酚醛树脂及其复合材料最新进展

概述国外近十年来新型酚醛树脂及其复合材料的最新发展趋势。介绍了其优异的阻燃、低发烟、低毒雾和热、力学、物理性能，论述了高反应活性酚醛树脂的ＳＭＣ模压成型、拉挤成型、手糊成型工艺和相应树脂体系的发展方向及应用领域，并指出我国开发新型酚醛树脂基复合材料的前景和方向。     

加成型酚醛树脂的研究进展

加成型酚醛树脂包括苯并噁嗪型、烯丙基、炔基、腈基、氰酸基和苯基马来酰亚胺基型。详细介绍和总结了这几种加成型酚醛树脂的性能特点、用途和局限性。综述了近几年国内外加成型酚醛树脂的研究进展。这些新型改性酚醛方法使得古老的酚醛树脂又焕发出新的性能,拓宽了酚醛树脂的应用范围。     

酚醛复合材料在汽车业中的应用

本文介绍了一个世界顶级酚醛树脂供应公司(比利时Vyncolit NV)，两种增强酚醛汽车构件(发动机机体和进气歧管)，两种增强酚醛汽车构件的成型工艺(RTM熔芯成型、模压)和小结。     

连续碳纤维增强热固性酚醛树脂复合材料的3D打印工艺及性能研究

针对连续碳纤维增强热固性酚醛树脂复合材料3D打印成型工艺的技术难题,本文提出了浸渍-原位预固化-后固化的3D打印成型方案,实现了连续碳纤维增强热固性酚醛树脂复合材料的3D打印成型,并研究浸渍温度对酚醛树脂接触角与表面张力,以及打印工艺对样件形貌和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:当浸渍温度为40 ℃,预固化温度为180 ℃时,纤维-树脂界面结合效果最佳,原料具备成型条件;当打印间距为0.5 mm时,样件的弯曲强度及模量达到最大值,分别为660.00 MPa和57.99 GPa,层间剪切强度达到20.14 MPa。此连续碳纤维增强热固性酚醛树脂复合材料一体化制备工艺解决了3D打印热固性树脂原位成型难的问题,为制备具有复杂结构的连续纤维增强热固性树脂复合材料提供了参考。     

整体模压喷管的研制

我们为某型号固体火箭发动机研制的整体模压喷管,采用高硅氧纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料与金属壳体整体成型,简化了工艺,缩短了制造周期,提高了喷管的工作可靠性。本文介绍了这种喷管的结构、材料设计、成型工艺及产品性能。     

VARTM用酚醛树脂的化学流变特性及模型分析

研究了一种新型的用于真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺(VARTM)酚醛树脂的流变特性。根据实测等温粘度曲线,采用双阿累尼乌斯模型,建立了用于真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺(VARTM)酚醛树脂的化学流变特性模型方程,分析表明模型拟合与实验结果之间具有较好的一致性,这为有效地预测RTM树脂的低粘度工艺窗口、合理制定复合材料成型工艺参数提供了必要的科学依据。     

酚醛复合材料的RTM熔芯成型

采用酚醛树脂传递模型（RTM）及低熔点合金可熔性型芯复合工艺,成型莆状极其复杂的复合材料发动机机体,对成型温度,树脂粘度及型芯的熔化温度等工艺参数进行实验研究,为优化复合材料发动机机体成型工艺提供了理论和实验基础。     

成型酚醛玻璃钢专用树脂制备与应用效果

酚醛玻璃钢用酚醛树脂和玻璃纤维织物成型。酚醛树脂具有耐酸、耐溶剂性能,改性后还可耐碱,是防腐工程中重要的耐腐蚀材料。但普通配方的酚醛树脂水份含量较大,粘度较高,若用来成型玻璃钢,制品密实性差且强度较低,一般不能单独使用。为此,我们从树脂生产工艺和玻璃钢成型工艺两方面着手改进,研制出具有粘度低、水份     

