In-between spaces and social interaction: a morphological analysis of Izmir using space syntax

This research tackles the intermediate spaces between buildings and the street, by examining the definition and importance of spatial configuration in relation to urban morphology and social relations. It also analyses how the organisation of in-between space affects social interaction in different urban forms. To understand the complex relations and socio-spatial structure of the city, it is important to use mixed methods. This research utilises various methods to focus on three dissimilar urban morphologies in Izmir, Turkey. Two inner city quarters and one modern housing estate of middle- and high-income groups are compared using space syntax analysis and snapshot observations. These neighbourhoods are selected according to their syntax measures from more integrated to segregated neighbourhoods in the axial analysis. And for a detailed zoomed-in analysis, similar diameter areas are covered for observations. Subsequently, activity patterns are observed at different times of the day, one weekday and one Sunday in three cases. In each neighbourhood, syntactic measures of all selected streets are correlated with these recorded activities. This study reveals that connectivity of streets is important for supplying niches that trigger long-duration activities and social interaction. In modern estates, stationary activities are not correlated strong enough with movement as it is in inner city neighbourhoods. Additionally, in-between spaces increase the frequency of social interaction and co-presence of people particularly in more integrated areas. However, this is only one element in developing sense of community. Further research is needed especially in correlating space syntax with environmental issues, as well as people’s behaviour.     

居住区公共空间社会维度的句法释义:以北京传统胡同空间中社会交往模式的探讨为例

空间句法作为理解城市空间的社会逻辑语言,深刻揭示了人类社会活动与空间形态的互动关联,并可定量而精确地描述空间结构形态,为公共空间的社会性研究提供了一种新的方法与视角.该文借助于空间句法对北京传统胡同空间形态进行定量分析,释义这些街巷空间何以成为居民社会生活多样性的支持系统,以及何以成为人们乐意聚集的交往场所空间.对今后居住区公共空间的设计具有很好的借鉴意义与参考价值.     

Planting design for urban parks: Space syntax as a landscape design assessment tool

Trees are a major factor in defining the spatial qualities of outdoor spaces. This study investigates the influence of spatial configuration produced by the proposed tree planting design on the visual fields of an urban park using space syntax theory. Space syntax theory assumes that an urban area can be represented as a matrix of connected spaces. The quantitative properties of this matrix in the form of syntactic measures can be measured using computer simulations. This research investigates how space syntax techniques can help assess the effect of tree configurations on the social structure of a small-scale garden in an urban park. Such techniques are assumed useful in predicting the social structure of the proposed space and in assessing design alternatives. An experimental study using three different planting design proposals for an urban park is conducted. Data are analyzed using space syntax techniques. Results reveal a significant effect of planting configurations on syntactic measures across the three proposals. This study suggests that space syntax techniques may have a significant value in the assessment of schematic planting design, especially at the pedestrian movement level.     

基于空间句法的多尺度城市公园可达性之探讨

空间可迭性是影响城市各层级公园布局合理性以及服务效能的重要因素,对它的研究受到广大学者的关注。文中以城市尺度与居住区尺度公园作为研究对象,基于空间句法视角探讨其空间可达性及服务的社会公平性。其中,空间句法作为理解城市空间的社会逻辑语言,深刻揭示了人类社会活动与空间形态的互动关联,并可定量而精确的描述空间结构形态,其参量集成度可作为公园空间可达性的直观量化判断标准,分析结果直观、科学而理性。空间句法为城市公园空间可达性的研究提供了一种新的方法与视角。     

Statics of space syntax: Analysis of daylighting

Space syntax involves a set of techniques for analyzing the spatial configurations of various spaces at building and urban scales. Religious spaces, such as prayer halls, are examples of buildings where observers experience space mostly from a single point of view. Furthermore, traditional space syntax is mainly used in the analysis of visibility and space cognition in terms of isovists and graph-based measures. The other aspects of space cognition, such as day lighting, artificial lighting, and glare, are carried in the isolation of the space syntax analysis. This paper proposes the scaling of the space syntax field for the inclusion of other parameters, such as daylighting, and integration of the associated performative measures to space syntax analysis of the mosque typology to aid in the studying of overall space cognition based on comfort and environmental parameters. We present a case study on a typical mosque layout using multi-objective optimization. The analysis presented in the paper has implications for the architectural designs of spaces with respect to glare management and daylight potential. Moreover, it is unique and builds on our previous work for the exploration of comfort, visibility, and proximity thresholds for stationary observers.     

