Effect of a Stick on the Gas Turbulence Structure in a Cyclone Separator

Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) was used to measure the turbulence structure of the flow field in a cyclone separator. The measurement results showed that a stick inserted in the cyclone changed the distribution of the flow field. A flow wake region downstream the stick decreased the tangential velocity and increased the turbulence intensity. The size and shape of the stick cross-section had a remarkable effect on the distribution of the flow wake and the turbulence structure of the flow field. The changes of the flow field explained how the stick reduced the pressure drop over the cyclone.     

旋风除尘器减阻节能增产技术

通过安装在旋风除尘器内的减阻杆,可以在保证分离效率的前提下降低流动阻力。分别采用5孔球形探针、激光多普勒测速仪和粒子图像测速仪对旋风除尘器内安装减阻杆前后的时均流场与湍流场进行了测量,发现减阻杆降低了流场中与粉尘分离无益的内旋流切向速度,削弱了中心区域的湍流强度,使湍流耗散减弱,从而实现压降降低达到减阻目的。根据流动参数的变化,分析了减阻杆的减阻机理,提出了"加涡减阻"的假设。并介绍减阻杆在工业上的应用实例。     

Large Eddy Simulation Investigation of an Industrial Cyclone Separator Fitted with a Pressure Recovery Deswirler

A cyclone fitted with a deswirler of original design has been investigated by means of large eddy simulation. Installation of the deswirler reduces significantly the positive static pressure near the wall as well as the negative static pressure in the central region. It also decreases the maximum tangential velocities in the main separation zone. The deswirler enables a substantial reduction of the backward flow at the gas outlet and a more uniform distribution of the axial velocities at the gas outlet. It also considerably reduces pressure losses in the vortex finder lowering the cyclone pressure drop by almost about one third but it deteriorates the collection efficiency of particles with diameters of less than 8 µm, thus increasing the cut size.     

Modeling the gas flow in a cyclone separator at different temperature and pressure

The gas flow field in a cyclone separator, operated within a temperature range of 293 K–1373 K and a pressure range of 0.1–6.5 MPa, has been simulated using a modified Reynolds-stress model (RSM) on commercial software platform FLUENT 6.1. The computational results show that the temperature and pressure significantly influence the gas velocity vectors, especially on their tangential component, in the cyclone. The tangential velocity decreases with an increase in temperature and increases with an increase in pressure. This tendency of the decrease or increase, however, reduces gradually when the temperature is above 1000 K or the pressure goes beyond 1.0 MPa. The temperature and pressure have a relatively weak influence on the axial velocity profiles. The outer downward flow rate increases with a temperature increase, whereas it decreases with a pressure increase. The centripetal radial velocity is strong in the region of 0–0.25D below the vortex finder entrance, which is named as a short-cut flow zone in this study. Based on the simulation results, a set of correlations was developed to calculate the combined effects of temperature and pressure on the tangential velocity, the downward flow rate in the cyclone and the centripetal radial velocity in the short-cut flow region underneath the vortex finder.     

Stereoscopic PIV studies on the swirling flow structure in a gas cyclone

Understanding the swirling flow in a gas cyclone is of great importance in improving the cyclone design. Once the three-dimensional strong swirling flow is fully understood, cyclone performance such as pressure drop and separation efficiency can be improved by optimizing the cyclone design. The swirling flow was investigated by the stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) in this work. The instantaneous whole-field tangential, axial, and radial velocities were measured simultaneously in the cylindrical and conical separation zone, and in the dust hopper area of the cyclone with gas inlet velocity of .The time-averaged flow pattern in the cylindrical and conical sections of the cyclone showed: a typical Rankine vortex with inner quasi-forced vortex and outer quasi-free vortex which is generated by tangential gas velocity; inner upward flow and outer downward flow of axial gas velocity; and centripetal flow in the region close to the wall due to the presence of radial gas velocity. In the dust hopper, a secondary longitudinal circular flow is formed in the annulus area between the conical body and the cylindrical wall. Experimental results indicate that the separated particles may be re-entrained into the cyclone from the bin to degrade the separation efficiency of the cyclone.     

