Biogenic amines in Spanish beers: differences among breweries

Ten biogenic amines in Spanish beers were studied using HPLC. Agmatine, tyramine and putrescine were the prevailing amines, while histamine,-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine were detected at relatively low levels (in general <2 mg/l). On the basis of the wide range of levels observed for tyramine (from 1.90 to 31.55 mg/l), the consumption of beer requires restriction in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs. Biogenic amine levels in beers of the same type from the same company and from different companies were monitored every month over 1 year. Agmatine and putrescine levels showed minimal fluctuations in beers from the same company as well as from different breweries. Raw materials and brewing conditions would not affect the levels of those amines. However, tyramine levels were subject to wide fluctuations in beers produced by particular breweries irrespective of whether they were produced by the same company. Relatively high levels of tyramine were specific to some breweries.     

Biogenic amines in traditional fermented sausages produced in selected European countries

Aminogenesis in traditional fermented sausages produced in Europe was studied during manufacturing process taking into account technological, physico-chemical and microbial factors. Tyramine was the major amine, followed by putrescine and cadaverine, although the occurrence of di-amines was much more variable. By principal component analysis, relationships between aminogenesis and the country of origin, physico-chemical parameters, processing conditions and microbial counts, were not found, probably due to the high dispersion observed in those variables. Therefore, biogenic amines occurred irrespectively of physico-chemical changes and technological conditions applied for sausage manufacture. By cluster analysis, five groups of fermented sausages were identified on the basis of their quantitative and qualitative profile of total biogenic amine content. Group A included products from very low to low total amine content (from not detected to 150 mg/kg); group B, products with moderate levels (from 150 to 350 mg/kg) tyramine being the major amine; group C, also with moderate amine contents but cadaverine being the major amine; and groups D and E, comprising products with high (from 350 to 550 mg/kg) and very high (higher than 550 mg/kg) amine content, respectively. Samples with moderate, high or very high levels of biogenic amines could be considered as products of less quality, and their consumption could be unhealthy for sensitive individuals or for those under classical monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug therapy.     

A Traditional Turkish Fermented Cereal Food: Tarhana

Tarhana has a long history. According to historical records, it was first produced by Turkish people in Middle Asia and afterwards it spread out to different parts of the world. It is a fermented cereal-based food and can be simply defined as a mixture of yoghurt, cereal flours, yeast, different vegetables, herbs, and spices. After the mixing process, tarhana dough is fermented for 1 to 5 days and immediately dried. Both lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast fermentations occur simultaneously during tarhana production. Therefore, tarhana has sour and acidic taste with yeast flavour as well. It is sun-dried at the home-made level or oven-dried of the commercial level. Several types of tarhana can be classified depending upon processing method or raw materials used. Low moisture (6–10%), low pH (3.5–5.0), and components (organic acids, bacteriosin, etc.) formed in fermentation have bacteriostatic effect on pathogens and spoilage microorganisms during long term storage (1–2 years) and enhance shelf life. Since tarhana is a good source of B vitamins, minerals, organic acids, and free amino acids, and since it is a product of LAB and yeast fermentation, it may be considered a functional and probiotic food.     

A Traditional Turkish Fermented Cereal Food: Tarhana

Tarhana has a long history. According to historical records, it was first produced by Turkish people in Middle Asia and afterwards it spread out to different parts of the world. It is a fermented cereal-based food and can be simply defined as a mixture of yoghurt, cereal flours, yeast, different vegetables, herbs, and spices. After the mixing process, tarhana dough is fermented for 1 to 5 days and immediately dried. Both lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast fermentations occur simultaneously during tarhana production. Therefore, tarhana has sour and acidic taste with yeast flavour as well. It is sun-dried at the home-made level or oven-dried of the commercial level. Several types of tarhana can be classified depending upon processing method or raw materials used. Low moisture (6-10%), low pH (3.5-5.0), and components (organic acids, bacteriosin, etc.) formed in fermentation have bacteriostatic effect on pathogens and spoilage microorganisms during long term storage (1-2 years) and enhance shelf life. Since tarhana is a good source of B vitamins, minerals, organic acids, and free amino acids, and since it is a product of LAB and yeast fermentation, it may be considered a functional and probiotic food.     

