2-ω and 3-ω temperature measurement of a heated microcantilever

This article describes temperature measurement of a heated atomic force microscope cantilever using the 2ω and 3ω harmonics of the cantilever temperature signal. When the cantilever is periodically heated, large temperature oscillations lead to large changes in the cantilever electrical resistance and also lead to nonconstant temperature coefficient of resistance. We model the cantilever heating to account for these sources of nonlinearity, and compare models with experiment. When the heating voltage amplitude is 17.9 V over the driving frequency range 10 Hz-34 kHz, the cantilever temperature oscillation is between 5?°C and 200?°C. Over this range, the corrected 2ω method predicts cantilever temperature to within 16% and the corrected 3ω method predicts the cantilever temperature within 3%. We show a general method for predicting the periodic cantilever temperature, sources of errors, and corrections for these errors.     

Operation of the CAPRICE electron cyclotron resonance ion source applying frequency tuning and double frequency heating

The properties of the electromagnetic waves heating the electrons of the ECR ion sources (ECRIS) plasma affect the features of the extracted ion beams such as the emittance, the shape, and the current, in particular for higher charge states. The electron heating methods such as the frequency tuning effect and the double frequency heating are widely used for enhancing the performances of ECRIS or even for the routine operation during the beam production. In order to better investigate these effects the CAPRICE ECRIS has been operated using these techniques. The ion beam properties for highly charged ions have been measured with beam diagnostic tools. The reason of the observed variations of this performance can be related to the different electromagnetic field patterns, which are changing inside the plasma chamber when the frequency is varying.     

Study on low pressure evaporation of fresh water generation system model

A low pressure evaporation fresh water generation system is designed for converting brackish water or seawater into fresh water by distillation in low pressure and temperature. Distillation through evaporation of feed water and subsequent vapor condensation as evaporation produced fresh water were studied; tap water was employed as feed water. The system uses the ejector as a vacuum creator of the evaporator, which is one of the most important parts in the distillation process. Hence liquid can be evaporated at a lower temperature than at normal or atmospheric conditions. Various operating conditions, i.e. temperature of feed water and different orifice diameters, were applied in the experiment to investigate the characteristics of the system. It was found that these parameters have a significant effect on the performance of fresh water generation systems with low pressure evaporation.     

Spectroscopically pure metal vapor source for highly charged ion spectroscopy and capillary discharge soft x-ray lasers

We describe a compact, pulsed metal vapor source used for the production of dense plasma columns of interest for both soft x-ray laser research and spectroscopy of highly ionized plasmas. The source generates spectroscopically pure cadmium vapor jets in a room-temperature environment by rapidly heating an electrode with a capacitive discharge. In the configuration described herein, the metal vapor jet produced by the source is axially injected into a fast (up to 15 kA/ ns), high current (up to 200 kA peak) capillary discharge to generate highly ionized cadmium plasma columns. Spectroscopic analysis of the discharge emission in the 12-25 nm spectral range evidences the dominance of Cu-like (CdXX) and Ni-like (CdXXI) lines and shows strong line emission at 13.2 nm from the 4d (1)S(0)-4p (1)P(1) laser transition of Ni-like Cd. Hydrodynamic/atomic physics simulations performed to describe the dynamics of the plasma column and compute the optimum discharge conditions for laser amplification are discussed.     

Thermoelectric temperature control device for vapor pressure measurements

The static method of measuring equilibrium vapor pressure requires locating the sample at the coldest part of the apparatus to avoid errors due to evaporation and recondensation elsewhere. This paper describes a device that can hold the sample 1 K below the temperature of the surrounding air without a liquid bath. It comprises a pair of thermoelectric elements and two thermometers attached to an insulated aluminum block. The device can operate as high as 200?°C while controlling the sample with a precision of 0.02 K; below 110?°C, the precision is 2 mK. Also described is a method to measure the small temperature offset due to heat flow between the sample and the surrounding aluminum block. The uncertainty due to the offset is small compared to the 6 mK uncertainty due to the thermometer.     