Reflection of cultural practices on syntactical values: An introduction to the application of space syntax to vernacular Malay architecture

This study introduces the basic concepts and terminologies regarding space syntax research through a simple spatial configuration. The concepts are elaborated for intricate configurations. This study aims to deepen the understanding of how syntactical analysis can extract social information embedded in traditional architectural practice in the Malay Archipelago. The basic terminologies are outlined, and the sequential procedure for analysis is described along with its interpretation in the context of actual social phenomena. Result shows that the syntactical properties of a particular configuration within a particular region reflect the traditions of the people in that region. This study serves as a basis for the future study of the applications of space syntax to diverse spatial configurations in the Malay Archipelago.     

Understanding the context of neighborhood parks: a method for public space classification

Neighborhood parks are recognized as key urban public spaces that serve the social, economic, and environmental needs of adjacent neighborhoods. However, relevant studies primarily focus on the contribution of neighborhood parks as discrete spaces, instead of neighborhood parks as built spaces within an urban context. This research provides a better understanding of the inter-relationships between various urban form measures and an alternative way of constructing public space typology based on the surrounding urban form. The research employs factor and cluster analysis to develop a typology of 150 neighborhood park contexts in the City of Chicago, Illinois. 150-neighborhood park surroundings are classified into six categories based on an understanding of the dimensional structure of urban form elements; however, the Chicago Park District currently classifies them into one broad category. The study also provides guidelines for urban design and physical planning strategies for neighborhood park development.     

运用空间句法衡量小型城市公园的安全性——以埃及开罗市罗德-法拉格公园为例

Decoding the relationship between crime and place has been the focus of researchers in both design and social fields for a few decades. Space syntax theory offers the possibility of examining the configuration characteristics of the environment and their potential influences on people’s activities and crime patterns; however, its implementation in landscape architecture has been limited. This study responds to such a gap by exploring the effectiveness of applying space syntax theory to predict safety levels in a park in Cairo, Egypt. depthmapX was used to analyze the spatial configuration of the park. Crime records from 2019 were collected through site observation and staff interviews, and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. Results indicated a strong correlation between space depth / integration / connectivity and crime pattern distribution. The park visibility graphs indicated the different impacts of vegetation (evergreen tree / deciduous trees) in summer and winter on visual connectivity and crime types. The research concluded that applying space syntax theory to landscape architecture is challenging; nevertheless, it represents a promising approach to predict committing crimes in urban parks, and the findings can be adopted to enhance park conceptual designs to achieve higher safety level.     

空间组构

本文讨论了空间句法理论中核心的理念——组构,回顾了空间句法团体关于空间、社会．认知,以及它们关系的研究,从而阐明了组构性的范式,即人与环境是同一“硬币”的两面。然而,如同空间句法理论那样,任何关于复杂系统的组构性科学研究是无法避免简化的。     

Application of the space syntax theory to quantitative street lighting design

A new design methodology for quantitative street lighting design planning using space syntax theory, which is used to generate a strategic design framework based on detailed analysis of spatial configuration, is described. The space syntax theory is based on the fact that any urban area can be represented as a matrix of connected spaces, and that mathematical properties of this matrix can be measured using computer simulations. This study explores the development of a strategic street lighting design methodology based on the results of the space syntax model, especially a level of pedestrian movement, which may have widespread usefulness in a schematic urban lighting design stage. As a case study, the relationship between observed pedestrian movement rate and the measured illuminance values of a particular district in Seoul, Korea is analyzed, and then a new quantitative street lighting plan is proposed.     

