国内外住区空间环境对居民健康影响研究综述

住区作为城市基本单元,良好的规划建设在改善人居环境和引导居民的健康生活习惯上具有基石作用,为深入解析住区外部空间环境对居民的健康影响,促进公众健康,追踪梳理了国内外相关主题文献,辨析了住区空间对居民健康影响的要素系统和影响路径,归纳了用地与设施、空间形态、交通与街道、绿色空间四类空间要素对居民健康的影响,发现相关健康影响并非仅是简单的正负线性相关,还存在显著的地域差异、多因素影响特征和阈值非线性相关性,进而探讨了相关研究的结论与方法在住区规划建设过程中的运用。     

循证设计支持下的可持续医疗建筑设计

循证设计是以科学研究和量化数据为基础的设计方法：可持续设计是在建筑的全生命周期内,保持最小环境负荷,和最大效益的建筑设计方法。循证设计能够为可持续设计提供可信的设计依据,提高建筑表现成效,并减小实施阻力,两种设计方法相结合是未来建筑设计的趋势。本文以医疗建筑为研究对象。医疗建筑与人类的生存、健康关系密切,对环境质量要求高,对环境影响大,因此保持医疗建筑与环境的平衡十分重要。本文分析了循证设计思想指导下的可持续医疗建筑设计优势和方法,并结合具体案例分析其在实践中的应用。     

Identifying a research gap in relation to family and domestic violence accommodation design within Victoria,Australia: A systematic review

Within Australia, domestic and family violence (DFV) is a major health and welfare issue that disproportionately impacts on women, children, and vulnerable segments of the population. This paper examines the results of a systematic literature review aimed at identifying the existing evidence base in relation to the nexus between accommodation design and the health and well-being of women seeking shelter within Victoria, Australia. The review focused on three primary questions: a. What literature currently exists in relation to the design of refuges? b. How does the design of DFV refuges impact on those within refuges? c. What methods and metrics have been used to assess the effectiveness of the design of housing interventions to support and promote agency, and better health and wellbeing?The review found that there is a significant lack of research into housing interventions for those seeking refuge. Of the 6038 records screened, only 2 studies were identified that fit within the review criteria, both of which focused exclusively on refuges within the USA. Among the very limited research that exists, there is little interrogation of the design of the refuge, nor an intersectional and geographically contextualized examination of how experiences of DFV and the shelter environment impact on wellbeing outcomes. Despite literature that demonstrates the positive impacts of well-being centered design approaches, the application of such research to the evaluation and design of DFV refuges, both within Australia and globally, remains an area in need of further research.     

The role of building design and interiors in ageing actively at home

This systematic research review examines the role of building- and interior-scale environmental factors of homes and residential developments in promoting or inhibiting older adults’ sedentary behaviour and active living. Using an adaptation of the Cochrane Review protocol, the search and screen for relevant, rigorous research studies resulted in 37 research articles. The review focuses on six built environment characteristics: (1) barriers, supports and features that ‘fit'; (2) spatial organization and layout; (3) environmental cues; (4) ambient qualities; (5) assistive technologies; and (6) gardens and outdoor spaces. Accessibility-oriented features dominated the studies and findings. Pathway and corridor design, and environmental cues that convey an instrumental function of a space also facilitated active living. Ambient features such as lighting quality and meaningful sounds and aromas were important facilitators to active living among residents with dementia. To strengthen the knowledge base of the field and its application in design and improvements of residential environments, future research should focus on: detailed measurement of built environment factors as well as active living; increasing use of digital technologies for such measurements; multidisciplinary research teams; and policy-driven research questions that arise with housing the growing population of older adults in a healthy manner.     

社区建成环境对儿童健康影响的进展研究——基于体力活动视角的文献述评及展望

如何通过优化环境减少儿童肥胖病的发生已成为健康城市研究领域的前沿课题,大量既有文献表明城市规划可通过对各类环境要素的优化达到增加儿童体力活动的目的,但如何优化及两者间的影响机制等问题仍有待明晰与验证。本文选取国内外核心合集数据库,以1999~2019年发表的497篇文献作为数据源,对国内外建成环境与儿童体力健康研究的关键词热度、期刊分布特征等进行评述,并详细分析其中60篇文献,研究发现：（1）建成环境指标在微观及视觉层面涉及较少;（2）客观定量的评测方法应用较少,儿童体力活动时空路径特征研究稀少;（3）影响机制较为匮乏且缺少实例验证;（4）地理加权回归模型尚未应用于儿童健康水平分析;（5）影响儿童体力健康的建成环境因子权重体系亟需建立。通过对已有文献梳理,指出当前研究缺陷及未来方向,为优化建成环境,提升儿童健康提出规划策略,以期在“健康中国”大背景下为国内开展该领域的实证研究提供参考和依据。     