Temperature characteristics of cascade refrigeration system by pressure adjustment

Super low temperature has many applications nowadays, from the chemical processing, automotives manufacturing, plastic recycling, etc. Considering of its wide application in the present and the future, study of the super-low temperature refrigeration system should be actively carried out. Super low state temperature can be achieved by using multi-stage refrigeration system. This paper present the development and testing of cascade refrigerator system for achieving super-low temperature. On this experiment, two different types of HCFCs refrigerants are utilized, R-22 and R-23 were applied for the high stage and the low-pressure stage respectively. The lowest temperature in the low-pressure evaporator that can be achieved by this cascade refrigeration system is down to - 85°C. This experiment is aimed to study the effect of inlet pressure of the low-pressure stage evaporator and low-pressure stage compressors inlet pressure characteristics to the overall temperature characteristics of cascade refrigeration system.     

Influence of frequency tuning and double-frequency heating on ions extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source

The electromagnetic field within the plasma chamber of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) and the properties of the plasma waves affect the plasma properties and ion beam production. We have experimentally investigated the "frequency tuning effect" and "double frequency heating" on the CAPRICE ECRIS device. A traveling wave tube amplifier, two microwave sweep generators, and a dedicated experimental set-up were used to carry out experiments in the 12.5-16.5 GHz frequency range. During the frequency sweeps the evolution of the intensity and shape of the extracted argon beam were measured together with the microwave reflection coefficient. A range of different ion source parameter settings was used. Here we describe these experiments and the resultant improved understanding of these operational modes of the ECR ion source.     

A miniature effusion cell for the vacuum deposition of organic solids with low vapor pressures in surface science studies

A miniature effusion cell for the vacuum deposition of volatile organic solids with low vapor pressures has been fabricated and used in surface science studies. The effusion cell is designed to operate at up to 200 degrees C under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The size of this cell is so small that it is attached to the top of a transfer rod and can be introduced from a subchamber into a main UHV chamber (retrievable). In addition, the small heat capacity of this cell means rapid heating and cooling rates. The advantages of this evaporator are its simplicity of design and ease of fabrication, assembly, and operation.     

A large volume cell for in situ neutron diffraction studies of hydrothermal crystallizations

A hydrothermal cell with 320 ml internal volume has been designed and constructed for in situ neutron diffraction studies of hydrothermal crystallizations. The cell design adopts a dumbbell configuration assembled with standard commercial stainless steel components and a zero-scattering Ti-Zr alloy sample compartment. The fluid movement and heat transfer are simply driven by natural convection due to the natural temperature gradient along the fluid path, so that the temperature at the sample compartment can be stably sustained by heating the fluid in the bottom fluid reservoir. The cell can operate at temperatures up to 300?°C and pressures up to 90 bars and is suitable for studying reactions requiring a large volume of hydrothermal fluid to damp out the negative effect from the change of fluid composition during the course of the reactions. The capability of the cell was demonstrated by a hydrothermal phase transformation investigation from leucite (KAlSi(2)O(6)) to analcime (NaAlSi(2)O(6)?H(2)O) at 210?°C on the high intensity powder diffractometer Wombat in ANSTO. The kinetics of the transformation has been resolved by collecting diffraction patterns every 10 min followed by Rietveld quantitative phase analysis. The classical Avrami/Arrhenius analysis gives an activation energy of 82.3±1.1?kJ mol(-1). Estimations of the reaction rate under natural environments by extrapolations agree well with petrological observations.     

纯铁高温高应变率下的动态本构关系试验研究

利用带有加热装置和同步组装系统的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置对纯铁进行宽温度范围(293～1073K)、高应变速率(2000～8500s-1)下的动态力学性能测试试验,获得材料在不同温度和应变率耦合作用下的应力—应变曲线,从中探讨温度和应变率对纯铁塑性流动应力的影响机制。研究表明,纯铁具有明显的热软化效应、应变率强化效应和应变强化效应,流变应力随温度的降低和应变率的增加而提高;利用所测的应力—应变曲线拟合的Johnson-Cook本构模型可以较好地预测纯铁的塑性流变应力。     

Characterization of a linear device developed for research on advanced plasma imaging and dynamics

