Metals (major,essential to non-essential) composition of the different tissues of three demersal fish species from İskenderun Bay,Turkey

This study was performed to investigate certain major and toxic metal concentrations in different tissues of three demersal fish species (Triglia lucerna, Lophius budegassa, Solea lascaris). Generally, skin and liver exhibited higher metal concentrations than did muscle. Sodium and arsenic concentrations were found at higher levels in muscle tissues than in livers and skin, while zinc and nickel in different organs were classified as follows: skin > liver > muscle tissues. The concentrations of trace metals in fish samples indicated that S. lascaris was more contaminated than were other fish species, followed by L. budegassa and T. lucerna. It may be concluded that consumption of these species from this region is not likely to pose a threat for human health. However, although the concentrations are below the limit values for fish muscles, a potential danger may emerge in the future, depending on domestic waste waters and industrial activities in the region. Therefore, further monitoring programmes should be conducted.     

Contaminant metals in black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo) caught off Madeira and the Azores

Total mercury, cadmium and lead concentrations were measured in black scabbard fish (Aphanopus carbo), caught off Madeira and the Azores archipelagos (Portugal). The metal contents were expressed in mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. The mean mercury levels in liver were 4.50 and 2.37 whereas, in skin, such values were 0.59 and 0.36 (Madeira and Azores, respectively). On average, the muscle content was around 0.9 in fish from both areas. Cadmium maximum levels in muscle and skin were found in Azores samples (0.09 and 0.11, respectively). Mean lead contents in all samples were always below than 0.10. In general, the results obtained did not allow the establishment of any relationship between metal accumulation and fish weight or length. According to the permissible WHO and FAO levels, these results, suggest that this species does not represent a risk for human consumption if the liver is excluded and the edible part consumed with moderation.     

Tissue distribution and residue depletion of metronidazole in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Tissue distribution and residue depletion of metronidazole (MNZ) was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following oral administration of MNZ in feed at the average dose of 25 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for 7 days at 11 ± 2°C. The MNZ concentration in feed was 0.25% while daily feed intake was 1% of body weight. The concentrations of MNZ and its main metabolite, hydroxymetronidazole (MNZOH), in fish tissues were determined by LC-MS/MS. The drug was well distributed in tissues with maximum concentrations on day 1 post-administration. At this time, the mean MNZ concentrations in muscle, skin, kidney, liver and gill were 14 999, 20 269, 15 070, 10 102 and 16 467 µg kg^?1 respectively. MNZ was converted into MNZOH with the ratio of MNZOH:MNZ up to 7% in all fish tissues throughout the withdrawal period. This shows that MNZ itself is the main residue in rainbow trout. MNZ was detected at the level close to the decision limit (0.20 µg kg^?1) in muscle, skin and muscle with adhering skin up to 42 days, while in kidney, liver and gill it was up to 28 days post-administration. MNZOH was eliminated more rapidly from fish tissues and it was present in muscle alone up to 21 days. The elimination half-lives of MNZ and MNZOH in rainbow trout tissues were 1.83–2.53 and 1.24–2.12 days, respectively. When muscle without skin was analysed, higher MNZ and MNZOH concentrations were detected, and for a longer period of time, than in muscle with adhering skin. Thus muscle alone could be more appropriate for the effective residue control of MNZ in rainbow trout. For the same reason, it is also essential to ensure direct cooling immediately after sampling, since MNZ and its metabolite degrade in fish muscle and skin stored in non-freezing conditions.     

Essential elements and contaminants in tissues of commercial pelagic fish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

BACKGROUND: It is important to determine the concentrations of essential and non‐essential metals in fish for human health. The essential elements and contaminants (Pb and Cd) were determined seasonally in the muscle and liver of some pelagic fish species round herring (Etrumeus teres), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) from the Iskenderun Bay, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. RESULTS: The Na, K, Ca and Mg were the most abundant elements in muscle and liver tissues. The Na, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in fish tissues were between 51.7 and 3426 mg kg^?1. Muscle accumulated the lowest levels of elements. Trace element and contaminant levels in muscle were highest in spring and summer. The Cu, Zn and Cr concentrations were highest in summer. The Ni, Mn and Fe concentrations were highest in spring. The maximum Pb concentrations in the muscle and liver of fish species was 0.39 and 0.80 mg kg^?1 in autumn. The maximum Cd concentration in the muscle of fish was 0.27 mg kg^?1 in spring and the maximum Cd concentration in the liver was 0.78 mg kg^?1 in summer. CONCLUSION: The Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn levels in muscle were found to be lower than permissible limits reported by various authorities. Estimated weekly and daily intake for Pb and Cd by consumption of fish muscle were far below the PTWI and PTDI values established by FAO/WHO. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Toxic and essential metals in Cyprinus carpio,Carassius gibelio,and Luciobarbus esocinus tissues from Keban Dam Lake,Pertek, Turkey