酚醛玻璃钢接触成型工艺探讨

玻璃钢自本世纪四十年代问世后,接触成型的基础产品一直是不饱和聚酯和环氧。据国外报导,七十年代英国研究了酚醛玻璃钢接触成型工艺。酚醛树脂是工业化最早的合成树脂,产量至今仍在热固性树脂中居首位。由于酚醛树脂耐酸、耐溶剂性能超过环氧和通用不饱和聚酯树脂,在工业设备防腐蚀中占有重要位置。但是,用普通酚醛树脂接触成型的玻璃钢易渗漏,强度低。这一问题过去国内一直没解     

耐烧蚀承力格栅成型工艺研究

本文介绍了新型承力格栅的研制,选用镁酚醛树脂作基体,4114纱无碱玻璃纤维预浸料和预混料混合增强材料,模压成型的工艺方法,使产品具有耐烧蚀,高强度,抗冲刷等性能。     

摩擦材料用改性酚醛树脂的研究进展

综述了摩擦材料用改性酚醛树脂(PF)的研究进展,其中分别对钼、硼无机物改性PF和聚酰胺、腰果壳油、桐油、亚麻油、橡胶等有机物改性PF进行了讨论,并对纳米PF树脂和复合改性PF进行了介绍。改性PF的性能得到了显著改善,用其作基体制备的摩擦材料具有摩擦系数稳定、磨损率低等优点。     

酚醛树脂检测方法与国际标准的对照研究

国内酚醛行业尚未建立国家标准。根据酚醛树脂工业快速发展的特点,酚醛树脂行业应尽快采用统一的相关检验标准。为了同国际标准接轨和提升中国酚醛树脂工业水平,用国内通用的检验方法、仪器设备和ISO标准方法及仪器,检测了树脂中游离酚、水分,粘度和细度等重要项目指标,并进行研究对照。其差距说明必须尽快采用ISO标准的实用价值和意义,为酚醛树脂建标做好前期准备。     

酚醛树脂固化动力学研究及其耐热性能评价

利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法分析了甲醛、苯酚物质的量之比为1.9:1、1.7:1、1.5:1、1.3:1时酚醛树脂(PF)的固化性能,采用Kissinger法计算了4批PF固化反应的表观活化能。用热失重分析(TG)法对4批PF的耐热性能进行了考察。试验结果表明,甲醛、苯酚物质的量之比为1.7:1时,PF的固化反应活化能最低,即固化时需要较少的热量,易固化,其耐热性能最好。     

烧蚀复合材料用酚醛树脂的结构表征及性能

采用FTIR、GPC、DSC及TG等方法对4种烧蚀复合材料用酚醛树脂(钨酚醛树脂(WPR)、硼酚醛树脂(BPR)、高残炭酚醛树脂(HCYPR)、S-157酚醛树脂)固化前的结构、分子质量及其分布、固化历程、热失重特性进行了表征和对比,以便为烧蚀复合材料基体的筛选提供理论依据。研究结果发现,S-157PR的分子质量最小,分布最窄,浸润性最好;4种酚醛树脂的固化峰温依次为HCYPR>BPR>WPR>S-157PR;800℃残炭率依次为BPR>HCYPR>WPR>S-157PR。     

Engineering Plastics from Lignin. IX. Phenolic Resin Synthesis and Characterization