发酵香肠中生物胺生成量的菌株效应分析

本实验对乳杆菌(米酒乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌)和片球菌(戊糖片球菌和小片球菌)在发酵香肠中生物胺的生成量进行了分析。结果表明,供试乳杆菌和片球菌均能产生不等量的组胺、尸胺、腐胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺,但都不产生色胺,产品中的生物胺生成量表现出明显的菌株效应。采用复配菌种(片球菌+葡萄球菌)发酵可以明显降低香肠中组胺、尸胺、腐胺和酪胺以及总生物胺的含量。     

A survey of biogenic amines in Chinese rice wines

Fourteen Chinese rice wines from four rice wine-making regions of China were analyzed for the first time, using HPLC with diode array detection after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The results showed that Chinese rice wines contained the five biogenic amines histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine. Histamine was detected in all samples (100%), followed by spermine (93%), cadaverine (87%), tyramine (79%) and spermidine (79%). The mean total level of biogenic amines in samples was 107 mg/l with a range from 39.30 to 241 mg/l. These levels are below the level that may elicit direct adverse reactions for most consumers. However, patients being treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors should be aware of the presence of amines in rice wines and limit their consumption.     

Biogenic amine accumulation in ripened sausages affected by the addition of sodium sulphite

The effect of two concentrations of sodium sulphite on biogenic amine accumulation during the ripening of slightly fermented sausages was examined. Three batches of sausages were manufactured: one without sulphite (control), one with 500 mg/kg and one with 1000 mg/kg of sodium sulphite. Considerable tyramine production (75–140 mg/kg dry matter [dm]) was observed in all batches. Sausages with sulphite, especially those with 500 mg/kg, accumulated higher amounts of tyramine than those without sulphite. Cadaverine was observed in the batch without sulphite (38 mg/kg dm), but its production was markedly inhibited by the presence of sulphite. A small amount of putrescine (4–12 mg/kg dm) was found during ripening and its final content was slightly higher in sausages with 1000 mg/kg of sulphite. No production of histamine, phenylethylamine or tryptamine was observed. Agmatine and spermine levels decreased during ripening, whereas spermidine levels remained constant. Although sausages with sulphite showed lower microbial counts, only cadaverine production was lower than in sausages without sulphite. In contrast, tyramine and putrescine production seemed to be stimulated by the presence of sodium sulphite.     

Biogenic amine content of boza: A traditional cereal-based, fermented Turkish beverage

Boza is a fermented beverage made from millet, maize, wheat or rice. Biogenic amine contents of 10 boza samples from different manufacturers in Turkey were analysed for the first time, using HPLC after derivatisation with benzoyl chloride. Of the 11 biogenic amines under study, putrescine, spermidine and tyramine were detected in all boza samples. Tyramine was the prevailing biogenic amine. Tyramine concentrations of boza samples were between 13 and 65 mg/kg. Total biogenic amine contents of boza samples were between 25 and 69 mg/kg. Consequently, consumption of boza might represent a health risk for patients being treated with drugs containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The pH values of boza samples were in the range from 3.16 to 4.02; total dry matters were from 15.3% to 31.1% (w/w); protein contents were from 0.50% to 0.99% (w/w). No significant correlations were detected between biogenic amine concentrations and pH, protein content and total dry matter content.     

Biogenic and volatile amine-related qualities of three popular fish species sold at Kuwait fish markets

Three fish species commonly consumed in Kuwait were studied for their total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and biogenic amine composition during normal commercial activities at the fish markets. Samples of the fish species Zubaidi or silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), Hammour or orange–spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), and Negrule or grunt (Pomadasys kaakan) were analyzed using steam distillation and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures. Fish samples collected in the morning had lower levels of TVBN, ranging from 25.9 mg/100 g to 30.2 mg/100 g compared with the range of 31.2 mg/100 g to 40.9 mg/100 g for samples collected in the evening. Among all three fish species, Zubaidi (Pampus argenteus) showed the lowest TVBN content while Negrule (Pomadasys kaakan) had the highest. Biogenic amine levels were also low in the fish species. The data suggest that fish handling practices at the fish markets in Kuwait do not result in significant abuse of fish temperatures, and that the amounts of volatile and biogenic amines produced during normal activities did not rise to levels indicating fish decomposition.     