Within the scope of long term research on imaging diagnostics for steady-state plasmas and understanding of edge plasma physics through diagnostics with conventional spectroscopic methods, we have constructed a linear electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma device named Research on Advanced Plasma Imaging and Dynamics (RAPID). It has a variety of axial magnetic field profiles provided by eight water-cooled magnetic coils and two dc power supplies. The positions of the magnetic coils are freely adjustable along the axial direction and the power supplies can be operated with many combinations of electrical wiring to the coils. Here, a 6 kW 2.45 GHz magnetron is used to produce steady-state hydrogen, helium, and argon plasmas with central magnetic fields of 875 and/or 437.5 G (second harmonic). In order to achieve the highest possible plasma performance within the limited input parameters, wall conditioning experiments were carried out. Chamber bake-out was achieved with heating coils that were wound covering the vessel, and long-pulse electron cyclotron heating discharge cleaning was also followed after 4 days of bake-out. A uniform bake-out temperature (150?°C) was achieved by wrapping the vessel in high temperature thermal insulation textile and by controlling the heating coil current using a digital control system. The partial pressure changes were observed using a residual gas analyzer, and a total system pressure of 5×10(-8)?Torr was finally reached. Diagnostic systems including a millimeter-wave interferometer, a high resolution survey spectrometer, a Langmuir probe, and an ultrasoft x-ray detector were used to provide the evidence that the plasma performance was improved as we desired. In this work, we present characterization of the RAPID device for various system conditions and configurations.     

Dependence of ion beam current on position of mobile plate tuner in multi-frequencies microwaves electron cyclotron resonance ion source

We are constructing a tandem-type electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS). The first stage of this can supply 2.45 GHz and 11-13 GHz microwaves to plasma chamber individually and simultaneously. We optimize the beam current I(FC) by the mobile plate tuner. The I(FC) is affected by the position of the mobile plate tuner in the chamber as like a circular cavity resonator. We aim to clarify the relation between the I(FC) and the ion saturation current in the ECRIS against the position of the mobile plate tuner. We obtained the result that the variation of the plasma density contributes largely to the variation of the I(FC) when we change the position of the mobile plate tuner.     

Environmental chamber for in situ dynamic control of temperature and relative humidity during x-ray scattering

We have designed, constructed, and evaluated an environmental chamber that has in situ dynamic control of temperature (25 to 90?°C) and relative humidity (0% to 95%). The compact specimen chamber is designed for x-ray scattering in transmission with an escape angle of 2θ = ±30°. The specimen chamber is compatible with a completely evacuated system such as the Rigaku PSAXS system, in which the specimen chamber is placed inside a larger evacuated chamber (flight path). It is also compatible with x-ray systems consisting of evacuated flight tubes separated by small air gaps for sample placement. When attached to a linear motor (vertical displacement), the environmental chamber can access multiple sample positions. The temperature and relative humidity inside the specimen chamber are controlled by passing a mixture of dry and saturated gas through the chamber and by heating the chamber walls. Alternatively, the chamber can be used to control the gaseous environment without humidity. To illustrate the value of this apparatus, we have probed morphology transformations in Nafion(?) membranes and a polymerized ionic liquid as a function of relative humidity in nitrogen.     

Pressure cell for investigations of solid-liquid interfaces by neutron reflectivity

We describe an apparatus for measuring scattering length density and structure of molecular layers at planar solid-liquid interfaces under high hydrostatic pressure conditions. The device is designed for in situ characterizations utilizing neutron reflectometry in the pressure range 0.1-100 MPa at temperatures between 5 and 60?°C. The pressure cell is constructed such that stratified molecular layers on crystalline substrates of silicon, quartz, or sapphire with a surface area of 28 cm(2) can be investigated against noncorrosive liquid phases. The large substrate surface area enables reflectivity to be measured down to 10(-5) (without background correction) and thus facilitates determination of the scattering length density profile across the interface as a function of applied load. Our current interest is on the stability of oligolamellar lipid coatings on silicon surfaces against aqueous phases as a function of applied hydrostatic pressure and temperature but the device can also be employed to probe the structure of any other solid-liquid interface.     