In various tissues of Luciobarbus esocinus, Cyprinus carpio, and Carassius gibelio which were taken from Keban Dam Lake Pertek region’s freshwaters, Turkey in January–February 2016, concentrations of mercury, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, manganese, chromium, and cobalt were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. In fish muscle mean chromium concentration (0.614 mg kg^?1 in C. carpio muscle) was higher than the maximum limits as set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organisation. Additionally, mean concentration of lead (0.380 mg kg^?1 in C. gibelio muscle) was higher compared to the maximum limit as set by Turkish Standards. Furthermore, in the assessment of the potential health risk, estimated weekly and daily intake of all metals were considerably below permissible tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and permissible tolerable daily intake values. As a result, consumption of these fish species from this region does not pose a problem on human health.     

Tissue distribution and elimination of deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in dietary-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

ABSTRACT

Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed standard feed with added 2 or 6 mg kg^–1 pure deoxynivalenol (DON), 0.8 or 2.4 mg kg^–1 pure ochratoxin A (OTA), or no added toxins for up to 8 weeks. The experiments were performed in duplicate tanks with 25 fish each per diet group, and the feed was given for three 2-h periods per day. After 3, 6 and 8 weeks, 10 fish from each diet group were sampled. In the following hours after the last feeding at 8 weeks, toxin elimination was studied by sampling three fish per diet group at five time points. Analysis of DON and OTA in fish tissues and plasma was conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, respectively. DON was distributed to the liver, kidney, plasma, muscle, skin and brain, and the concentrations in liver and muscle increased significantly from 3 to 8 weeks of exposure to the high-DON diet. After the last feeding at 8 weeks, DON concentration in liver reached a maximum at 1 h and decreased thereafter with a half-life (t_1/2) of 6.2 h. DON concentration in muscle reached a maximum at 6 h and was then eliminated with a t_1/2 = 16.5 h. OTA was mainly found in liver and kidney, and the concentration in liver decreased significantly from 3 to 8 weeks in the high-OTA group. OTA was eliminated faster than DON from various tissues. By using Norwegian food consumption data and kinetic findings in this study, we predicted the human exposure to DON and OTA from fish products through carryover from the feed. Following a comparison with tolerable daily intakes, we found the risk to human health from the consumption of salmon-fed diets containing maximum recommended levels of these toxins to be negligible.     

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to detect Tetrodotoxin and Its analogues in the puffer fish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) from European waters

The presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues, 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, and 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol was investigated for the first time in five different tissues (liver, gonads, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and skin) of six specimens of the marine puffer fish Lagocephalus sceleratus from European waters (Aegean Sea, Greece) by using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry operating in the conventional mode in addition to low-energy collision dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS).Two isomers of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX were detected in all specimens as the major TTX analogues, followed by 11-deoxyTTX, 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, and TTX. However, minor amounts of 4-epiTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, 5-deoxyTTX, and 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol were also found in most of the tested tissues. In all puffer fish specimens, gonads, gastrointestinal tract, and liver contained the highest toxin levels, whereas muscle and skin contained lower amounts. Toxin distribution within the tissues of the six L. sceleratus specimens was different depending on fish size, area, and season where fish were caught. The LC-ESI-CID-MS/MS analysis employed is proposed as a suitable technique for determination of TTX and its analogues with a low detection limit (0.08 μg/g).     

Residue depletion and risk assessment of niclosamide in three species of freshwater fish

The residue depletion of niclosamide (NIC) in freshwater fish including blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and channel catfish (Ietalurus Punetaus) were investigated under laboratory conditions. NIC concentrations in fish were determined by Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with heated electrospray ionisation. The mean recoveries were in the range of 75.5–98.5%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.0 to 9.4%. The depletion results showed that the long half-life of NIC was 8.8–22.1 days. Risk assessment of NIC residue in edible tissues (muscle and skin) of the three species of freshwater fish was performed using the quotient (RQ), because of no maximum residue limit (MRL) has been set for NIC in fish. The results demonstrated that the RQ values were all significantly lower than 1. Therefore, the effect of NIC residues in the three species of freshwater fish at the immersion concentration was negligible to Chinese people.     

