Measuring the spatial quality of bedrooms in nursing homes with visual environmental performance

The elderly’s perception of their environment largely depends on acquired visual information. This study provides a quantitative analytical method for designing bedrooms in nursing homes by developing a computational model that uses viewing distance, viewing angle, and viewing field as variables. The model is utilized to measure a range of visual environmental properties, including privacy, accessibility, permeability, and visibility, which reflect the quality of bedrooms in nursing homes. The suitability levels of bedroom planes for the elderly and their main living functions as well as the fitting degree of the functional layout are calculated based on these data. After validating the computational model’s feasibility, this study optimizes the typical schemes of single and double rooms in nursing homes. Results reveal certain advantages of the arrangement where bathroom doors are set toward the inside of the bedroom and double rooms have a large width. The computational model can be used in measuring the spatial quality of bedrooms in nursing homes and as a mathematical model for related algorithm design and software programming to assist in the design and optimization of bedrooms for the elderly.     

冬季空调不加湿对室内参数的影响

基于质量守恒方程导出了冬季空调系统不加湿时房间内的含湿量计算式,综合考虑影响室内含湿量的主要因素,得出冬季空调可以不加湿时应满足的条件,考察了中国典型气候区代表性空调房间冬季空调不加湿时室内相对湿度能否满足设计要求。研究表明:中国各地区的商场,夏热冬冷地区的餐厅及三星级及以下酒店多功能厅,夏热冬暖地区的影剧院、办公室、酒店客房及多功能厅、餐厅,温和地区的办公室、三星级及以下酒店客房、酒店多功能厅及餐厅空调系统不加湿即可达到设计湿度要求;严寒地区及寒冷地区的影剧院、办公室、酒店客房、酒店多功能厅及餐厅,夏热冬冷地区的影剧院、办公室、酒店客房、四星级及以上酒店多功能厅以及温和地区的影剧院、四星级及以上酒店客房等房间的空调系统必须加湿才能达到设计要求。     

PPP 用于不同地域养老院的风险评价模型

针对我国老龄人口现状及养老院存在的问题,对公私合作关系模式用于我国养老机构的项目进行评价研究。利用 PSETEL 分析法确立项目的主要风险因素,建立风险集。运用模糊层次分析法求出各风险因素的权重,对不同地区养老机构的二级风险因素进行三角模糊数综合评价,剔除专家的偏好,建立风险隶属度集合。确定不同地区的风险因素的风险值,将风险值与风险评语集中的值对比得出该地区公私合作关系模式应用于养老机构建设的风险等级,同时可以明确需要重点控制的风险因素,并用实例验证模型的实用性和合理性。     

常温可逆温致变色建筑涂料的研究

介绍了常温下颜色可随温度可逆变化的温致变色建筑涂料的研制及其常温可逆变色性能,结果表明,所研制建筑涂料的颜色可在氏温下的暖色调和高温下的冷色调之间随温度作可逆变化,并且该涂料的基它性能也完全满足建筑装饰的需要。     

Light conditions for older adults in the nursing home: Assessment of environmental illuminances and colour temperature

Over 40% of nursing home residents in the Netherlands are estimated to have visual impairments. In this study, light conditions in Dutch nursing homes were assessed in terms of horizontal and vertical illuminances and colour temperature. Results showed that in the seven nursing homes vertical illuminances in common rooms fell significantly below the 750 lx reference value in at least 65% of the measurements. Horizontal illuminance measurements in common rooms showed a similar pattern. At least 55% of the measurements were below the 750 lx threshold. The number of measurements at the window zone was significantly higher than the threshold level of 750 lx. Illuminances in the corridors fell significantly below the 200 lx threshold in at least three quarters of the measurements in six of the seven nursing homes. The colour temperature of light fell significantly below the reference value for daylight of 5000 K with median scores of 3400 to 4500 K. A significant difference in colour temperature was found between recently constructed nursing homes and some older homes. Lighting conditions of the examined nursing homes were poor. With these data, nursing home staff have the means to improve the lighting conditions, for instance, by encouraging residents to be seated next to a window when performing a task or during meals.     

