Dynamic failure analysis of concrete dams under air blast using coupled Euler-Lagrange finite element method

In this study, the air blast response of the concrete dams including dam-reservoir interaction and acoustic cavitation in the reservoir is investigated. The finite element (FE) developed code are used to build three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of concrete dams. A fully coupled Euler-Lagrange formulation has been adopted herein. A previous developed model including the strain rate effects is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. In addition, a one-fluid cavitating model is employed for the simulation of acoustic cavitation in the fluid domain. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the air blast loading on the response of concrete dam systems. Hence, the analyses are performed for different heights of dam and different values of the charge distance from the charge center. Numerical results revealed that 1) concrete arch dams are more vulnerable to air blast loading than concrete gravity dams; 2) reservoir has mitigation effect on the response of concrete dams; 3) acoustic cavitation intensify crest displacement of concrete dams.     

300m级超高面板堆石坝变形规律的研究

采用三维有限元数值分析方法研究了300m级超高混凝土面板堆石坝的变形规律。指出坝体分区、筑坝材料特性特别是流变特性是影响超高面板堆石坝变形性状的主要因素,要重视超高面板堆石坝上游部分坝体变形的鼓肚现象。建议了合理选择筑坝材料,适当提高下游堆石区填筑标准、全断面均衡填筑、上部1/3左右坝体采用变形模量较高的坝料,待坝体变形基本趋于稳定才浇筑面板以及考虑设置面板永久水平缝等工程措施来改善超高面板堆石坝的应力变形性状。     

关于可靠度理论应用于混凝土坝设计的问题

水荷载和自重可作为定值考虑,没有必要按随机变量处理,渗透压力、温度、地震等荷载,确有较大变异性,但问题较复杂,很难确定它们的统计参数。机口取样的混凝土强度试验资料较多,但混凝土的平仓振捣、冷缝、裂缝等因素,对坝体抗力的影响更大,而对于这些因素,可靠度理论是无能为力的。对混凝土坝安全影响最大的是基础内部的软弱结构面,由于埋藏地下,仅靠钻孔和少量探硐资料,很难用可靠度理论进行分析。混凝土坝设计以采用总安全系数为宜,安全系数的取值,主要依靠长期以来国内外实际工程的经验,而不是可靠度理论。     

强震区高面板堆石坝静力和动力应力变形性状

采用三维有限单元法对强震区高面板堆石坝在施工填筑、蓄水运行和地震情况下的应力变形性状进行了仿真计算,指出在地震时高面板堆石坝的静力和动力应力变形性状的一般规律,并提出了相应的抗震工程措施。     

Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.     

Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.     

Endochronic damage constitutive model for fully-graded aggregate mass concrete

The behavior of deformation and strength of a fully-graded aggregate concrete under complex stress state is the basis of the nonlinear analysis and design for mass concrete structures such as concrete dams. In this paper, based on the combined endochronic theory with damage mechanics and on the quantities of experimental data, an endochronic damage constitutive model suitable for various aggregate grade concrete is proposed. This model takes into consideration the scale effect and the effect of wet screen sieve of aggregate in which the concept of yield surface is not needed and the difference of damage evolution rule of various graded aggregate concrete is a concern. The proposed model is used to analyze the deformation and strength of fully-graded aggregate mass concrete and the wet screened aggregate concrete specimens. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data, which can be used as a guide for the design of arch dams and other mass concrete structures. __________ Translated from Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(7): 769–778 [译自: 水利学报]     

岩体质量的现场估计

本文介绍了一种在现场用振动衰减系数来估计岩体质量的新方法。从三个混凝土坝址岩体的实测数据表明,此法具有操作简便,快速,观测范围较大的特点。     

新疆坝工技术进展

新疆有大小河流570余条,97%的河川径流形成于山区。因此,山区水库大坝建设是开发水能资源、实现水资源合理配置与有效调控的重要措施。自20世纪90年代以来,新疆的水库建设已从平原水库转入山区水库建设,筑坝材料也在当地材料坝的基础上不断改进,碾压混凝土坝、混凝土面板砂砾石堆石坝、沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝、土工膜防渗堆石坝等坝型不断涌现。结合新疆坝工建设,系统地总结了坝工技术特点和取得的主要技术创新成果,研究认为:以黏土心墙堆石坝为基础坝型,以混凝土面板砂砾石堆石坝和沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝为主要发展方向,在高寒地区、高地震区、深厚覆盖层等特殊环境和各种不良地质条件下的筑坝技术,是新疆坝工建设的显著特点。努力在坝工设计、坝基处理、施工工艺和建筑材料等关键技术取得不断进步和创新,对于提高大坝建设和运行管理的技术经济水平、安全可靠性能具有非常重要的促进作用。     

