instrument. However, ULN reference cigarettes that produce dry particles at larger sizes are more likely to experience ECG.

Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research     

重金属元素在卷烟主流烟气中迁移率分析

本课题采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定卷烟及卷烟主流烟气中重金属元素铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、砷（As）、硒（Se）、镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）含量,计算重金属元素在主流烟气中的迁移率,结果表明,卷烟重金属元素主要来源于卷烟烟丝,基本未迁移到卷烟主流烟气气相中,仅有一部分迁移到卷烟主流烟气粒相中,且迁移率均在10％以下.     

壳聚糖对烟草抗菌活性研究

本试验通过对不同浓度、不同种类酸溶解和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对烟草中主要霉菌的抑菌活性,以及加入卷烟烟丝中对其内在质量、焦油、烟碱等的影响研究,结果表明：酸溶解壳聚糖对烟草霉变微生物具有抑制作用,醋酸作溶剂较柠檬酸效果好,且施用于卷烟上对其内在品质有所改善,其主流烟气焦油、烟碱释放量也有所降低。     

卷烟中添加α-紫罗兰酮对主流烟气挥发性成分影响的研究

为了准确评价香料单体α-紫罗兰酮在卷烟燃吸中对卷烟主流烟气的影响,了解其对卷烟的加香效果,采用吸烟机捕集卷烟抽吸过程中的主流烟气,用GC-MS分析了含有添加剂和空白卷烟主流烟气中的挥发性成分、为α-紫罗兰酮的致香作用提供更加科学的依据,为其在卷烟中的应用提供参考、     

Size and Generation Rate of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles

Sidestream cigarette smoke generated using an automatic smoking machine (SEM-II) and Kentucky 2R1 reference cigarettes was analyzed for particle generation rate and size distribution. Part of the sidestream smoke was sampled with an Andersen Cascade Impactor, following dilution with about 29 to 54 liters/min of laboratory air. The remaining sidestream smoke was further diluted 1,000-fold with vapor phase from filtered sidestream smoke before analysis with an Electrical Aerosol Analyzer and Condensation Nuclei Counter. The smoking parameters of primary dilution ratio and puff pressure were varied in the experiments. The number median diameter of sidestream cigarette smoke was about 0.10 μm, and the mass median diameter was typically 0.16 μm, about half the size of fresh mainstream smoke. Additionally, the size distribution of sidestream smoke was significantly broader than that of mainstream smoke. The particle generation rate of sidestream smoke depended on smoking conditions and varied from 1.4 × 10⁹ to 3.9 × 10⁹ particles/s. The equivalent total particulate matter of sidestream smoke based on the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer measurements varied from 1.3 to 2.3 mg/cigarette, whereas it was 6.0 to 9.6 mg/cigarette based on the Andersen Cascade determinations. Reasons for these differences are not definitive at this time.     

香叶醇对卷烟主流烟气挥发性成分影响的的研究

采用吸烟机捕集卷烟抽吸过程中的主流烟气,用GC-MS分析了有添加剂的和空白卷烟的主流烟气中的挥发性成分,为香叶醇在卷烟中的致香作用提供更加科学的依据,准确评价了香料单体香叶醇在卷烟燃吸中对卷烟气的影响,了解其对卷烟的加香效果,为其在卷烟中的应用提供参考.     

Simulation of cigarette smoke dynamics in denuder tubes considering particle phase chemistry

The aerosol dynamics model ADiC was extended to include chemical reactions. It is used to computationally replicate denuder tube experiments where freshly generated cigarette smoke is drawn through a vertically arranged, acid covered tube to capture alkaline substances. The calculated deposition rates and total deposition are compared to experimental findings from several studies that investigated respective quantities for nicotine (and ammonia). Further, the form of deposition, vaporous and condensed phase, is considered. The model does not apply any parameters changing physico-chemical properties to fit simulation and experimental findings.

The only variable parameter used in all simulations is the choice of the amount of acid initially in the system to establish a certain pH value. An initial pH of 5.9 to 6.25 (i.e. the baseline scenarios) allows for replicating the nicotine deposition rate and total deposition in the lower tube sections. For the same simulation, ammonia deposition rate and total deposition are of the order of the experimental data. For the simulation featuring the initially lower pH value, the deposition of ammonia is lower than the experimental data – in the other case it is higher. Increasing the molality of alkaline substances initially in the system by roughly 20% drastically reduces the differences between simulated and measured nicotine deposition rate.

The present model describes some aspects of the dynamics of the complex cigarette smoke in a simplified manner; however, since it is independent of experiment specific parameters it may be applied to other environments such as deposition in the respiratory tract.     