Biogenic Amine Content of Beers Consumed in Turkey and Influence of Storage Conditions on Biogenic Amine Formation

The biogenic amine content of beers available in Turkey, both domestic production and imported products, was investigated. A total of 17 domestic and 13 imported beers were evaluated in terms of 8 different biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, spermine, spermidine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, tryptamine and cadaverine). HPLC methodology with pre‐column derivatization and photodiode array detection after derivatization with dansyl chloride was used for quantification. In addition, the evolution of important amines such as histamine, tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine were investigated during different storage conditions by response surface methodology. The results indicated that both storage temperature and storage time were important factors affecting biogenic amine content. Histamine and putrescine increased during storage, but then decreased after reaching a maximum level after six weeks. With the biogenic amines tyramine and cadaverine, the amounts increased during the entire storage period. At higher storage temperatures, the formation of biogenic amines increased.     

Biogenic mono-, di- and polyamine contents in Spanish wines and influence of a limited irrigation

The distribution of biogenic aromatic amines, and also those of aliphatic diamines and polyamines, in red and white Spanish wines, was examined. Moreover, a study was carried out to determine whether the degree of irrigation affects the endogenous amine contents in grape as well as its evolution during the winemaking process. Amine levels were variable, ranging from not detected to 100 mg/l. Putrescine, which constituted the major amine, tyramine and histamine contents were significantly higher in red than in white wine. The aromatic phenylethylamine, and the aliphatic cadaverine, agmatine, spermine and spermidine, were detected in very low amounts in a few samples. Both, diamines and polyamines, were the only amines observed in grape samples, showing similar levels, irrespective of the water-stress degree, and their levels decreased significantly during winemaking. Most probably, the low levels of di- and polyamines in wine arise from those endogenously found in grape berries and the water-stress does not seem to be a factor influencing the contents.     

Physicochemical Properties,Microbial Profile,and Biogenic Amines Content of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch) Fillets Wrapped in Selected Packaging Films Under Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of packaging film on physicochemical properties, microbial profile, and biogenic amines content of barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch) fillets packed in polyamide, polypropylene, and low-density polyethylene films and kept at 8°C more than 20 days under modified atmosphere packaging. Putrescine and cadaverine were the most abundant amines, whereas the concentration of histamine ranged from less than 0.5 (not detected) to 198.0, 264.3, and 308.5 mg/kg for polyamide, polypropylene, and polyethylene (low-density polyethylene) films, respectively. Among the three, the psychrotrophic bacteria count was initially 4.26 log colony forming units/g and exceeded the acceptable limit of 7 log colony forming units/g on the 16th day of storage for polyamide and on 12th day of storage for polypropylene and polyethylene. However, the total plate count, among the three packaging films, was initially 3.54 log colony forming units/g and exceeded the acceptable limit of 6 log colony forming units/g on the 12th day of storage. The histamine-forming bacteria count was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in barramundi fillets packaged with polyamide compared to polypropylene and polyethylene. The significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the concentration of amines in polyamide as compared with polypropylene and polyethylene. Among the three packaging materials, polyamide was found to be the best for prolonging the storage of barramundi fillets.     

发酵香肠中生物胺含量影响因素的研究进展

介绍生物胺的种类、危害及在发酵香肠中存在的可能,重点分析了原料肉、发酵剂、工艺条件(温度、pH值、香肠直径、辅助配料、贮藏条件)等因子对发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响,并提出了通过控制原料肉的卫生质量、使用优良的发酵剂、控制蛋白质的水解程度、使用添加剂等措施降低发酵香肠中生物胺含量。     

熏马肠成熟过程中产生物胺氧化酶菌对生物胺作用的研究

该研究以从新疆熏马肠中筛选出来的6株产生物胺氧化酶菌株(鼠李糖乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆、腐生葡萄球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、戊糖片球菌、植物乳杆菌)作为发酵剂加入熏马肠中,采用PCR-DGGE技术监测菌落动态变化,高效液相色谱法检测熏马肠中生物胺(色胺、腐胺、苯乙胺、组胺、酪胺、尸胺、精胺、亚精胺)含量变化。结果表明,在熏马肠成熟过程中发酵剂对生物胺有一定的抑制作用。其中以腐生葡萄球菌对色胺、腐生葡萄球菌对苯乙胺、木糖葡萄球菌对尸胺、鼠李糖乳杆菌对腐胺、腐生葡萄球菌对组胺和枯草芽孢杆菌对酪胺的抑制作用最为显著,减少程度分别为45.49%、57.54%、40.75%、51.03%、49.28%、64.33%。本研究为熏马肠以及其他发酵肉制品的提高安全性奠定了基础。     