Ventilation rates in the bedrooms of 500 Danish children

The ongoing “Indoor Environment and Children’s Health” (IECH) study investigates the environmental risk factors in homes and their association with asthma and allergy among children aged 1–5 years. As part of the study, the homes of 500 children between 3 and 5 years of age were inspected. The selected children included 200 symptomatic children (cases) and 300 randomly selected children (bases). As part of the inspection, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the bedrooms of the children was continuously measured over an average of 2.5 days. The ventilation rates in the rooms during the nights when the children were sleeping in the room were calculated using a single-zone mass balance for the occupant-generated CO₂. The calculated air change rates were log-normally distributed (R² > 0.98). The geometric mean of the air change rates in both the case and the base group was 0.46 air changes per hour (h⁻¹; geom. SD = 2.08 and 2.13, respectively). Approximately 57% of both cases and bases slept at a lower ventilation rate than the minimum required ventilation rate of 0.5 h⁻¹ in new Danish dwellings. Only 32% of the bedrooms had an average CO₂ concentration below 1000 ppm during the measured nights. Twenty-three percent of the rooms experienced at least a 20-minute period during the night when the CO₂ concentration was above 2000 ppm and 6% of the rooms experienced concentrations above 3000 ppm. The average air change rate was higher with more people sleeping in the room. The air change rate did not change with the increasing outdoor temperature over the 10-week experimental period. The calculation method provides an estimate of the total airflow into the bedroom, including airflows both from outdoors and from adjacent spaces. To study the accuracy of the calculated air change rates and their deviation from the true outside air change rates, we calculated CO₂ concentrations at different given air change rates using an indoor air quality and ventilation model (Contam). Subsequently we applied our calculation procedure to the obtained data. The air change rate calculated from the generated CO₂ concentrations was found to be between 0% and 51% lower than the total air change rate defined in the input variables for the model. It was, however, higher than the true outside air change rate. The relative error depended on the position of the room in relation to the adjacent rooms, occupancy in the adjacent room, the nominal air change rate and room-to-room airflows.     

上海市建筑室内空气污染现状研究

选取上海地区82间办公室和48户住宅,以《室内空气质量标准》为检测和评价依据,以室内空气中的甲醛、TVOC和苯作为代表污染物,对其浓度水平进行了分析.从中发现目前民用建筑室内空气质量超标情况普遍,除客厅污染物超标率偏低外,厨房和书房中甲醛的超标率较高,书房中TVOC的超标率最高,卧室中苯的超标率最高.同时根据目前检测指标的选取情况发现大多数居民对于室内空气污染整体认识还需加强.     

Comfort limits for asymmetric thermal radiation

Groups of 32 and 16 subjects of both sexes were exposed in an environmental chamber to radiant asymmetry caused by a cool wall, a warm wall, and a cool ceiling. Each subject was tested individually while seated and clothed at 0.6 clo. During each 3.5-hour experiment the subject was exposed to six radiant temperature asymmetries. He was asked whether and where he experienced any local cool or warm sensation, and whether it was felt to be uncomfortable. During the entire experiment he was kept thermally neutral by changing the air temperature according to his wishes.For cool walls, warm walls, and cool ceilings curves have been established showing the percentage of dissatisfied subjects as a function of the radiant asymmetry. Radiant asymmetry at a warm wall caused less discomfort than a cool wall. A cool ceiling caused less discomfort than a warm ceiling. Accepting that 5% of the subjects may feel uncomfortable. a radiant temperature asymmetry of 10°C is allowable at a cool wall, 23°C at a warm wall, and 14°C under a cool ceiling. A previous study showed that 4°C is allowable under a warm ceiling. Radiant asymmetry had no significant impact on the operative temperatures preferred by the subjects. No significant differences were observed between the responses of men and women exposed to radiant asymmetry.     

My Dream Home

<正>My dream home is near the sea.It has 2 floors and there are 10 rooms in it.It has a big living room and five nice bedrooms.I have a big study of my own.Behind the house,there is a big football field.I can enjoy playing football with my friends there.And I also like walking on the beach with my parents after supper every day.     

浅谈室内色彩艺术

介绍了色系的暖色和冷色，对不同色系的搭配方案进行了探讨，以鼓励人们去尝试各种色彩，从而找到喜爱的配色方案，在家居设计中真正体现个人品味，显现个人魅力。     

Meta-analysis of indoor temperatures in new-build housing

ABSTRACT

Despite growing concerns about overheating, a lack of evidence exists on the scale of the problem, particularly in contemporary UK housing. This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis of indoor temperatures in selected low-energy housing. Temperature data recorded at five-minute intervals in 60 dwellings across 19 demonstration projects (2012–14) were collated and analysed to investigate the prevalence of overheating. Findings evidence high summertime temperatures, with 27% of living rooms exceeding 28°C during August. Based on the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) threshold of 5% annual occupied hours > 25°C, 57% of bedrooms and 75% of living rooms were classified as having overheated. Overall, 30% of living rooms exceeded the adaptive comfort threshold of > 3% occupied hours ΔT?≥?1?K. The results suggest a fundamental relationship between ventilation and indoor temperatures. The higher minimum and average summertime temperatures observed in mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) homes (p?<?0.05) and lower temperature range (p?<?0.001) suggest the need for greater attention to adequate summertime ventilation provision in airtight homes. The results demonstrate a high prevalence of overheating in exemplary housing, indicating the need for greater efforts to ensure the effective implementation of strategies to minimize overheating and improve ventilation in low-energy homes.     

