不同香型白酒感官风味及挥发性化合物结构特征

白酒的感官风味特性及其特征风味化合物组成是认识、判别白酒香型类别及鉴定白酒品质的重要基础,但目前关于不同香型白酒感官和风味化合物的研究尚不充分。本研究以酱香、浓香、清香和清酱香4 种香型白酒为研究对象,采用感官风味评价法结合顶空固相微萃取/液液微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法和气相色谱法-氢火焰离子化检测器分析技术对4 种香型白酒中的主要挥发性化合物进行分析,利用香气活度值筛选出特征挥发性化合物,并经偏最小二乘回归分析建立相关性评价模型。结果表明：4 种香型白酒的风味轮廓存在明显差异;所有样品中共含有251 种主要挥发性化合物,其中有54 种特征风味化合物;异戊酸乙酯、二甲基三硫醚、丁酸乙酯、糠醛、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪和2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪对酱香型白酒风味贡献大;己酸乙酯、对甲酚和γ-壬内酯是浓香型白酒特征风味形成的关键化合物;壬醛、癸酸乙酯和苯乙醇是清香型白酒中特征性风味化合物;二甲基三硫醚、乙酸苯乙酯、苯乙醇、壬醛、癸醛、月桂酸乙酯和异戊醇则显著贡献了清酱香型白酒的特征风味。结论：本研究全面揭示并比较了不同香型白酒感官风味和化合物的多样性特征以及风味差异的表达机制,可为探索白酒风味特征的相关研究提供理论依据,并为后续研究白酒风味-健康机理提供参考。     

不同杏鲍菇菌株工厂化栽培子实体的挥发性风味成分分析及其香气评价

采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定不同杏鲍菇菌株工厂化栽培子实体中挥发性风味物质组成,结合电子鼻分析技术对不同杏鲍菇菌株栽培子实体的风味差异进行初步区分;并运用主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）明确对杏鲍菇子实体影响较大的挥发性风味成分,通过综合评价指标（general evaluation index,GEI）对不同杏鲍菇菌株栽培子实体的香气进行评价。结果表明,7 种杏鲍菇菌株子实体中共检测出102 种挥发性成分,主要包括醇类化合物、烯烃类化合物及酮醚类化合物等,共有成分达到36 种。电子鼻系统能够对7 种菌株的子实体风味进行差异区分。通过对主要挥发性风味物质的PCA发现,2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、3-辛酮、戊醇、丙酮、己醛、异戊酸甲酯、巯基乙醇、2,4-壬二烯醛、3-甲基丁醛、异戊醇对杏鲍菇子实体香气影响较大。GEI评价结果表明不同工厂化栽培的菌株子实体的香气差别显著,香气品质最优的为G.S.菌株。本研究为杏鲍菇育种和风味成分的开发利用提供一定的理论参考。     

Relationship Between the Different Aspects Related to Coffee Quality and Their Volatile Compounds

This paper provides, for the first time, an overview of different aspects related to the quality of coffee beans and their volatile fractions: species/cultivars, geographic origins, bean defects, and types of beverages, processing, roasting, and storage. In other words, it concerns the complex relation between the quality of coffee seeds and their volatile components. It is an overview of 48 articles and considering 6 different aspects related to the quality of coffee and its aromatic fraction. The greatest numbers of published papers concerned “species and cultivars” and “defective seeds,” both with 11 articles cited, followed by “storage” with 10 articles. Many aspects still require greater clarification, including the effects of geographical origin, processing, and roasting. Other issues that are better understood include the effects of species type, defective seeds, and storage conditions. Another topic that has received very little attention is the question of the existence of many different coffee cultivars within each species, which we believe should be further investigated, given that this can significantly affect the quality of the final beverage. Meanwhile, with the growing technological development in the areas of science and agriculture, there are many other aspects to be studied (or revisited), and the field of the aromatic quality of coffee provides ample opportunity for scientific investigation.     

组合式焙火工艺对铁观音品质及挥发性香气组分的影响

以市售清香型铁观音为原料,采用“中火”、“低火”、“高火”多段式组合控温控时焙火,分析焙火前后铁观音品质及香气组分差异。结果表明：焙火茶样品质均等同或高于对照茶样,其中6号样品质最好,为最佳焙火方案,即100 ℃处理90 min、120 ℃处理60 min、80 ℃处理8.5 h、140 ℃处理30 min。橙花叔醇、吲哚、α-法呢烯、苯乙醛、芳樟醇、苯乙腈、苯乙醇、茉莉内酯、顺-茉莉酮等是清香型铁观音特征性香气成分;橙花叔醇、脱氢芳樟醇、吲哚、α-法呢烯、罗勒烯（3,7-二甲基-1,3,6-辛三烯）、苯乙腈、茉莉内酯、苯乙醛、苯乙醇、顺-茉莉酮、3-呋喃甲醛、芳樟醇、苯甲醛等是焙火铁观音的特征性香气成分。焙火样中检出的吡喃、呋喃等与其呈现的火香、蜜香有关。橙花叔醇和脱氢芳樟醇与铁观音香气品质相关,对焙火温度和时间的选择具指导作用。     