高面板堆石坝抗震安全评价标准与极限抗震能力研究

针对强震区高面板堆石坝的特点,提出了基于稳定、变形、面板防渗体系安全的高面板坝抗震安全评价和极限抗震能力分析方法,并建议了坝坡抗震稳定、坝体局部动力稳定、坝体地震残余变形、面板防渗体系的抗震安全评价标准。对坝高超过250 m的某高面板堆石坝进行了极限抗震能力分析,根据坝坡稳定性、地震残余变形、单元抗震安全性、面板防渗体系抗震安全性等多角度的评价结果,初步认为,该高面板堆石坝的极限抗震能力为0.50g~0.55g。     

严寒、高震、深覆盖层混凝土面板坝关键技术研究综述

自 20 世纪 90 年代以来,新疆的水库建设已从平原水库转入山区水库建设,以混凝土面板砂砾石坝为主要的当地材料坝,得到了迅速发展。新疆于 20 世纪 70 年代末,开始引进混凝土面板坝筑坝技术,采用天然砂砾石填筑百米级高坝,是区别于一般面板堆石坝的主要特点。针对严寒地区、深覆盖层、高地震区等不良环境地质条件,全面总结基础上系统地建立了混凝土面板砂砾石坝筑坝关键技术体系,阐述了在抗震结构设计、坝体变形控制、坝体渗流控制等方面取得的创新突破,研究指出施工工艺的不断改进,大型机械压实功能的不断增强,为该坝型推广应用和安全性能提高,提供了重要的技术保障。对于提高混凝土面板砂砾石坝建设和运行管理水平具有重要意义。     

Challenges of high dam construction to computational mechanics

The current situations and growing prospects of China’s hydro-power development and high dam construction are reviewed, giving emphasis to key issues for safety evaluation of large dams and hydro-power plants, especially those associated with application of state-of-the-art computational mechanics. These include but are not limited to: stress and stability analysis of dam foundations under external loads; earthquake behavior of dam-foundation-reservoir systems, mechanical properties of mass concrete for dams, high velocity flow and energy dissipation for high dams, scientific and technical problems of hydro-power plants and underground structures, and newly developed types of dam-Roll Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams and Concrete Face Rock-fill (CFR) dams. Some examples demonstrating successful utilizations of computational mechanics in high dam engineering are given, including seismic nonlinear analysis for arch dam foundations, nonlinear fracture analysis of arch dams under reservoir loads, and failure analysis of arch dam-foundations. To make more use of the computational mechanics in high dam engineering, it is pointed out that much research including different computational methods, numerical models and solution schemes, and verifications through experimental tests and filed measurements is necessary in the future. Selected from Computational Mechanics, Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress on Computational Mechanics in Conjunction with the Second Asian-Pacific Congress on Computational Mechanics, Tsinghua University Press & Springer, 2004, 154–166     

Reducing risks in the investigation,design and construction of large concrete dams

An overview of the GeoSafe 2016 Symposium topic is provided using the example of large concrete dams for purposes of illustration. It is essential that the risks associated with large dams be evaluated rigorously and managed proactively at all stages of their lives so that the risk of failure remains As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). Rock engineering features of large concrete dams that require particular attention, assessment and monitoring during the investigation, design, construction, initial filling, in-service operation, and subsequent repair and upgrade stages of the lives of concrete dams are identified and illustrated by examples from recorded experiences. A number of major concrete dam failures, including that of the St. Francis dam, California, U.S.A., in 1928, have led to significant developments in rock mechanics and rock engineering knowledge and techniques, as well as in dam design and review processes. More recent advances include a range of analytical, numerical modelling, probabilistic, reliability, failure mode and risk assessment approaches.     