Spatial variability of particulates in homes: implications for infant exposure

Personal monitoring of particulate matter (PM) exposure in infants is difficult. Indirect, microenvironment modelling methods are more practical. Infants spend most of their time indoors at home and the aim of this study was to investigate spatial variations in PM concentrations within homes. Three size fractions of PM - particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microm (PM(10)), less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) and total suspended particulates (TSP) - were monitored in the homes of 77 infants (0-2 years) using a multi-stage virtual impactor. In all homes PM was monitored simultaneously in the main living room at heights of 1.4 m and 0.2 m from the floor. In 26 of these homes monitoring was also conducted simultaneously in the infant's bedroom. Further, PM(10) was measured simultaneously in the living room, bedroom and child's cot in 14 homes using a real-time photometer. All homes in the study were non-smoking households. On average, there were no significant differences between concentrations of any of the different PM size fractions measured at the two heights (living room) and between living room and bedroom concentrations. However, there were only moderate correlations in concentrations between the different microenvironments and in some homes there was considerable variation between sampling sites. From the real-time measurements there seemed to be good agreement between concentrations measured in different rooms and in the cot and short-term peak concentrations at one sampling site were often mirrored at other sites. These results suggest that, although large variations in PM concentrations between rooms within homes can occur, a single monitoring station can provide a reasonable estimate of indoor concentrations.     

雷利亚住宅,雷利亚,葡萄牙

项目位于雷利亚郊区一个很高的位置上,可以俯瞰整个城市。建筑功能很普通:一栋住宅分成以卧室为代表的私密空间和以起居室为代表的社交空间。私密区域设计为位于街道标高,围绕中心庭院的几个房间向着私密天井开放,形成了一种具有私密性的环境。起居室位于一个孔洞旁边,那里有从上方洒下的光,并能看     

The effect of home characteristics on dust antigen concentrations and loads in homes

On-site home visits, consisting of a home inspection, dust sampling, and questionnaires were conducted in 777 homes belonging to an ongoing birth cohort study in Cincinnati, Ohio. Various home characteristics were investigated, and antigen levels (concentrations [microg/g] and loadings [microg/m(2)]; IU for cockroach allergen) in floor dust samples collected in child's primary activity room were analyzed by ELISA. Monoclonal antibodies were used for the analysis of cat, house dust mite, and cockroach allergens, and polyclonal antibodies for Alternaria and dog antigens. The relationship between the antigen levels and home characteristics was investigated through a generalized multiple regression model. More than half of the homes experienced mold/water damage. Cats and dogs were present in 19.7% and 31.1% of homes, respectively. More than 90% of homes had either carpet or area rug covering their floors. Among 777 homes, 87-92% of homes had measurable amount of Alternaria, cat, and dog allergen/antigen in house dust, whereas only 38% and 14% of homes had measurable levels of house dust mite and cockroach, respectively. Alternaria antigen level in house dust was not associated with visual mold/water damage, which was suspected to be one of the sources for this antigen in homes. Instead, the antigen level was high in samples taken in fall and in homes having dogs implicating that Alternaria antigen appears to be transported from outdoors to indoors. A high level was also measured in homes using a dehumidifier (these homes have experienced excessive humidity) and in-home venting of clothes dryer, which might be associated with microclimate affecting mold growth and spore release. The allergen/antigen level (both concentration and loading) of cat, dog and cockroach was significantly associated with the number of cats and dogs, or the appearance of cockroaches, respectively. High level of house dust mite allergen was measured in bedrooms and in homes using dehumidifier and no central forced air heating system. Having indoor plants was shown to reduce allergen levels. Carpeted floor was found to hold larger amount of antigens than non-carpeted floor. Antigen loading demonstrated more consistent and larger numbers of associations with home characteristics compared to antigen concentration. This study encompassed a wide range of home characteristics and various antigen types. Our findings provide information on home characteristics that can be used for allergen avoidance and in planning future exposure assessment studies.     

