一种基于范围的可靠移动组播算法

移动IP[1]提出了双向隧道和远程签署两种移动组播算法,各自有明显的优缺点.在以双向隧道为基础的改进算法RBMoM[4]中引入了服务范围的概念.提出移动组播算法在远程签署的基础上结合服务范围概念,寻求最优转发路径和最小组播树管理开销之间的折衷,并在节点移动时采用在移动代理间建立隧道的方式补充数据包,提高组播可靠性.对模拟结果的分析和比较显示该算法具有更好的综合性能.     

Hydra: Efficient multicast routing in MANETs using sender-initiated multicast meshes

We present Hydra, the first multicast routing protocol for MANETs that establishes a multicast routing structure approximating the set of source-rooted shortest-path trees from multicast sources to receivers, without requiring the dissemination of control packets from each source of a multicast group. Hydra accomplishes this by dynamically electing a core for the mesh of a multicast group among the sources of the group, and aggregating multicast routing state in the nodes participating in multicast meshes, so that only control packets from the core are disseminated towards the receivers of a group. We prove that Hydra establishes correct routes from senders to receivers of a multicast group when multicast state information is aggregated. We also present simulation results illustrating that Hydra attains comparable or higher delivery ratios than the On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP), but with considerably lower end-to-end delays and far less communication overhead. Results are shown for scenarios using 802.11 DCF and TDMA as the MAC layer protocols and using random waypoint and group mobility as mobility models.     

基于稳定路径的MAODV协议改进

移动Ad Hoc网络组播路由协议MAODV中,组播树在节点移动速度较快的情况下会频繁重构,使得路由开销、传输时延显著增大。针对基于邻居节点变化率的稳定路径选择方法,提出一种新的节点邻居变化率的检测机制,不需要周期性地发送Hello消息,并在此基础上设计和仿真实现了基于稳定路径的MAODV协议SP-MAODV,新协议选择的路径稳定性好且跳数小。最后从数据分组传输成功率、路由开销、平均端到端时延和时延抖动四个方面对两个协议进行了仿真比较,结果表明SP-MAODV协议减少了路径中断概率,提高了协议性能。     

基于节点相对移动性的自适应按需组播路由协议

提出一种基于节点相对移动性的自适应按需组播路由协议RMNAM。RMNAM协议继承了ADMR协议的按需特性,并引入了节点相对移动性的概念。一方面,协议使用节点相对移动性作为组播转发树路径选择的重要依据,以提高组播转发树的健壮性;另一方面,协议将接收节点执行全局修复的频率与组播树各路径平均节点相对移动性信息相结合,对源节点的传输方式切换策略进行优化,使其具有更好的适应性。仿真实验结果表明,RMNAM在分组递交率和传输时延方面较ADMR有所改进,同时在有效性和扩展性方面保持了对ODMRP的优势。     

Link stability based multicast routing scheme in MANET

The group-oriented services are one of the primary application classes that are addressed by Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in recent years. To support such services, multicast routing is used. Thus, there is a need to design stable and reliable multicast routing protocols for MANETs to ensure better packet delivery ratio, lower delays and reduced overheads. In this paper, we propose a mesh based multicast routing scheme that finds stable multicast path from source to receivers. The multicast mesh is constructed by using route request and route reply packets with the help of multicast routing information cache and link stability database maintained at every node. The stable paths are found based on selection of stable forwarding nodes that have high stability of link connectivity. The link stability is computed by using the parameters such as received power, distance between neighboring nodes and the link quality that is assessed using bit errors in a packet. The proposed scheme is simulated over a large number of MANET nodes with wide range of mobility and the performance is evaluated. Performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two well known mesh-based multicast routing protocols, i.e., on-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) and enhanced on-demand multicast routing protocol (EODMRP). It is observed that the proposed scheme produces better packet delivery ratio, reduced packet delay and reduced overheads (such as control, memory, computation, and message overheads).     

Traffic Engineered Multicast Content Delivery Without MPLS Overlay

Multicast traffic engineering (TE) has recently attracted significant attention given the emergence of point-to-multipoint multimedia content delivery over the Internet. Existing multicast resource provisioning solutions tend to use explicit-routing based TE with multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) tunnels. In this paper, we shift away from this overlay approach and address native IP multicast traffic engineering based on link state routing protocols. The objective is that, through plain protocol independent multicast-sparse mode (PIM-SM) shortest path routing with optimized multitopology IGP (MT-IGP) link weights, the resulting multicast trees are geared towards minimal consumption of bandwidth resources. We apply genetic algorithms (GA) to the calculation of optimized MT-IGP link weights that specifically cater for engineered PIM-SM routing with statistical bandwidth guarantees in multimedia content delivery. Our evaluation results show that GA-based multicast traffic engineering consumes significantly less bandwidth in comparison to conventional IP approaches while also exhibiting higher service availability     

基于PIM-SM的域内组播设计

PIM-SM是一个不依赖于某一特定单播路由协议的组播路由协议,为组播数据转发提供路由信息。介绍了IP组播原理,分析了组播通信的优点,概述了组播路由协议。研究了基于PIM-SM的组播网络设计与实现方法,并给出了相关的网络配置方案。     