The performance of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, formulated with lignin derivatives previously synthesized as phenolic resin prepolymers, was evaluated by thermal analysis of the curing process, and by a hard maple shear block test. At 54 and 60% phenol replacement levels, respectively, kraft (KL) and steam explosion lignin (SEL)-based resoles exhibited cure behavior very similar to a standard PF resin. Acid hydrolysis lignin gelled prematurely, and was found to be incompatible with the normal synthesis procedure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to compare kinetic parameters for the curing process of neat and lignin derived phenolic resins. Activation energies and cure rates determined by DSC showed no difference between adhesives. High lignin contents had no inhibitory effect on resin cure. Shear strength properties were evaluated in a compression test, and results illustrate that both lignin-based resins have acceptable strength properties, both in a dry and accelerated aging test. Of the lignins tested, kraft lignin consistently demonstrated superior performance as a pre-polymer in phenolic adhesives. This was attributed to differences in the chemical structure of the two lignins, which had been found to vary in terms of their reactivity with formaldehyde and phenol. KL had been noted to be more amenable to derivatization with formaldehyde and phenol, hence its ability to crosslink with a phenol-formaldehyde fraction during resin synthesis was increased. Positive structural features in KL are a high phenolic guaiacyl (3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy phenyl) content, low carbon-to-carbon bonding between aromatic rings, high solubility in alkali, and a higher number average molecular weight than SEL.     

Phenolic resins—100 years of progress and their future

Phenolic resins have been under continuous development as an important thermosetting resin material since the first successful trial production of the synthetic resin in Japan in 1911. Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd. traces its origin to the birth of this material (i.e. the successful trial production) and has been developing synthetic and composite production technologies since that time for adaptation to various applications. Phenolic resin molding compounds, which have been among the major applications of phenolic resins since their inception, exhibit highly favorable characteristics in terms of strength, heat-resistance, long-term reliability and cost, and therefore have been used in a wide range of applications from kitchen parts to components for electronic appliances and automobiles. In particular, phenolic resin molding compounds are gathering attention as a lightweight solution to replace metals in automotive applications, among others applications, and we are investigating these applications while making a vigorous research effort toward further improving the mechanical properties of these materials. This new research and development is founded on detailed prediction and analysis of the hardened structures in phenolic resins.This report outlines the history of phenolic resins, which were invented in 1907 and brought to Japan, along with the associated technology, as a result of personal ties between Dr. Leo Hendrik Baekeland and Dr. Jokichi Takamine; the widening application of phenolic resins in recent years; showcase applications based on green sustainable chemistry; and examples of new analysis methods (chemical analysis) and structural analysis. We hope this report will encourage the research and development of plastics in the new century and the development of commercial products [1].     

多聚甲醛/苯酚树脂活性和性能

以多聚甲醛和苯酚为原料,合成了适用于酚醛膨胀体制备的酚醛树脂.建立了用凝胶化时间和FTIR分析的羟甲基指数来判断酚醛树脂活性的方法,并跟踪分析了树脂活性在反应过程中的变化.实验结果表明：两种分析方法十分有效,并且得到的分析结果十分吻合.讨论了反应时间对树脂活性、黏度、固含量等性能的影响,以及树脂的性能对制备酚醛膨胀体的影响.     

碳纳米管改性酚醛树脂的研究

研究了碳纳米管改性酚醛树脂的制备方法，以及碳纳米管预处理方法和碳纳米管用量对酚醛树脂性能的影响，并用透射电子显微镜（TEM）和热分析仪（TG）测得其微观结构和热性能。结果表明，碳纳米管能显著提高酚醛树脂耐热性。     

酚醛树脂砂在油井固砂中的应用研究

分别合成了热塑性和热固性酚醛树脂,将2者混合后加入固化剂并与砂混合得到酚醛树脂覆膜砂并测试了其拉伸强度、弯曲强度,渗透性和热老化性能。结果表明,当酚醛树脂质量占砂子总质量的3%时,覆膜砂力学强度和渗透性满足再造井壁要求。采用热固性酚醛树脂与六次亚甲基四胺协同固化热塑性酚醛树脂,产品强度高,储存稳定性好。     

酚醛树脂的增韧方法及增韧机理分析

综述了酚醛树脂的主要增韧方法,详细地分析和总结了各种增韧方法的增韧机理。结果表明:增韧方法可以归结为内增韧和外增韧两大类,不同的增韧方法对应不同的增韧机理。