浅谈居室色彩对人心理的影响

讨论了居室色彩对人心理的影响，大量事实、研究证明，室内色彩可以直接影响人的生理和心理活动，色彩的调制与运用得当，会带给人们无比的美感，同时对人们心理也有着不可忽视的调节作用，而不协调的色彩对人的心理、生理、情绪甚至健康会产生恶劣的影响。     

养老院室内空间一体化设计策略探究——以兰州市半山养老院为例

随着我国老龄化趋势日益加深,养老设施已无法满足当前现状,养老院环境问题作为养老设施中的重要环节,亟待解决。基于养老院老年人特征以及对空间环境的需求,以空间的整体性、关联性、情感功效性为原则,对养老院室内空间装饰环境构成因素进行系统化整合,提出适用于养老院的室内空间一体化设计策略。以兰州市半山养老院为例进行养老院室内空间一体化设计,以期为西北地区养老院室内设计提供理论依据。     

浅谈住宅电气设计中如何布置插座

根据现代住宅电气设计安装的实际情况,就客厅、卧室、书房、厨房、餐厅、洗涤间、卫生间插座的布置、安装高度及容量选择进行了具体阐述,并提出相关建议,以期为将来向智能型住宅方向发展打下基础。     

Occupant Tenability in Single Family Homes: Part I—Impact of Structure Type,Fire Location and Interior Doors Prior to Fire Department Arrival

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the impact of structure geometry, fire location, and closed interior doors on occupant tenability in typical single family house geometries using common fuels from twenty-first century fires. Two houses were constructed inside a large fire facility; a one-story, 112 m², 3-bedroom, 1-bathroom house with 8 total rooms, and a two-story 297 m², 4-bedroom, 2.5-bathroom house with 12 total rooms. Seventeen experiments were conducted with varying fire locations. In all scenarios, two bedrooms had doors remaining open while the door remained closed in a third bedroom immediately adjacent to the open door bedrooms. Temperature and gas measurement at the approximate location of a crawling or crouching trapped occupant (0.9 m from the floor) were utilized with the ISO 13571 fractional effective dose (FED) methodology to characterize occupant tenability up to the point of firefighter intervention. The FED values for the fire room were higher for heat exposure than for toxic gases, while target rooms reached highest FED due to CO/CO₂ exposure. The closed interior door decreased FED significantly, with the worst case scenario resulting in a 2% probability of receiving an incapacitating dose compared to the worst case scenario for an open bedroom of 93% probability of receiving an incapacitating dose. In fact, in 7 of the 17 experiments, the closed interior door resulted in a less than 0.1% chance of an occupant receiving an incapacitating dose prior to firefighter ‘intervention.’     

Exploring the spatial arrangement of patient rooms for minimum nurse travel in hospital nursing units in Korea

With increasing demands on medical care services, one of the trends is the mixed patient room arrangement of single/double-bed and multi-bed rooms in a nursing unit on the same floor. This influences nurse-to-patient assignment and often causes an unbalanced workload and longer travel distances for nurses. The objective of this study was to investigate how floor configuration and room density influence nurse travel in the hospital's medical surgical units in Korea. This study presented a novel approach to measure nurse travel distances in eight existing nursing units. The agent-based simulation was conducted to model nurses' walking trails, and the distance of one nurse travel to assigned patient rooms was measured for each nurse. With revisions in the spatial arrangement of patient rooms, locating multi-bed rooms near the nurse station, symmetric room layout centering the nurse station, and planning both single/double-bed and multi-bed rooms on one side of corridors, nurse travel distance decreased more than 15%. This study contributed to the knowledge of agent-based simulation as an evaluation framework for spatial analysis. Apart from application to Korea, these results are particularly of interest in countries where private patient rooms are not commonly economically feasible.     

Thermal comfort and use of thermostats in Finnish homes and offices

Thermal comfort and use of thermostats in homes and office rooms were examined by a quantitative interview survey with a nationally representative sample in Finland. The total number of respondents was 3094. The results show that thermal comfort levels are lower in offices than in homes. People feel cold and hot more often in offices than in homes during both the winter and summer seasons. The perceived control over room temperature is remarkably low in offices. Higher thermal comfort levels and perceived control in homes are supported by greater adaptive opportunities. In offices people have fewer opportunities to control the thermal environment, people deal worse with thermostats, and people have lower opportunities to adapt to different thermal environments.