单、双进口对旋风分离器升气管外壁结焦影响的数模分析

利用数值模拟技术,对比考察了旋风分离器采用轴对称双进口和单边切向进口时升气管外壁附近及环形空间的静压和切向速度分布,分析比较这两种进口形式下升气管外切向剪切力和径向压力梯度力对升气管外壁结焦物沉积与积累的影响。结果表明,双入口分离器升气管近壁环向顺、逆压梯度区范围均小于单进口分离器,切向速度沿环向变化不明显,近壁低速易沉积区范围小,且不容易出现油气及催化剂的回流和滞留区,能有效抑制结焦物的沉积;双进口分离器升气管近壁区的平均剪切力比单进口分离器大30%以上,而平均径向压力梯度力比单进口分离器约小17%,能一定程度上削减结焦层厚度,抑制结焦物积累的能力强于单进口。轴对称双进口旋风分离器升气管外壁结焦的倾向将明显小于单切向进口的旋风分离器。     

带有减阻杆的旋风分离器内气体流动分析

利用激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)对装有减阻杆的旋风分离器内流场进行了详细测量,根据流场分布的特点发现在减阻杆后存在明显的绕流尾涡区.对比实验的结果表明不同结构型式的减阻杆后绕流尾涡区的流动分布不同,其中减阻杆的迎风宽度及形状对减阻杆后绕流尾涡区的流动分布有明显影响.由于减阻杆的迎风宽度及形状与减阻性能有关,因此通过对减阻杆后绕流尾涡区的流动分析可以进一步揭示旋风分离器内减阻杆的减阻机理.     

旋风除尘器减阻节能技术的研究与应用

通过安装在旋风除尘器内适当位置处的减阻杆,可以在保证分离效率的前提下降低流动阻力,实现设备的节能增产。分别采用五孔球形探针、激光多普勒测速仪和粒子图像测速仪对旋风除尘器内安装减阻杆前后的时均流场与湍流场进行了测量,发现减阻杆降低了流场中于粉尘分离无益的内旋流切向速度,削弱了中心区域的湍流强度,使湍流耗散减弱,从而实现减阻。工业应用实例表明旋风除尘器减阻杆技术是可行的,而且取得了显著的经济效益。     

Numerical Study of Gas Phase Flow in Cyclones with the Repds

Experiments have shown that a cyclone's energy loss can be largely reduced by a stick called a Repds (Reducing Pressure Drop Stick). The present study reports on a three-dimensional numerical simulation performed using FLUENT, a kind of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The simulation result confirmed the effectiveness of the Repds in reducing the energy loss. This article compares the numerical results with two sets of experimental results. The numerical calculation shows that the Repds reduces the tangential velocity peak and increases the axial velocity in the central region of the cyclones. The change in the velocity distribution results in the reduction of the energy dissipation in the cyclones.     

Effects of separation space diameter on the performance of a novel reverse flow cyclone

ABSTRACT

A numerical study was carried out to investigate the effect of separation space diameter on the performance of a novel reverse flow tangential inlet cyclone design by using the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The design of this cyclone is based on the idea of increasing vortex length and decreasing pressure drop compared with traditional cyclones. This novel cyclone differs from the traditional cyclones with separation space and vortex limiter instead of the conical part. A qualitative numerical study was performed to analyze the effect of separation space diameter on the cyclone performance at different flow rates by evaluating velocity profile, pressure drop, fractional and overall efficiencies. The results show that the collection efficiency of smaller particles increases while pressure drop decreases significantly with the increase in separation space diameter for D₁/D < 0.5.     

Reducing Pressure Drop in Cyclones by a Stick

It is found that a thin stick inserted into a cyclone separator can substantially reduce the pressure drop. The percentage reduction in pressure drop is dependent on the cross-section shape, size, and placed position of the stick. By using talcum powder (mass mean diameter is 10.14 mu m) as the test powder, the experiment results show that the stick can reduce the pressure drop of the cyclone by approximately 20% at the same total separation efficiency and flow rate. If the cyclone is used in a two-stage separation system and a reduction of the efficiency within 5% is permitted, the pressure drop can be reduced more than 50%.     