Lipase activity in different tissues of four species of fish: rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton), oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Linnaeus), mullet (Liza subviridis Valenciennes) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier)

Lipase activity in stomach and pyloric caeca, liver, intestine and red muscle of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton), oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Linnaeus), mullet (Liza subviridis Valenciennes) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier) was studied. Distinct differences in lipolytic activity in different tissues of these fish were observed. Rohu showed the highest activity in all tissues in comparison with the other three species of fish. Among the three size groups of mullet, medium‐sized mullet showed higher activity than the other two groups in all tissues except intestine. Rohu hepatopancreatic lipase exhibited more hydrolytic activity on fish oil than rohu intestinal lipase. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of Elemental Distributions in Wild-Caught and Farmed Pangasius sp. Using Pattern Recognition Techniques

The concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Pb in various tissues of Pangasius sp. were determined using microwave-assisted digestion/inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The clustering tendency related to elemental patterns associated with tissue variants and fish habitats were explored using hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results revealed that the general elemental accumulation pattern was strongly dependent on the type of tissue, whereas latent deviations within particular tissue samples can be linked to the natural variability between wild-caught and farmed fish. The inherent elemental patterns allowed us to differentiate between those wild-caught and farmed fish through linear discrimination analysis with 100% precision. In terms of food safety, the elemental concentrations in edible muscle were found to be far below the legal limits, as the associated health risks at the 90th percentile were well within tolerable regions, although wild-caught fish were found to pose a higher risk.     

Rapid determination of 19 quinolone residues in spiked fish and pig muscle by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method has been developed for the confirmation and quantification of 19 quinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, flumequine, oxolinic acid, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, sparfloxacin, danofloxacin, fleroxacin, marbofloxacin, enoxacin, orbifloxacin, pefloxacin, nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, lomefloxacin and cinoacin) in pig and fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, analytes separated by LC on a C₁₈ column using 0.1% formic acid–methanol with a linear gradient elution programme, and detected by MS/MS. The linear range was 0.3–50 µg kg^–1 with correlation coefficients (r) more than 0.9956. The limits of detection were 0.1 µg kg^–1. Mean recoveries for each analyte in pig muscle and fish ranged from 75.3% to 96.3% and from 79.7% to 94.2% with relative standard deviations below 10%. The method is fast, safe, sensitive and precise, and can be used simultaneously to analyse residual quinolones.     

Toxic (Pb,Cd, Hg) and essential (Fe,Cu, Zn,Mn) metal content of liver tissue of some domestic and bush animals in Ghana

Accumulation of toxic metals in liver, a rich natural source of essential elements, can present health risks to regular consumers of liver. A total of 35 fresh liver samples of cow, sheep, goat, pig, grass-cutter (Thryonomys swinderianus), gaint rat (Cricetomys gambianus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), chicken and antelope (Antilocapra americana) were obtained from three different markets in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and an automatic mercury analyzer. Levels of iron in the grass-cutter and pig of 500.5–645.4 mg kg^?1 were the highest in the animal livers examined. Mn concentrations were highest in grass-cutter and rat liver, ranging 16.5–30.2 mg kg^?1. The safe Cu and Zn permissible limits of 20 and 50 mg kg^?1 were exceeded in 70 and 75% of the liver samples, respectively. Generally, for each animal group studied, at least 50% of the sample livers exceeded the Cd permissible limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1. The levels of Pb, which ranged 1.3–13.8 mg kg^?1, exceeded the proposed European Commission (EC) limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1. Care must be taken by regular consumers of the iron-rich animal livers of grass-cutter, pig and rat because they also had the highest levels of Pb (in grass-cutter and pig) and Cd (in grass-cutter, rat and pig). The liver samples analyzed for Hg had values far below the permissible limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1.     