杭州城市山地寺院香道景观环境康养效益评价

香道作为山地寺院园林外部山林自然环境最重要的部分,具有森林康养的特点,对人体身心健康产生影响,同时其寺院导览、酝酿宗教情绪等功能亦会对人心理状态产生一定影响。对杭州永福寺、虎跑寺2座城市山地寺院香道景观的空气负离子浓度、PM2.5、温度、湿度等环境康养因子指标进行测量,基于标准规范,评价单因子的康养效益,分析不同康养因子间的相关性。通过主成分分析将环境因子分为3个主成分,计算各主成分得分,加权求和计算香道景观环境康养因子综合得分并进行评价;通过状态焦虑量表及POMS量表反映人群游览香道前后心理状态变化,评价香道景观对人心理恢复的效果。结果表明,不同季节下香道景观环境康养因子对健康均有积极影响;空气负离子浓度与环境温湿度呈显著正相关,与PM2.5呈显著负相关,共同影响香道景观环境的综合康养效益;永福寺香道景观环境康养综合评价得分高于虎跑寺;香道景观及其佛教文化氛围对人心理状态的变化有积极影响。     

Combined effects of environmental factors on human perception and objective performance: A review of experimental laboratory works

This study reports the outcomes of a literature survey aimed at exploring how different environmental factors—that is acoustic, thermal, visual, and air quality stimuli—interact in affecting building occupants’ perception and performance. Recent laboratory studies have been collected, and their methodological approaches reviewed in terms of experimental design, adopted exposures conditions, perception and performance assessment methods. Results have been summarized and compared to identify interaction patterns between environmental factors and possible practical implications for improving the design of both experimental studies and the built environment. The analysis allows highlighting limitations, potential improvements and future opportunities in this field of research, thus providing a reference for further investigations aimed at a deeper understanding, modeling, and prediction of the impacts caused by the main indoor variables on human comfort and performance.     

建成环境对老年人健康的影响:认识基础与方法探讨

良好的环境有益于居民的身心健康,对于长时间逗留在居住环境里的老年人而言意义尤其重大。针对衰老带来的一系列健康问题,规划设计应关注建成环境对老年人个体活动机能的支持与补偿,发掘环境要素在促进健康行为、发挥康复作用等方面的潜力。由于建成环境和人群健康分属于两个影响因素众多的开放系统,现阶段,作为新兴研究领域的相关探索在认识基础和研究方法等方面尚存在一系列亟待解决的问题。为此,本文提出以环境压力模型和积极生活生态模型作为理论基础,以循证策略作为研究方法,以中介效应作为分析手段开展研究工作,旨在为健康视野下老年宜居环境的探索提供理论基础和研究框架。     

建成环境满意度对乡村新型社区居民自评健康的影响分析——以成都市远郊 4 个社区为例

在健康城市研究领域,对健康城市社区建成环境的研究居多,而对健康乡村社区建成环境的研究不足,将个体自评健康应用到健康乡村的研究对促进健康村镇研究具有积极意义。选取四川省成都市蒲江县4个新村社区作为乡村新型社区典型案例,开展以村民个体为单位的问卷调查,获取411份问卷样本数据。基于此,分析乡村新型社区居民自评健康结果的特点,探析建成环境对居民自评健康的影响。研究显示,在乡村新型社区建成环境中,显著影响居民自评健康的环境感知指标为：住房质量、交通条件设施、体育健身设施、幼托设施、村庄内绿化和卫生环境的满意度。结合田野调查和深度访谈,从健康角度提出了乡村社区规划设计的建议。     

Healing built-environment effects on health outcomes: environment–occupant–health framework

ABSTRACT

An investigation examined the structured scientific evidence on healthcare facilities (the healing built environment – HBE) and its impact on patients’ health outcomes under a holistic conceptual evaluative framework. The integrative review considered 127 papers (of which 59 were review papers). It found there was no adequate framework that could integrate existing research findings holistically. Such a holistic framework needs to demonstrate the cumulative and interactive effects of various HBE characteristics on patients’ health outcomes and wellbeing. An environment–occupant–health (E-O-H) framework is proposed, taking a holistic perspective to identify and evaluate different HBE characteristics. The E-O-H framework should support future research by (1) identifying the HBE characteristics that affect health outcomes; (2) defining appropriate future research designs; and (3) understanding the need for holistic analysis of the integrated effects of diverse HBE characteristics on health outcomes.     