基于强度折减法的重力坝深层抗滑加固措施研究

对于重力坝坝基存在软弱结构面的抗滑稳定处理,工程实践中常采用混凝土硐塞置换或预应力锚索方案。为分析比较两种方案的处理效果,采用有限元方法,建立包含基岩内软弱结构面的三维模型,采用Drucker-Prager强度准则,考虑自重荷载、水荷载、扬压力、坝前淤沙压力,研究某水电站工程溢流坝段坝基深层抗滑稳定问题。在采用重力坝设计规范计算抗滑处理后安全系数相同的条件下,采用有限元通过强度折减的方法可计算得到不处理、硐塞置换方案与锚索方案3种不同工况下的破坏形态,采用等效塑性应变超过某一幅值作为判断材料是否进入塑性状态的指标,结合坝体位移随强度折减系数的变化曲线,判断坝基是否出现滑动,分析结果表明硐塞置换方案较锚索方案的安全裕度更大。     

面板堆石坝性状的初步统计分析

在很多情况下面板堆石坝已经成为优选坝型,但其设计很大程度上仍然依赖于工程经验。目前很少有文献基于大量工程实例数据对面板堆石坝的性状展开研究。收集和统计过去50 a已建的87个面板堆石坝的建设信息和性状监测记录,从统计学的角度分析面板坝性状特征。基于工程实测数据对填筑完工后坝顶沉降、面板挠度和应力、竣工时坝体最大沉降进行统计分析和规律总结。重点讨论了堆石母岩饱和状态抗压强度、地基特性、河谷形状和渗流对大坝性状的影响。结果可以进一步加强对面板堆石坝性状的深入理解,同时为面板堆石坝的设计、施工和运行管理提供指导和参考。     

高心墙堆石坝坝基廊道受力特性研究

在中国水资源最为丰富的西部地区,河床覆盖层厚达数十米甚至百米,一大批土石坝正在和将在这些大江大河上建设。坝体心墙与坝基防渗墙多采用廊道这种结构型式进行连接,廊道受力条件复杂,是工程成败的关键,但是有些已建工程却出现了廊道漏水的现象,廊道开裂和结构缝破坏成为亟待解决的问题。为了对廊道受力情况和开裂规律有一个清楚的认识,分析总结了几个工程廊道的监测资料,同时基于混凝土非线性本构理论,建立有限元模型对廊道进行了数值模拟。对监测结果和数值计算结果进行对比分析之后,探讨了廊道中的结构缝问题和廊道整体的受力规律,指明了廊道中需要重点关注的易开裂部位,为廊道合理配筋提供了指导,同时为类似工程的决策提供参考。     

高拱坝基础大垫座及周边缝设置研究

 提出高拱坝基础承载力对建基面的要求,讨论坝肩与河床基础大垫座及周边缝的工作机制、大垫座及周边缝设置的非线性分析特点以及其与高坝整体稳定的关系。指出大垫座设置对基础刚度的对称性、大坝整体稳定性有显著提高的效应。结合高拱坝(英古里、李家峡拱坝和锦屏I级拱坝)实例,详细讨论高拱坝在基础设置垫座后的安全度及坝踵、坝址应力分布优化情况。拱坝所提出的问题对我国目前的高拱坝建设具有指导意义。     

The Application of Rubber Dams for Water Supply in Hong Kong

There is a long history of the use of inflatable dams (rubber dams) in Hong Kong. Three inflatable dams were constructed in the 1960s as an integral part of the Plover Cove water supply scheme which was the largest project in Hong Kong at that time. However, because most civil-engineering structures are constructed from steel, concrete, soil and rock, the use of rubber as a construction material is subject to much scepticism. The problems and counter-measures associated with the use of rubber are discussed, based upon the experience of several departments which have used the dams in Hong Kong, and in other parts of the world.     

Cyclic Triaxial Tests on Asphalt Concrete as a Water Barrier for Embankment Dams

The seismic behavior of asphaltic concrete used in embankment dams subjected earthquake loads has been studied. In order to evaluate the dynamic behavior, an extensive series of monotonic and cyclic tests were carried out on triaxial specimens of asphalt concrete used in hydraulic structures. The MTS-dynamic equipment at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) was used for this purpose. Temperature and frequency effects on specimen behavior and on specimen degradation have been studied under the cyclic loads in both isotropic and anisotropic initial stress conditions. For investigation of the fatigue behavior, thousands of cyclic loads were imposed on some of the specimens. Moreover, to study any sign of material degradation due to the cyclic loading, the post-cyclic monotonic stress-strain curve was compared with the corresponding curve for specimens that were not first subjected to cyclic loading. Geotechnical parameters to be used in dynamic numerical analysis models are also presented.