Methionine Metabolism: Major Pathways and Enzymes Involved and Strategies for Control and Diversification of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cheese

For economical reasons and to accommodate current market trends, cheese manufacturers and product developers are increasingly interested in controlling cheese flavor formation and developing new flavors. Due to their low detection threshold and diversity, volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are of prime importance in the overall flavor of cheese and make a significant contribution to their typical flavors. Thus, the control of VSCs formation offers considerable potential for industrial applications. This paper gives an overview of the main VSCs found in cheese, along with the major pathways and key enzymes leading to the formation of methanethiol from methionine, which is subsequently converted into other sulfur-bearing compounds. As these compounds arise primarily from methionine, the metabolism of this amino acid and its regulation is presented. Attention is focused in the enzymatic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are widely used as starter and adjunct cultures in cheese-making. In view of industrial applications, different strategies such as the enhancement of the abilities of LAB to produce high amounts and diversity of VSCs are highlighted as the principal future research trend.     

Phenolic Compounds,Volatiles, and Sensory Characteristics of Twelve Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivars Grown in Turkey

The paper reports the phenolic, anthocyanin, and volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of 12 cultivars of sweet cherries including cvs. Belge, Bing, Dalbasti, Durona di Cesena, Lambert, Merton Late, Starks Gold, Summit, Sweetheart, Van, Vista, and 0–900 Ziraat. Eight individual phenolic compounds were determined by the HPLC‐DAD method. Among these cherries, cvs. Bing, Durona di Cesena, and Lambert contained higher levels of total individual phenolic compounds than the other cultivars. Six anthocyanins were detected in cherries and cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside was principal and it was the highest level in cv. Bing. The major volatiles found were 1‐hexanol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, benzylalcohol, hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and benzaldehyde. Sensory evaluation of the cherries showed that cvs. Belge, Bing, Dalbasti, and Summit have higher textural and flavor scores than others. It was concluded that the same compounds for phenolic or volatiles profiles of sweet cherries were similar in qualitative; however, quantitative differences were observed in these cultivars.     

顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析不同部位和品种猪肉的挥发性风味化合物

采用顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱（headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS）对普通猪里脊、普通猪五花、普通猪后尖、黑猪后尖和土猪后尖这5?种不同类型猪肉样品的挥发性风味化合物进行测定与分析,比较不同部位和不同品种猪肉特征风味之间的差异。结果表明,不同部位猪肉中共鉴定出41?种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、酮类、醇类及其他类。不同种类猪后尖中共鉴定出29?种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、酮类、醇类、吡嗪类及其他类。里脊肉特征峰区域主要包括2,3-丁二酮、2,3-乙酰丙酮、2-丁酮,五花肉含有大量特有的或浓度相对较高的挥发性醛、醇类物质,其特征峰区域包括反-2-辛烯醛、反-2-庚烯醛、糠醇、3-辛醇、辛醛、壬醛、反-2-己烯-1-醇等,后尖肉中特有的挥发性物质较少,只有2-甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基吡嗪等化合物相对含量较高,且土猪后尖和黑猪后尖中吡嗪类化合物含量比普通猪后尖高。依据所建立的指纹图谱信息,结合主成分分析,不同部位和不同品种猪肉得到明显区分。GC-IMS技术简单、快速、无损,采用GC-IMS技术可为猪肉挥发性风味成分分析、品种识别、掺假鉴别等提供一定参考依据和理论基础。     

Relationships Between Sensory Flavor Evaluation and Volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds in Commercial Wheat Bread Type Baguette

ABSTRACT:  A sensorial evaluation was carried out on the flavor of wheat bread using a test of consumer acceptance for this type of product. The 5 samples evaluated corresponded to prebaked baguettes from the main brands marketed in Spain. At the same time, headspace analysis using a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method was used to assess the volatile components of the bread crumb as well as other components, such as salt, lactic acid, and total titratable acidity (TTA), which could affect the flavor. The results of the sensorial analysis indicate that there are no significant differences between the samples. Nevertheless, the content of volatile and nonvolatile compounds shows certain variations that correlate with the flavor scores. In general, the alcohol, ketone, and salt contents are considered positive, whereas the aldehyde and acid contents, including lactic acid, are considered negative. The main conclusions obtained were that for this type of bread, consumers tend to prefer products with a greater degree of fermentation by yeasts, without secondary fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. However, considering the geographic differences regarding these preferences, it will be necessary to perform further tests to establish the acceptance of different types of bread.     