The turbulent characteristics of the gas-solid suspension in a square cyclone separator

Three-dimensional particle dynamics analyzer was employed to study the gas-solid flow in a square-shaped cyclone separator which was designed for large CFB application. Distribution of flow vector, fluctuating velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent intensity and particle concentration were discussed. The swirling flow inside the cyclone showed the Rankine vortex characteristics, i.e., strong swirling vortex at the central region of the cross-section and weak swirling quasi-free vortex near the wall. The quasi-laminar motion of particles enhanced the turbulent movement at the corners due to particle-particle/wall collision, which led to the local peak value of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity. The corner is one of the major region to cause pressure drop because the suspension at the corners consumed more energy of the flow. The corners were found to be beneficial to particle separation mainly because the strong fluctuating flow consumed much of the kinetic energy of both the particle and the gas.     

Experimental Study and Analysis on Drag Reduction Mechanisms of Reducing Pressure Drop Stick in a Cyclone Separator

The mechanisms of mean mechanical energy losses in a cyclone separator with a Repds (Reducing Pressure Drop Stick) are studied. The results show that the energy losses are mainly caused by direct viscous dissipation, turbulent diffusion, and turbulent energy production, which is the same as in a conventional cyclone separator. In particular, the direct viscous dissipation and the turbulent energy production are of importance. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is used to measure the flow field in the cyclone body and the exit pipe of a cyclone separator with and without a Repds, respectively. The drag reduction mechanism of the Repds is analyzed by examining the effects of the Repds on flow parameters which are related to energy loss factors. The measured results and analysis reveal that the drag reduction results from decreases of the direct viscous dissipation, turbulent diffusion, and turbulent production as a whole when a Repds is inserted into a cyclone separator. The resultant drag reduction is a tradeoff between the increase and the decrease of energy losses caused by the Repds.     

环流式旋风除尘器内流场的数值模拟

采用 CFD 模拟软件 Fluent 6.2 提供的雷诺应力模型(RSM)对环流式旋风除尘器内的流场进行了数值模拟研究.并与热线热膜风速仪实验测试结果进行了比较.模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合.结果表明:环流式旋风除尘器特殊的流路设计,避免了内外旋涡的相互干扰,增强了旋转速度,规整了流形,减小了强湍流对性能的影响,消除了旋风除尘器易产生的短路流和二次返混,提高了除尘效率,降低了设备的压降.通过对影响除尘器性能的局部涡进行分析,为进一步优化结构提供了参考依据.     

新型双蜗壳式旋风分离器内流场分布的试验研究

采用五孔球探针测试仪对一种新型双渐开线入口结构旋风分离器分离空间的三维速度和压力分布进行了测量。试验结果表明,该旋风分离器分离空间的切向速度呈现“驼峰”分布,最大值达到29vp,离心力场较强,上行流区的静压变化为顺压梯度,有利于降低压力损失;在流场测量的基础上,利用积分离散化的方法计算了分离空间的下行流量,指出控制短路流和分离空间下端的旋涡流动是进一步的优化方向。     

气液旋流分离器进口宽高比优化的数值模拟

利用FLUENT提供的RSM和DPM模型对不同入口高度和宽度的气液旋流分离器进行了数值模拟. 结果显示,当增大宽度或高度时切向速度与分离效率减小,但压降降低;当宽度大于环形空间的间隙时,部分进气流量直接作用于排气管上,影响内部流场;减小入口宽度或高度时引起的压降无明显差别,但减小宽度可提高分离效率而高度则相反. 入口高度(a)与分离器筒体直径(D)的比值a/D和宽度(b)与分离器筒体直径(D)的比值b/D约为0.2时,压降基本相同,但分离效率相差约3.6%. a/D约为0.38时,分离效率约为95.6%,压降约为340 Pa;而b/D约为0.25时效率为96.3%,压降约为320 Pa,入口宽度对分离器性能的影响比入口高度更显著.     