Influence of volatilization from mainstream tobacco smoke particles on the gas-particle distribution in annular denuders

The influence of volatilization from mainstream tobacco smoke particles in annular denuders on the gas-particle distribution was investigated by using multiple annular denuders coupled with a filter pack method (multiple-AD-FP method) under low flow volume conditions (1.05 and 1.65 L/min). Smoking experiments and model experiments using poly styrene latex (PSL) particles and generated gases were conducted to measure the particle loss ratio and gas collection efficiency in the denuders. In this research, we focused on the influence of XAD-4 slurry concentrations and particle volatility including tobacco smoke from a cigarette and vapor products on the volatilization from particles in the denuders, and have proposed a measurement method for considering volatilization. Our experimental results showed that volatilization depends on the particle volatility, targeted components, denuder length, particle concentration, and adsorbent amount, thereby suggesting the importance of selecting the proper measurement conditions and taking volatilization into account, so as to evaluate the appropriate gas-particle distribution. The gas-phase nicotine ratio obtained from calculating the volatilization rate in the multiple-AD-FP method agreed with previous research. This means that the calculation method was appropriate for the evaluation of gas-particle distribution. Furthermore, the gas-particle ratio determined through the multiple-AD-FP method was compared to that determined through a filter-impinger method that uses a glass fiber filter. The results revealed that most of the gases in the filter-impinger method were not collected in the impinger due to the condensation of gases on the surface of the filter fibers and collected particles.

© 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Aerosols sampling using a new cryogenic instrument

A new cryogenic instrument was designed for the trapping of aerosols such as cigarette mainstream smoke at low temperature. The technique enabled the trapping of the mainstream smoke of a single cigarette and the particulate and vapor phases were trapped simultaneously. 2R4F reference cigarettes were smoked under International Standard Organization (ISO) regime and trapped at low temperature using the cryogenic instrument. After trapping, the mainstream smoke of the 2R4F reference cigarette was diluted with a solvent and selected smoke components could be quantified using gas-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The capability of the instrument for trapping the mainstream smoke was demonstrated. The feasibility of the procedure for the detection and the quantification of a large range of smoke components including carbonyls, alkaloids and organic volatile compounds (VOC) in the mainstream of a single cigarette was also shown.     

Chemical characterization of nanoparticles and volatiles present in mainstream hookah smoke

Waterpipe smoking is becoming more popular worldwide and there is a pressing need to better characterize the exposure of smokers to chemical compounds present in the mainstream smoke. We report real-time measurements of mainstream smoke for carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and nanoparticle size distribution and chemical composition using a custom dilution flow tube. A conventional tobacco mixture, a dark leaf unwashed tobacco, and a nicotine-free herbal tobacco were studied. Results show that carbon monoxide is present in the mainstream smoke and originates primarily from the charcoal used to heat the tobacco. Online measurements of volatile organic compounds in mainstream smoke showed an overwhelming contribution from glycerol and its decomposition products. Gas phase analysis also showed that very little filtration of the gas phase products is provided by the percolation of mainstream smoke through water. Waterpipe smoking generated high concentrations of 4–100?nm nanoparticles, which were mainly composed of sugar derivatives and especially abundant in the first 10?min of the smoking session. These measured emissions of volatiles and particles are compared with those from a reference cigarette (3R4F) and represent the equivalent of the emission of one or more entire cigarettes for a single puff of hookah smoke. Considerations related to the health impacts of waterpipe smoking are discussed.     

烟草及烟气中氨的分析方法研究进展

氨是烟草中天然存在的成分,在烟草中以NH4+形式存在,在烟草抽吸过程中以游离氨的形式被释放出来,而烟气中氨的含量对卷烟的吸味和劲头有很重要的影响。综述了烟草和烟气中氨的分析方法和技术,简要论述各种方法的原理和优缺点,并对烟草和烟气中氨的测定方法的发展趋势做了简要分析。     

纸质滤芯中三醋酸甘油酯添加量对卷烟主流烟气中苯酚释放量的影响

制备了4种不同三醋酸甘油酯添加量的纸质滤棒及相应的实验卷烟,并对其烟气常规化学指标、苯酚释放量进行了分析评价。结果表明:①三醋酸甘油酯的用量在8.0%~12.0%时,卷烟主流烟气中总粒相物、焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳等常规指标变化不大;②苯酚的释放量随着三醋酸甘油酯用量的增加逐渐降低,单位焦油苯酚释放量的降低率随着三醋酸甘油酯添加量的增加而增加,其最大降低率为34.59%;③三醋酸甘油酯添加量为12%时,纸质滤棒卷烟主流烟气中苯酚释放量较低。     

卷烟主流烟气TPM及其pH与烟气烟碱量的关系

研究了16种不同牌号卷烟主流烟气总粒相物(TPM)及其pH与其烟气烟碱量的关系。结果表明,总粒相物与烟气烟碱量之间的关联性比较显著,烟气烟碱量较大的牌号,其烟气总粒相物也较大。该研究对于人们的吸食健康有一定的指导意义。     

卷烟主侧流烟气中烟草生物碱的快速测定及对比分析

建立了一种卷烟主测流烟气中生物碱的快速测定方法 ,并应用于多个牌号卷烟烟气的分析比较。该方法将卷烟主侧流烟气收集处理后 ,应用固相微萃取 (SPME)富集并结合GC/MS进样测定其中生物碱的含量 ,具有快速、灵敏、高效、所需样品量少的特点。所得数据对卷烟主侧流烟气成分及特性的研究提供了客观依据     