Factors affecting environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects

Urban renewal programmes offer an opportunity to improve the environmental sustainability of urban areas by creating well-designed and well-constructed built environments. In this study, the contributions of built environment design elements to environmental sustainability were evaluated through a questionnaire survey with the participation of 323 people who previously worked in urban renewal projects. Implementing factor analysis, interrelated elements have been gathered under five factors: ‘transportation and accessibility’, ‘conservation of natural resources’, ‘built environment quality’, ‘supporting social life’ and ‘high-density usage’. To identify the importance weights of these factors, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis was carried out with 40 academics and practitioners. Based on the results, ‘conservation of natural resources’ was found as the most important factor affecting the environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects. It is expected that the results of this study shall guide a wide range of urban renewal stakeholders, extending from designers to citizens, along the path of creating environmentally sustainable cities.     

Urban design and Japanese older adults' depressive symptoms

Despite associations found between physical activity and depression, and the built environment and physical activity, there appears to be inconclusive evidence regarding the role of built environment attributes with preventing depression among the elderly. This is mainly because few studies exist on this topic. In addition, the majority of existing studies have been conducted in Western countries; and there is a dearth of studies in other regions, where the built, social, and cultural environment is different than Western countries. Using data from Japanese older adults, this study examined the associations between objectively-assessed built environment attributes and depressive symptoms. We examined these associations stratified by gender, since research has well-documented gender differences in depression. Data were from 328 older adults living in Japan. Built environment attributes were objectively calculated and Walk Score^® ratings were obtained from the website. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the GDS-15. Gender-stratified regression models were used to estimate the associations. We found that a walkable environment characterized by a high population density and proximate local destinations to be supportive for a better mental health among older adults, in particular for women. These findings suggest that walkable built environment attributes may influence depression among older women in an Asian urban context. This study contributed to the literature by examining how walkable urban design may influence elderly's depression in a setting with extreme level of environmental attributes. Investing in urban design to promote walkability may help in reducing the observed gender gap in depression in the Japanese population.     

Measuring the built environment of green transit-oriented development: A factor-cluster analysis of rail station areas in Singapore

Green transit-oriented development (TOD) is an evolution of the TOD theory, influenced by sustainable development and green urbanism. This advancement expands the environmental and ecological dimensions of conventional TOD. However, relevant research has only just started, particularly in combination with high-density cities in Asia. This study measures the built environment of Green TOD and identifies the key factors and characteristics of the Green TOD built environment. An evaluation method for the Green TOD built environment is developed on the basis of the 5D (density, diversity, design, destination, and distance) built environment framework and combined with green urbanism theories. Data from 23 rail station areas in Singapore were collected and analyzed using factor and cluster analysis. Five factors, namely, neighborhood spatial form factor, facility completeness factor, open space factor, high-density mixed land-use factor, and walking amenity factor, are extracted. Twenty-three station areas are classified into five clusters. The characteristics and optimization strategies of each cluster are analyzed on the basis of the statistical and graphical analyses. This research displays the characteristics and typology of the Green TOD built environment in an empirical way and offers a foundation for further research in diverse urban contexts.     

环境行为学视角下建成环境与儿童出行 影响机制研究

儿童依赖建成环境,并通过基本的出行行为满足其 自身发展的各项必要需求,其中儿童独立出行水平和出行方式 至关重要。随着中国城镇化持续推进,大城市边缘的小城镇在 迅速发展的同时,其建成环境也给儿童出行带来了一定安全隐 患,儿童出行安全问题值得关注。从环境行为学视角,结合既 往文献将儿童出行的影响因素归纳整理成个体、环境和其他因 素,随后对长沙市岳麓区莲花镇第五实验小学1 509名6~12 岁儿童及其家长展开实证调查和数据统计分析。结果显示： 儿童和家长对环境的安全感知会对儿童的出行决策产生较大 影响,机动车交通量及速度、交叉路口、道路复杂程度、步 道和自行车道及其基础设施设置、自然水体等是主要的显著 影响因素。据此,从空间布局、道路设计、交通设施配置和 社会环境方面提出了提升儿童出行安全水平的小城镇规划策 略建议。     

以人群健康为导向的小型公共绿地建成环境要素分析——以江苏省南京市老城区为例

Urban public green spaces significantly impact public health level, where physical, social, and recreational outdoor activities play an important role in improving people’s physical and mental health. In this paper, a total of 35 samples of small public green spaces were selected, and the data of built environment factors and healthy activities of each sample were collocted through ArcGIS analysis, field survey, and mapping. This paper then analyzes the impact of built environment factors on public healthy activities from a planning and design perspective by establishing a ridge regression model, which adopts location factors and functional / spatial factors in small public green spaces as independent variables, and the frequency density of healthy activities as dependent variables. The research reveals that: To location factors, the small public green spaces located near dense residential areas have a much greater impact on promoting public health activities than the ones sitting in dense mixed land use areas; To functional / spatial factors, facilities are the dominant factor that positively impacts users’ healthy activities, particularly the seating density; Reasonably designed small public green spaces or the ones with more open interfaces can effectively encourage people’s healthy activities, while which would be significantly decreased when the green space rate or the path density is excessively high. Finally, the paper proposes suggestions on the planning and design of small public green spaces.     