主动层次多目通信路由模型

许多应用需要IP多目通信.在Internet大规模应用IP Multicast时,有效的路由是关键.这样的多目路由协议必须是有效的、可伸缩的和增量可配置的.但是传统的Internet路由对性能是不敏感的,不能平衡负载和处理拥塞.现有的大多数多目通信路由协议不仅负责数据转发,还负责路由树的构造,这给路由器带来了极大的复杂性,而且协议的配置是手动的、费时费钱的工作.该文提出一个主动层次式Multicast路由的体系结构,采用主动网络技术将多目通信路由协议的数据转发和控制机制分开,根据链路的状态信息用主动报文控     

Applying link stability estimation mechanism to multicast routing in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks are self-organizing network architectures of mobile nodes. Node mobility causes network topologies to change dynamically over time, which complicated important tasks such as routing. In this paper, a novel link stability estimation model based on received signal strength indication is proposed. We have integrated this model into MAODV and present a stability-based multicast routing protocol termed as SMR. SMR can discover more available stable routes and better adapt to network topology changes. Simulation results show the superiority of SMR over the existing methods in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and routing packet overhead.     

一种多QoS约束的可靠移动组播路由协议

针对复杂多变的移动组播环境,从整体上提出了一种基于优先级的报文管理机制(PDMM)。对不同类型的报文赋以不同的优先级别,提出了一种基于层次结构的自适应移动组播路由协议(AMMPH),在子网内采用隧道机制、子网间采用远程签署和隧道机制相结合的组播路由协议,保证了报文的可靠高效传输,并在寻求最短转发路径和减少组播树重构开销间取得了较好的平衡。     

无线自组网多播协议的设计与仿真

在Ad hoc网络中,为了平衡能耗与鲁棒性,结合基于树和基于网格的多播协议的特点,给出了一个新的多播路由协议,基于Power aware优化的备用路径的多播协议(power aware-backup tree multicast,Pa-BTM).该协议采用主树和备用树相结合使用的方法,当主树损坏后立即采用备用树进行工作,提高了鲁棒性,同时基于树的结构也减少了能量的消耗.最后,使用仿真工具GloMosim对MAODV,ODMRP及Pa-BTM模拟仿真.仿真结果表明,该协议在包分发率和能量效能等性能上有所改善,可以较好地提高网络生存时间.     

一种基于内容的双向共享组播路由协议

针对组播协议在大规模分布式交互系统应用中面临的可扩展性问题,提出一种基于内容的双向共享组播路由协议CBSMRP(content-based bi-directional shared multicast routing protocol).该协议结合运用了主动路由思想和基于内容的发布-订购模式,在基于CBT(core-based tree)结构的双向共享组播树中,根据数据包的内容实现主动路由和双向过滤,不仅解决了组播地址的维护和分配等问题,而且能够有效地减轻系统的网络负载.仿真实验及实际应用表明,该协议具有较好的扩展性,能够满足大规模分布式交互系统的网络通信要求.     

一种改进的基于移动预测的可扩展多播路由协议

移动Ad Hoc网络是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的一个支持多跳的临时性的网络自治系统,随着网络应用规模的增长,在移动Ad Hoc网络中支持多播路由成为网络领域中一类重要的研究课题。在MAODV的基础上,提出了一种采用基于优先权指数的竞争广播算法以及基于移动预测的主动路由维护机制的改进多播路由协议,仿真结果表明改进后的协议减少了开销、降低了时延,有效地增加了协议的可扩展性。     

基于分层结构的多播路由协议

针对大规模Ad Hoc网络中平面多播路由协议缺乏可扩展性的缺点,提出一种基于分层拓扑结构的多播路由协议。该协议借鉴基于网格按需多播路由协议适合高速运动的优点,采用EWCA簇算法对其拓扑结构进行分层管理。仿真实验验证了该协议适用于大规模 Ad Hoc网络。     

移动预测下一种基于QoS保障的组播协议

基于QoS路由及保障路由实施是支持MANET应用的关键.为解决MANET中QoS问题,在移动预测机制下提出了一种基于QoS保障的组播协议.该协议通过簇头选举,移动预测和QoS控制策略在组播源与含目的节点的组播簇头间确定最稳传输路径,并采用基于动态资源管理的QoS路由模型来保障路由实施.仿真结果显示该方案可获得较高传输成功率和较低控制开销,能有效支持MANET中具有QoS需求的组播传输.     

A new wireless ad hoc multicast routing protocol

An ad hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network of mobile nodes without the intervention of fixed infrastructure. Limited bandwidth and mobility require that ad hoc routing protocols be robust, simple, and energy conserving. This paper proposes a new ad hoc multicast routing protocol called neighbor-supporting multicast protocol (NSMP). NSMP adopts a mesh structure to enhance resilience against mobility. And NSMP utilizes node locality to reduce the overhead of route maintenance. NSMP also attempts to improve route efficiency and reduce data transmissions. Our simulation results show that NSMP delivers packets efficiently while substantially reducing control overhead in various environments.     

基于不同树策略的多播路由算法

提出选择不同的树路由作为多播通信方案,以获得较低的综合代价保证网络负载均衡。由于多播路由的最优选择问题在多项式时间内难以求解,提出一种使用遗传算法的路由算法来同时优化不同的服务质量指标,计算产生出几种路由树。模拟结果和分析表明这种基于不同树策略的路由算法具有较好的性能效果。