Determination of metals in fish and mussel species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

The concentrations of cadmium, iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, chromium and cobalt were determined by ICP-AES in muscles, livers, gills and skins of two fish (Clarias gariepinus and Carasobarbus luteus), and in muscles and gills of two mussel species (Unio terminalis and Potamida littoralis) sampled from the Lake Gölba??. Iron showed the highest levels in all examined tissues of both fish species. Following Fe; Zn showed the second highest levels in all examined tissues of both fish species except Mn levels in muscle and gill of C. luteus. In both mussel species, to the contrary fish, manganese showed the highest levels in examined tissues, and followed by Fe. In both fish species, the all metal concentrations in livers were higher than those in muscles. Concentrations in tissues of the analyzed metals were significantly affected by species. There were differences between the metal levels in the similar tissues of the different species (p < 0.05). At the same time, there was also the differences between the metal concentrations in different tissues of the same species (p < 0.05). Metal levels in tissues were compared with national and international permissible limits. Metal concentrations in both edible and other tissues of the sampled species were within the permissible safety levels for human uses.     

Tissue residue depletion of moxidectin in lambs (Ovis aries) following subcutaneous administration

To date, a tissue depletion study of moxidectin (MOX) in lambs is not available. Thus, considering that lamb meat is of great commercial interest in the world, the aim of the present study was to determine the residue levels of MOX in lamb target-tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and fat) and subsequently calculate the MOX withdrawal period. For this purpose, the target-tissues were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Method validation was performed based on Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and VICH GL49. To quantify the analyte, matrix-matched analytical curves were constructed with spiked blank tissues. The limits of detection and quantitation were 1.5 and 5 ng g^?1, respectively, for all matrices. The linearity, decision limit, detection capability accuracy and inter- and intra-day precision of the method are reported. The lambs were treated with a single subcutaneous dose of 0.2 mg MOX kg^?1 body weight and were slaughtered in accordance with accepted animal care protocols. Samples of target-tissues were collected on 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days after MOX administration. During the whole study, the highest drug residue level occurred in the fat. For the other target-tissues (muscle, liver and kidney), MOX concentrations were below the maximum residue limit (MRL). Considering the MRL value of 500 µg kg^?1 for MOX residues in sheep fat, our results in lambs allowed the estimation of a MOX withdrawal period of 31 days. This indicates that the withdrawal period established for MOX in adult sheep (28 days) does not apply for lambs.     

Determination of lasalocid residues in the tissues of broiler chickens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Lasalocid is a polyether ionophoric coccidiostat used for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry at a prescribed concentration and during a certain time interval. Due to a public health concern about the presence of coccidiostat residues in poultry, the aim of the present study was to determine the levels of lasalocid residues in the edible tissues of broiler chickens (breast muscle, thigh muscle, heart, liver, gizzard, kidneys and skin/fat) fed commercially produced feed containing 100?mg?kg^?1 of lasalocid in complete feed throughout the 5-day withdrawal period (WP). The residues were investigated by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with triple quadrupole. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.47 and 1.44?µg?kg^?1, respectively. The average recovery based on the matrix-fortified calibrations for chicken tissues ranged between 79% and 98%. Lasalocid was found to accumulate in the liver, followed by the heart, skin/fat, kidneys, thigh muscle and gizzard. The lowest concentrations of lasalocid residues were found in the breast muscle. On day 5 of the WP, residue concentrations of lasalocid did not decline below the LOQ of the method, but were far below the maximum residue level (MRL) established for lasalocid in poultry from 20 to 100?µg kg^?1 by European Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010. The results confirmed that the WP established for lasalocid is sufficient to ensure the decline of its residues in the tissues of broiler chickens to the safe residue level.     

Influences of sex and seasons on levels of heavy metals in tissues of green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus de Hann, 1844)

Seasonal changes in heavy metal (Ag, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn) concentrations in muscle, gill, hepatopancreas and gonad tissues of both male and female green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) from Iskenderun Bay (Northern East Mediterranean Sea, Turkey) were measured for a year period by using ICP-AES. The relationships in various heavy metal concentrations in organs were compared according to sex and seasons. Heavy metal content varied with type of metals, seasons and sex. Accumulations also differed significantly in certain organs. Metal concentrations (as μg g⁻¹ w.w.) were highest in male gonads whereas lowest in the muscle of all shrimp species. From the human consumption point of view, heavy metal concentrations except for copper in male and female green tiger shrimp’s muscle were below the admissible limits. Thus, precautions should be taken on account of higher content of heavy metals as well as in other organs that could be affected by industrial pollution.     