社区绿道建成环境特征与体力活动强度关联性研究——以深圳市为例

社区绿道作为社区生活圈中的绿色线性空间,是高密度城市建成区居民进行日常体力活动的重要场所。以深圳市已建成的167段社区绿道为研究对象,探讨社区绿道建成环境特征与体力活动强度的关联性,旨在推动城市社区更新并提升公共健康水平。首先,将深圳市社区绿道按照周边用地性质分为绿地景观型、商业服务型和生活休闲型3类,基于POI数据爬取和实地测量方法,从临近性、连接性、场所性3个方面提取建成环境特征数据,采用行为观测结合《体力活动能量消耗编码表》的方法获取绿道体力活动强度数据。其次,运用相关分析和多元回归分析的数理统计方法识别关联性建成环境特征因子,并比较显著影响因子的影响强度差异,结合散点图明确其适宜值范围。结果表明,在临近性和连接性特征中,3类社区绿道的显著影响因子与影响强度各不相同,而在场所性特征中,绿道载体宽度与绿视率是3类绿道体力活动强度的共同偏好因子,但其适宜值域范围有所差异。最后,基于研究结果对深圳社区绿道的规划设计提出相关建议。     

Optimal spaces for those living with dementia: principles and evidence

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a synthesis of diverse and disparate evidence in the research literature that provide insights into the impacts of aspects of the built environment on the wellbeing of those living with dementia. The individually focused findings are structured into a set of practical design parameters driven by three overarching needs-driven design principles: manageable cognitive load, clear sequencing and appropriate level of stimulation. These needs are contextualized within a general model that suggests that action in any one area (such as the built environment) also has to take into account other key dimensions, namely any support from the caring/social environment and any pharmacological treatment. Addressing these elements holistically should maximize the opportunity to improve the quality of life of the individual. This paper, however, explicitly focuses on the built environment.     

打造社区/创造康复场所

几百年来,许多文明都直观地利用花园提升人们的 幸福感。如今,大量的科学研究证实了与大自然互动对人类的 身心健康有诸多益处。与自然接触有助于恢复注意力,减轻压 力和敌意。设计康复花园时,参与式设计十分关键,在这个环 节,设计师向相关专家获取用户需求,深入了解那些有严重健 康问题的人所面临的挑战。案例研究展示了针对癌症患者、战 争伤员、心理疾病患者及临终老人创造的适宜环境所采用的原 则和设计方案。每个群体都有其独特需求,笔者、学生和社区 成员合作,设计了一系列温馨的康复花园。     

促进研发工作者健康与福祉的数字经济办公园区景观设计:理论、策略与措施

以发展数字经济为核心目标的新型基础设施建设将是中国占领世界产业高地的关键举措;吸引优秀的研发工作 者和呵护他们的身心健康与福祉是实现这一战略的关键。但是,诸多调查发现数字经济研发工作者常处于较差的健康 状态却又常缺乏可供身心疗愈的机会和场所。虽然仅有少数文献关注了景观设计对数字经济研发工作者的健康与福祉 的影响,但以知识型工作者为研究对象的论著为解决此问题提供了有力的理论和证据支持。基于文献研究,总结了数 字经济园区环境特点与数字研发工作者身心健康问题,以及景观设计影响工作者身心健康与福祉的六个关键理论机制。 其后,归纳了关键景观类型和要素,并提出了一套较为完整的景观设计策略。     

The impact of biophilic design in Maggie’s Centres: A meta-synthesis analysis

This paper presents a meta-synthesis conducted to identify, compare and synthesize published qualitative data related to the Maggie's Centres, as a paradigmatic architectural example in the provision of non-institutional cancer support. These centres are internationally renowned for their unique architecture, where the careful design of indoors and outdoors spaces plays a critical role in their agenda for supporting care. Previous research has thoroughly analysed this approach to therapeutic environments, not only confirming the importance of designed space as originally conceived in Maggie's philosophy but also identifying precise supporting effects associated with specific elements within their design. This paper aims to provide a new reading of Maggie's contribution to cancer support by offering an examination of all these data through the lens of biophilia, which clarifies the impact of design decisions connected to nature on cancer patients' lives. The analytic process included a systematic search strategy, extraction and classification of salient concepts using an open-coding approach, and lastly an interpretive evaluation. The systematically selected data helped to identify and rank the biophilic design parameters that appear the most critical for promoting and supporting human health and wellbeing in non-clinical therapeutic environments, from the user's perspective. It also provided a compilation of distinctive design interventions related to biophilic parameters, which provides benchmark information for future research and design guidance in these environments.