Rational-design process and evaluation of street-lighting design for apartment complexes

This study proposes the application of a rational-design process for street-lighting design considering the characteristics of space and the apartment complex on the basis of the recommended illumination levels for such. In this study, space syntax theory, which is used to generate a strategic-design framework based on detailed analysis of spatial configuration and represent any urban area as a matrix of connected spaces using computer simulations, is implemented in the design process. Based on previous research, which utilized the application of the space syntax theory to street-lighting design in a commercial area, this study extends such research to include street-lighting design of residential areas. In addition, this study evaluates current street-lighting designs in apartment complexes including selection of proper luminaires and relocation of existing luminaires. This study proposes further detailed improvements of the street-lighting design process.     

游人对乌兰察布城市公园植物景观 空间的偏好研究

以内蒙古乌兰察布市中心城区8个城市公园中的植 物景观空间为研究对象,使用行为观察法和行为地图法记录游 人的景观偏好与行为偏好,用相关性分析、方差分析研究植物 景观空间特征指标与游人偏好的关系,为提升游人在植物景观 空间的游憩体验、构建人性化城市公园提供参考。研究表明： 游人偏好水体与植物组合景观空间,且游人偏好与植物观赏特 性、季相变化、色彩构成呈显著正相关,与亲水性呈显著负相 关;游人喜欢在城市公园植物景观空间中欣赏美景和社交;游 人倾向于在野生植物种类少、可达性好的植物景观空间内进行 休闲娱乐活动,在气味芳香、硬质广场面积较大的植物景观空 间内进行体育健身活动,在郁闭度高、较封闭、离水边较远、 离出入口较近的植物景观空间内进行安静休憩活动。     

城市空间之复杂效应

城市空间的复杂性来自于我们认知与体验城市的双重性，我们感知局部空间的同时又需要从整体的角度理解城市，借用空间句法的理论与方法，本文从空间网络的角度定量地研究城市空间。揭示了其拓扑。几何与分形特征，它们对应于我们不同的生活与出行方式。同时，不同等级的城市区域或者场所具有模糊的边界，它们的形成更多地取决于整体空间布局。     

居住建筑组构模型的动线网络分析——空间句法组构理论的应用

该文简要论述了希利尔空间句法研究中的组构模型方法。文中应用组构建模和网络中心度（接近中心度Cc与经过中心度Cb）指标，对三例中国传统居住建筑的空间构成作了图解分析，这些图解分析展现了传统居住空间中社会制度时日常生活动线的严密控制；文中讨论了组构理论中的句法学与日常生活经验之间的关系；论述了组构建模与解释，都需要依据具体的日常实践经验。这种基于组构模型的解释方法，有助于把概念诠释的“自明性”与分析模型的“逻辑性”结合起来；进而揭示空间形态中所蕴含的概率性活动规律。     

句法研究之相关“空间”浅析

空间句法是关于空间的计算语言,这种语言可以深入解释建筑与城市的空间本质与功能,“空间”是句法研究所关注的本质,是一个多维概念。该文概要评述句法研究中所涉及的各类相关空间的含义,重点探讨作为句法理论基石的“认知空间”、作为句法对现实空间抽象表达的“符号空间”以及作为句法模型计算基础的“拓扑空间”,以求对空间句法研究所涉及的“空间”全面而深刻的认识与理解。     

小广场大战略＊--上海袖珍广场设计思考

城市公共空间是城市生活的舞台,也是城市设计的核心领域。良好的城市公共空间对于促进社会交往,展示城市形象特征,构建安全、舒适的城市生活具有重要价值。2013年上海以“袖珍广场”为题,组织设计竞赛,在用地紧张的中心城区建立服务于城市生活的公共空间,提供市民休闲、活动、交流的“城市客厅”。介绍清华大学在小广场竞赛设计中对上海城市公共空间的一些思考,藉此探讨公共空间如何在城市发展中发挥积极作用,提升城市物质空间和社会空间品质。     

Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis

Impacted by the compounding effects of climate change and urbanization, cities are facing a panoply of risks that threaten their sustainability. Recognizing the potentially catastrophic ramifications of inaction, local governments are increasingly involved in resilience-building activities that are informed by a vast body of research related to different socio-economic, environmental, and institutional aspects of urban planning and design. However, despite its significant impacts on growth and evolution of cities, limited research exists on how urban form can enhance resilience by increasing the abilities to plan for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse events. As a step towards filling this gap, this paper explores how meso-scale urban form elements can affect urban resilience. This is done through synthesizing theoretical and empirical evidence reported in the literature. The focus is on morphological parameters related to the following urban form elements: neighborhoods, blocks, lots, and open spaces. Results show that existing evidence is mainly related to the associations between ‘neighborhood density, size and configuration of open spaces, and land use mix’ and resilience to ‘climate change impacts’, ‘earthquakes’, ‘social issues’, and ‘resource scarcity’. There is also considerable evidence on the association between design of blocks/lots and resilience in terms of climate change adaptation/mitigation and adaptability to changing circumstances. The analysis also shows that each element influences and is influenced by other elements in the urban system and different elements should not be studied in isolation and the interplay between them should be considered. Existing evidence on conflicts is mainly related to density, but measures related to other elements may also involve conflicts. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research towards improving resilience of urban form at the meso-scale.     

澳门半岛的街网结构与商业密度分布研究

研究以澳门半岛城区商业网点数据为基础,运用空间句法理论与方法,以街道为单元对商业网点分布进行了定量分析,旨在探讨商业网点在城市街道网络聚集、分布的空间特征以及不同尺度街网结构与商业密度分布之间的关联所反映的澳门半岛商业中心职能的差异与分化。     

连续运动与超链接机制 ——基于重庆地面及地铁交通流量数据的大尺度范围空间句法实证分析

本文基于重庆市2010-2013年地面 机动车流量数据及2014年地铁各站客流量数 据,应用空间句法分析软件,分析了重庆城市 大区域尺度范围内地面及地铁流量与空间线 段地图分析结果的关联,验证了空间句法工 具对城市大尺度范围流量分析的适用性。另 外,基于地铁流量的实证数据,本研究重点对 比测试了用空间句法分析地铁的两种建模方 式：将地铁线路独立处理的“分离式”模型和 将地铁线路纳入线段地图分析的“一体化” 模型,发现“一体化”模型在分析站间截面流 量时效果明显更好,但在分析进出站客流量 时仅比“分离式”模型略好。作为结论,本文 对地面和地铁两个问题的研究分别引出了连 续运动和超链接两种空间机制,二者的共同 作用使空间句法得以在超出视线和步行范围 的大区域尺度上对城市进行有效分析。     

基于关联规则的儿童户外活动空间偏好 研究——以杭州三个社区公园为例

社区公园是儿童户外活动的重要承载空间。研究儿 童在社区公园的行为偏好及空间需求对增加儿童户外活动机 会、提升社区公园品质和促进环境公平具有重要意义。以杭州 市3个社区公园为研究对象,采用行为注记法获取儿童活动空 间分布特征,运用关联规则、核密度分析和多因素方差分析等 方法,研究儿童户外活动与社区公园空间和环境要素之间的关 系。研究发现,社区公园中儿童不同活动类型对空间的偏好度 存在显著差异：自然活动对特定空间的偏好度最高,主要集中 在有沙、水体和草坪的空间;功能活动和规则活动的空间偏好 度次之,多发生在器械区、广场等设施丰富或面积较大的场 地;休闲活动与大部分空间都具有关联性,分布较均衡。设 施、基底类型和植被覆盖等环境要素与儿童活动空间选择的关 联性较强。以此为基础,提出以儿童活动偏好为导向的社区公 园规划设计建议。