Lead,cadmium and organochlorine pesticide residues in hunted red deer and wild boar from northern Italy

The objectives of the present study were to assess heavy metal cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in tissues of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from nine hunting areas and to evaluate related risk factors for the host animal. Over a period of 2 years, a total of 1055 and 210 masseters, 424 and 201 livers, 642 and 152 kidneys were collected from wild boar and red deer, respectively, and concentrations of Cd, Pb and organochlorine pesticides were determined. Comparing the two species, Cd concentration in the kidney (3.72 mg/kg), liver (0.67 mg/kg) and muscle (0.02 mg/kg) of wild boar was found to be significantly higher than in the organs of red deer (1.02 mg/kg in the kidneys, 0.07 mg/kg in the liver and 0.006 mg/kg in muscle). Mean Pb concentrations were found to be similar in both animals, with 0.39, 0.52 and 2.60 mg/kg detected in the wild boar kidney, liver and muscle, respectively, and 0.24, 0.21 and 2.04 mg/kg in the respective organs of the red deer. No difference in concentrations were found based on age class, location of tissue sample or contaminant in the case of wild boar. By contrast, a significantly lower Cd concentration was found in the kidney of the young red deer. The search for organochlorine pesticides in both red deer and wild boar produced negative results with values below the limits of detection. Due to the high levels of renal Cd and muscle Pb detected in wild boar and red deer, further research needs to be carried out in an effort to identify the source of contamination and preserve the health of animals and humans.     

Cadmium content in fresh and canned squid (Loligo opalescens) from the Pacific coastal waters of California (USA)

Cadmium (Cd) levels were determined in 70 samples of mantle tissue and 70 whole individual squid (Loligo opalescens; commercially known as California squid). Samples were collected from the coastal zones of California (USA) during the period 2007/2008. To further investigate consumer exposure to processed fishery products, cadmium concentration was also determined in 200 canned samples of squid. Cd concentrations in raw mantle were low, between 0.01 and 0.29 mg kg^?1 and below the tolerance limit of current regulations (1 mg kg^?1). Respective concentrations in whole individuals were significantly higher, ranging from 0.51 to 1.18 mg kg^?1, attributed to the presence of the visceral portion in whole squid samples. Cd concentrations varied in relation to age and sex of squid, indicating that several physiological factors may influence accumulation. Furthermore, canning of squid substantially enhanced Cd levels. Cd concentration ranged 0.17–0.67 mg kg^?1 in canned mantle tissue and 0.86–2.07 mg kg^?1 in canned whole squid samples, due to both concentration after canning and movement of the metal between different tissues. Several biological compounds, including metallothioneins, nucleic acids and enzymes, may affect Cd concentrations in commercial fishery products.     

Determination of inorganic arsenic species (As and As) in muscle tissues of fish species by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS)

Arsenic speciation was carried out in muscle tissues of freshwater fish species. Inorganic arsenic species (As³⁺and As⁵⁺) were extracted with chloroform, prior to microwave assisted digestion with concentrated HClO₄ and Fe₂(SO₄)₃. The extracted As³⁺ and As⁵⁺ were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The accuracy of the technique was evaluated by using certified reference material DORM-2. The limit of detection of the method was 0.004 and 0.005 μg/g for As³⁺ and As⁵⁺, respectively. The mean relative standard deviation values (RSD) in real sample analysis were 1.90 and 3.92 for As³⁺ and As⁵⁺, respectively. The results demonstrated the suitability of the procedure for screening and quantification of As species in biological samples. The mean concentration of As³⁺ and As⁵⁺ in muscle tissues of studied fish species ranged from 1.19 to 2.05 and 0.17 to 0.46 μg/g, respectively. The contribution of the daily intake of inorganic As, based on the consumption of 250 g fresh fish muscles/body weight/day was found in the range of 1.21–1.91 μg/kg/day.     

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of neomycin residues in pig muscle,chicken muscle,egg, fish,milk and kidney

A colorimetric competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was developed using polyclonal antibody to determine neomycin residues in food of animal origin. No cross-reactivity of the antibody was observed with other aminoglycosides. The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 μg/kg. A simple and efficient sample extraction method was established with recoveries of neomycin ranged from 75% to 105%. The detection limits were 5 μg/kg(l) in pig muscle, chicken muscle, fish and milk, 10 μg/kg in kidney and 20 μg/kg in egg, respectively. Chemiluminescence assay was developed for detecting neomycin residues in pig muscle and chicken muscle. The limit of detection of the method was 0.015 μg/kg, and the detection limits were 1.5 μg/kg in pig muscle and 6 μg/kg in chicken muscle. The ELISA tests were validated by HPLC, and the results showed a good correlation (r²) which was greater than 0.9.