高效液相色谱法测定黄酒发酵醪液中生物胺含量

建立黄酒发酵醪液(固液混合物)中生物胺的检测方法并测定绍兴某黄酒厂发酵醪液的生物胺含量。结果显示,8种生物胺的检出限为0.187μg/L^0.35μg/L,定量限为0.323μg/L^1.06μg/L,且在0.5μg/L^20μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系。8种生物胺在黄酒发酵醪液样品中的平均回收率为95.31%~105.22%,相对标准偏差在3.21%~9.87%,均小于10%,符合国家标准中残留检测要求。在黄酒发酵醪液中,8种生物胺均能检出,总生物胺的范围是151.02 mg/L^181.48 mg/L,其中腐胺和酪胺是主要的生物胺。     

Occurrence of Biogenic Amines in Miso,Japanese Traditional Fermented Soybean Paste

Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze overall contents of biogenic amines in Miso and thereby evaluate the safety of the food. Through HPLC analysis of 22 different Miso products, it was found that most samples had low biogenic amine contents. However, some samples contained both histamine and tyramine close to hazardous levels of the amines, which indicate that the amounts of biogenic amines in Miso are not completely within the safe level for human health. Meanwhile, the biogenic amine contents showed no clear relationship with physicochemical parameters, whereas they revealed a good relationship with the ratio of soybean to other grains used in raw material. Thus, it turned out that biogenic amine contents in Miso are primarily affected by the ratio of raw ingredients, especially soybeans. The aerobic plate counts of Miso samples ranged from 3 to 8 Log CFU/g, and all the strains isolated from Miso samples were found to produce biogenic amines. Most strains were identified to be Bacillus subtilis, often regarded as the predominant contaminant bacteria in Miso, and highly capable of producing tyramine and spermine. Taken together, therefore, this study suggests that variability of biogenic amine contents in Miso are primarily attributed to the ratio of raw ingredients in the food that affects the relative contribution level of bacterial contaminants to the contents. Practical Application: Biogenic amines are harmful nitrogenous compounds. The amounts of biogenic amines in Miso are less when the ratio of soybean to other grains is lower in raw materials. This information would be helpful for consumers at the time of purchasing Miso product.     

Changes in Biogenic Amine Content of Tokaj Grapes, Wines, and Aszu-wines

ABSTRACT: Biogenic amines in grapes, aszu-grapes, wines, and aszu-wines of the Tokaj region of Hungary were separated, identified, and quantified by HPLC. The biogenic amine content of the Tokaj wines was well below the suggested limits for any of the biogenic amines. Histamine contents were especially low in all the samples investigated. The composition and concentration of the biogenic amines (polyamines) in the grape berries were altered remarkably by the Botrytis cinerea, and this resulted in a great change of the amine concentration in the aszu-wines compared to the wines. The composition and concentration of biogenic amines might provide useful information on the vintage and can support the authentication of the Tokaj aszu-wines.     

Real time quantitative PCR detection of histamine-producing lactic acid bacteria in cheese: Relation with histamine content

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight organic bases with biological activity, mainly formed by the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids. The consumption of food containing large amounts of some BAs can have toxicological consequences. Histamine is the most active BA and the most frequently involved in food-borne intoxications. This article reports the concentrations of histamine found in 80 cheeses made from different types of milk and subjected to different ripening periods. Histamine was detected in 41.25% of the samples, with values ranging from 20 to over 1000 mg per Kg of cheese. The highest histamine concentrations were recorded in long ripening cheeses made from raw milk. The presence and quantification of histamine-producing lactic acid bacteria was determined by RT-qPCR, and a good association was obtained between the C_t values and histamine concentrations determined by HPLC.     

Biogenic amines in wine: a review

Biogenic amines are formed from precursor amino acids, mainly by the microbial decarboxylation. The presence of these compounds plays a vital role in oenology because high amounts of them can lead to health problems. Thus, the origin, detection, and quantity of biogenic amines in wine are extremely important for winemaking. This study, focusing on the articles of latest 5 years, not only reviews the analytical methods used for the determination of biogenic amines but also describes the source of biogenic amines from the perspective of microbiological and oenological factors and summarises the strategies for the degradation of amines. The information presented in this review is important to alert about the inadequate quality of wine products, and efforts from the entire productive chain and the government are required to attain consumer safety.