非邻苯酯类增塑剂在卷烟中的转移行为

为研究非邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂在卷烟主流烟气的转移行为,将12种非邻苯酯类增塑剂添加到卷烟烟丝中,利用剑桥滤片捕集卷烟主流烟气,剑桥滤片和烟蒂分别经二氯甲烷萃取后,使用GC/MS/SIM分析各非邻苯酯类增塑剂在主流烟气的转移率和烟蒂的截留率。结果表明:12种非邻苯酯类增塑剂在主流烟气的转移率在7.86%～15.11%之间;12种非邻苯酯类增塑剂在烟蒂中的截留率在18.65%～36.54%之间;非邻苯酯类增塑剂在烟蒂中的截留率明显高于在主流烟气中的转移率,其中己二酸二乙酯在主流烟气中的转移率最低,而在烟蒂中截留率最高。     

13X分子筛对烟气中低分子醛酮的选择性吸附研究

为降低卷烟烟气中有害成分低分子醛酮化合物的含量和研究X型分子筛在卷烟减害中的应用,将13X型分子筛添加到卷烟嘴棒中,分析其对主流烟气中八种低分子醛酮化合物含量的影响。结果显示13X分子筛对低分子醛酮有明显的脱除作用。通过进一步研究13X分子筛对烟气中苯酚和苯并(α)芘的吸附作用,揭示了13X分子筛对低分子醛酮的选择性吸附与其因表面静电引力优先吸附极性物质的特性以及低分子醛酮的低熔沸点密切相关。烟气三项指标分析表明,13X分子筛对烟气中的焦油和烟碱含量影响不大,这有利于保持卷烟的香气。     

Real-Time Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Smoke Using Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence

Cigarette smoke contains a large number of chemicals and gaseous compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to the importance of PAHs and their health effects in cigarettes, development of systems to analyze PAHs in cigarette smoke may become useful in developing a less harmful product. However, the complexity of cigarette smoke chemistry remains a significant obstacle in its analysis: many cigarette smoke components are produced due to reactions such as decomposition and recombination of cigarette components during the smoking process. Methods to analyze these reactions in real-time are needed. In this article the authors report direct monitoring of pyrene in mainstream smoke using time-gated laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) based on fiber optics. The time-gated detection system could provide a reduced background signal of mainstream smoke when using optimized gate delay and gate width parameters. The results demonstrate the feasibility of direct monitoring of PAHs in mainstream smoke.     

柠檬酸选择性降低烟气烟碱

研究滤嘴添加剂-柠檬酸对主流烟气的影响,实验结果表明:冷冻干燥法吸附效率明显高于注射添加,冷冻干燥法在不改变烟支物理状态的条件下,能降低烟气的pH值,相对选择性降低主流烟气的烟碱,5mg支/的添加量能降低烟气烟碱高达17.88%,对烟气中的游离烟碱降低更为有效(5mg支/的添加量能降低游离烟碱36.8%)。同时卷烟感官评价结果表明添加柠檬酸对卷烟烟气劲头、刺激、细腻程度、干燥感、杂气等都有一定的改善作用。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱在烟草化学中的应用概况

简要综述了电感耦合等离子体质谱技术及其特点,重点介绍电感耦合等离子体质谱技术在烟草及卷烟烟丝、卷烟主侧流烟气和烟用辅料中有害元素、痕量或超痕量重金属分析上的应用,并展望了电感耦合等离子体质谱技术在烟草化学领域的发展前景。     

Physical Characterization of Cigarette Smoke Aerosol Generated from a Walton Smoke Machine

Mainstream cigarette smoke generated using a Walton smoking machine and Kentucky 2R1 research cigarettes was studied. Results showed that puff volume and total particulate matter were consistent after the first puff, with average values of 35.6 cm³ and 3.37 mg, respectively. The particle size distribution, measured with a multijet cascade impactor, was not related to butt length or relative humidity (≤95%), but was strongly dependent on the aging time. Based on simple monodisperse coagulation, the mass median aerodynamic diameter was calculated to be 0.45 μm at a dilution ratio of 21.7. Using a technique based on the dimensional change of collected droplet particles at various viewing angles of a scanning electron microscope, the count median diameter was estimated to be 0.22 μm. These values were in good agreement with those reported by others. The results suggest that there is a dilution value critical to the rapid evaporation and final particle size of the cigarette smoke aerosol. Once reaching this value, further dilution has little effect on the final particle size. By using the derived mass concentration and size distribution, the particle density, number concentration, and coagulation coefficient of the cigarette smoke aerosol were estimated to be 1.12 g/cm³, 7.20 × 109 particles/cm³, and 6.64 × 10 ^?10 cm³/s respectively. Solid particles > 1 μm were found in the first few puffs. These were considered to consist of tobacco debris.