Eliminating weldlines of an injection-molded part with the aid of high-frequency induction heating

High-frequency induction is an efficient way to heat mold surface by non-contact electromagnetic induction. It has been recently applied to injection molding because of its capability to heat and cool mold surface rapidly. This study applies high-frequency induction heating to eliminate weldlines in an injection-molded plastic part. To eliminate or reduce weldlines, the mold temperature at the corresponding weld locations should be maintained higher than the glass transition temperature of the resin material. Through 3 s of induction heating, the maximum temperature of 143 °C is obtained on the mold surface around the elliptic coil, while the temperature of the mold plate is lower than 60 °C. An injection molding experiment is then performed with the aid of induction heating, and the effect of induction heating conditions on the surface appearance of the weldline is investigated. The weldline on the heated region is almost eliminated, from which we can obtain the good surface appearance of the part.     

Conical slow wave antenna as a plasma source

A simple conical helix has been successfully employed as a slow wave structure to generate plasmas by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). The plasma is typical of plasmas created by 'Lisitano coil' sources, n approximately 10(10)-10(12) cm(-3) with T(e) approximately 2-20 eV. This source, however, is much simpler to fabricate. The ease of fabrication allows the user some flexibility in designing the source to fit a specific plasma physics experiment.     

移动加热源法制备单层硒化镓晶体

为了解决硒化镓(GaSe)晶体制备困难、化学性能差的问题,对GaSe晶体传统的化学汽相沉积制备方法进行了改进,采用移动加热源法制备GaSe晶体。搭建了GaSe晶体的制备装置,通过单片机精确调控制备晶体的高温炉的加热温度、移动位置等参数,并采用光学显微镜和原子力显微镜对所制备的GaSe晶体进行辅助表征。研究表明,利用移动加热源法可以制备出表面光滑且尺寸较大的单层二维GaSe晶体。由于对机电设备实现了自动精密移动,可对单层二维GaSe晶体实现高质量大批量的制备,有利于GaSe晶体在光电子学和纳电子学中的广泛应用。     

单流程蒸发器表面温度场均匀性的影响因素研究

改善蒸发器表面温度场的均匀性对提高其换热效率具有决定性作用。设计出一种类似平行流蒸发器的圆管单流程蒸发器,改变其集液管和蒸发管衔接处的孔径大小以及制冷剂入口流速,并进行了蒸发器管路的水力计算和相应的实验研究,得出管路中间截面的温度分布。模拟结果表明:在结构一定的条件下,集液管内的制冷剂来流速度具有决定性作用。当集液管内的来流速度在0.04m/s时,蒸发器各支管的温度分布最为均匀;同时在制冷剂流量一定时,支管数及各蒸发管与集液管衔接处的孔径大小也影响着温度分布。试验结果证明了此结论:在一定的液态制冷剂集管入口流速下,最小孔径为0.4mm时,具有8根支管的单流程蒸发器比10根支管的单流程蒸发器具有均匀的温度场。研究结果为研发高效率的平行流蒸发器提供了一定的理论和试验基础。     

Dynamic junction temperature measurement for high power light emitting diodes

Junction temperature of high power light emitting diodes (LEDs), which is crucial for the thermal management of solid-state lighting, needs to be measured accurately. In this paper, a dynamic junction temperature measurement system for LEDs was proposed and the calibration including instrument calibration and factor K calibration were presented. The influence of the fast switch time in dynamic junction temperature test was analyzed and measurement errors caused by sampling delay were quantified. To prove the accuracy of the present system, comparison experiment was conducted. It shows a good agreement between the experimental data and reference value. Experiments also show that the measurement accuracy of the instrument can be up to 0.1?°C, and the standard error of temperature measurement can be controlled within 1%.     

两种吸收-喷射复合制冷循环的对比研究

比较了两种可利用低品位热能的吸收-喷射复合制冷循环的性能。在循环1中,冷凝器出口的部分饱和液态制冷剂被冷剂泵加压到与发生温度对应的饱和压力,继而在一个沸腾器里面被加热成饱和高压蒸气,这股高压制冷剂蒸气将预器出口的过热蒸汽引射到冷凝压力;在循环2中,发生器出口的部分高压制冷剂蒸气,将蒸发器出口的蒸气引射到吸收压力。对于采用氨-硫氰酸钠工质对的两种循环,模拟研究表明前者的性能系数比后者高15%以上,且增幅随着蒸发温度以及发生温度的降低愈显著。