排气管对旋风分离器轴向速度分布形态影响的数值模拟

采用数值模拟考察了排气管直径及结构对旋风分离器内轴向速度分布形态的影响。结果表明,改变排气管直径可使旋风分离器内轴向速度径向分布出现倒V形和M形两种不同的形态。排气管直径由小到大,轴向速度径向分布逐渐由倒V形转变为M形,轴向速度滞流最先产生于排气管内并不断向分离器下部空间扩展,排气管直径大到一定程度,轴向速度滞流甚至扩展至整个分离器空间。滞流区的径向范围亦随排气管直径的增大而增大;同时分离器中心轴向速度不断减小,滞流程度增加,甚至出现倒流。排气管下端扩口或缩口均可影响轴向速度的分布形态。上述轴向速度的分布形态与压力的轴向梯度相关,当排气管内能耗在总能耗中所占比例较小时,分离器中心压力的轴向梯度为正,从而使轴向速度产生滞流。     

旋风分离器进口涡旋感生速度场的减阻增效作用

旋风分离器进口段管路的结构关系着进口气速的分配,直接影响到下游分离空间三维速度场的形式,合理设计进口管的样式是挖掘分离器分离潜力的可能入手之处。采用实验及数值模拟手段,对环管和直管2种进口管路下轴对称双进口分离器的性能与流场作了对比研究。结果表明,环管进口的分离器分离总效率比两侧进口的平均高1.5个百分点,而压降损失降低25%以上。前者阻力小的原因在于进口环管内气流为局部的涡旋,与分离器内旋涡流动的形式接近,两股气流交汇时碰撞程度轻,附加的额外能耗较小;而总效率提高的原因为,环管进口的分离器切向速度比两侧进口的分离器约高0.15倍进口气速,能增强颗粒受到的离心作用、减小切割粒径,从而提升分离器总效率。根据涡旋理论,局部区域的涡旋会对整个流动空间产生感生的速度场,由于环管进口的分离器进口管内局部涡旋的存在,整个分离空间的切向速度场被增强。这种由涡旋感生速度场提升分离器切向速度的方式,加深了分离器运行过程中压头向速度转换的程度,不会消耗额外的能量。因此,采用旋涡流的进气方式,并合理提高进口涡旋的强度,是分离器分离性能进一步提升的新途径。     

输气站场多管旋风分离器流场分析

为了系统评价输气站场用多管导叶式旋风分离器的分离性能,模拟计算了入口速度7~27 m/s、颗粒密度1000~5000 kg/m3、颗粒浓度2.5~2500 g/m3、操作压力1~5 MPa条件下21管旋风分离器的分离效率和压降. 结果表明,多管旋风分离器的压降主要来自单管压降,约占整个压降的80%~90%,旋风子单独使用和并联使用时其流场分布规律相同,沿轴向对称分布,中心涡核处压力最低;分离效率和压降均随入口速度增大而增加,粒径为1~10 mm的固体颗粒分离效率从30.57%增加到63.86%,压降从9053 Pa增加到116864 Pa,在入口速度7~27 m/s范围内基本能除尽粒径大于6 mm的颗粒;随颗粒密度增加,分离效率增大,压降几乎不变;操作压力增大分离效率降低,而压降略增加. 各单管间进气量波动均不超过5%.     

Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop for Small Long‐Cylinder Cyclones Operating at High Flow Rates

To address the gas flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics for small long‐cylinder cyclones (SLCCs) in the high operating flow rate range, experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)‐based simulation were performed. The pressure drop coefficient depends insignificantly on the Reynolds number at high flow rates. The tangential and axial velocities present the Rankine vortex and the roughly inverted V‐shaped distribution, respectively, similar to those in typical cyclones. The CFD simulation approximated well the experimental data of pressure drop. The pressure drop caused by vortex loss, turbulent energy loss, and resistance loss accounted for 72.5 % of the total pressure drop. The Stairmand model was found to be relatively accurate among the classical pressure drop models for the proposed cyclone. The results may help in the design and applications of cyclone separators and reactors.