Biomedical Activity and Related Volatile Compounds of Thai Honeys from 3 Different Honeybee Species

This study investigated the effect of 3 factors (floral source, honeybee species, and postcollection processing) that influence the antibacterial activity, free radical reduction, and other biochemical compositions of different honey types typical of Thailand. Honey samples from 3 honeybee species (Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, and Apis dorsata) were obtained from 9 floral sources (longan, wild flower, lychee, coffee, sunflower, sesame, bitter bush, para‐rubber, and manuka as a control) in different regions of Thailand. These samples were evaluated for both their total and nonperoxide antibacterial activity against 10 human pathogens by agar incorporation technique. Honey samples were further analyzed to evaluate the capacity for free radical‐scavenging activity, total phenolic content, and the total flavonoid contents by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay, Folin–Ciocalteu method, and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Furthermore, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Thai honey samples were investigated by headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis. Findings of this study suggest a strong correlation between floral origin and honeybee species on one hand, and differences in %Brix, total acidity, protein content, antimicrobial activities, free radical reduction, phenolic, and flavonoid contents on the other hand. Moreover, VOCs of wild and coffee honey types were remarkably different, depending on the floral source. Both honeys contained characteristics of VOCs, some of which are involved in antibacterial and antioxidant activities.     

红枣发酵酒香气成分分析及感官品质评价

以甘肃地区3 个红枣品种（临泽小枣、小口枣和民勤圆枣）为原料酿造红枣酒,测定其基本理化指标和挥发性香气成分,并进行感官评价分析,以期对红枣酒的酿造及枣酒品质分析提供依据。结果表明：3 种枣酒的理化指标均符合国标要求,但临泽小枣酒样的总酸含量和色度值最高且差异显著;香气成分结合香气轮分析表明,小口枣酒样中的酯类、醇类和萜烯类香气物质含量显著较高,民勤圆枣酒样中酸类和醛酮类香气化合物含量显著较高,大马士酮、苯乙醛、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、丁酸乙酯和异戊醇可能是构成红枣酒花香、果香和溶剂味的主要成分;感官评价结果显示,小口枣酒样香气最为浓郁优雅,临泽小枣酒样具有较好的色泽和典型性,2 种枣酒的感官品质均较佳,可用于甘肃特色枣酒的生产。     

锦橙果肉和果皮中游离态和键合态香气物质研究

以锦橙为研究对象,应用AmberliteXAD-2吸附和溶剂洗脱分离锦橙果肉和果汁中游离态和糖苷键合态的芳香化合物,并采用GC-MS检测了锦橙果肉和果皮中的芳香物质。结果表明,锦橙果肉中检出游离态香气31种,键合态香气21种,锦橙果皮中检出游离态香气33种,键合态香气29种。果肉和果皮中游离态和键合态香气组分的构成差别较大,果肉中主要为正己醇、3-羟基己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、癸醛和异环柠檬醛等;果皮中则主要为芳樟醇、反金合欢醇、δ-杜松烯、柠檬醛和榄香醇等。     

奶豆腐发酵期间挥发性风味组分变化及其感官品质分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法对实验室自制奶豆腐发酵期间挥发性风味物质进行分析,并对成品奶豆腐与牧民自制奶豆腐的感官品质进行比较。结果表明:发酵期间共检出66种挥发性风味化合物,其中发酵初期(2~4 h)检测到45种,以脂肪酸类物质为主;发酵中期(4~8 h)检测到27种,以醇类、酮类物质为主;发酵后期(8 h~成品)检测到44种,以酮类、芳香族类物质为主。感官评价结果表明实验室自制奶豆腐较牧民自制奶豆腐口感更细腻,奶香味更浓郁;pH 4.6含氮量测定结果也进一步验证了该结论。     

14 种侧耳属食用菌干品挥发性香味成分分析

挥发性香味成分是影响食用菌品质的重要指标。为探究不同侧耳属食用菌挥发性香味物质的组成和相对含量,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用方法对14 种侧耳属食用菌干品中的挥发性香味物质进行分析,并通过相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）和共有成分分析研究不同组分对整体风味的贡献。结果显示：14?种侧耳属食用菌干品中共鉴定出41?种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、羧酸类和呋喃类等;其中共有成分8?种,分别为正己醛、2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、正辛醇、2-辛烯-1-醇、3-辛酮和1-辛烯-3-酮;此外,醇类化合物在14?种侧耳属食用菌中相对含量远高于其他类化合物。除佛罗里达侧耳PF6中主体挥发性香气成分为1-辛烯-3-酮、1-辛烯-3-醇和正辛醛外,其他13?种侧耳属食用菌中主体挥发性香气成分均为1-辛烯-3-酮和1-辛烯-3-醇。共有香气物质主成分分析显示前3?个主成分方差累计贡献率达到83.627%,主要代表性成分为1-己醇、正己醛、2-丁基-2-辛烯醛、正辛醇、2-辛烯-1-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮和3-辛酮等,它们是影响食用菌风味的关键性香味成分。     

Aroma Characteristic and Volatile Profiling of Carrot Varieties and Quantitative Role of Terpenoid Compounds for Carrot Sensory Attributes

The aroma characteristics and volatile profiles of 14 carrot varieties were investigated by sensory evaluations and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry volatile analyses. The sensory map obtained by principal components analysis showed that the sensory attributes comprised 3 categories: sour/green, overall carrot/harsh/ink‐like, and fruity/fresh/sweet. The Kuroda type is characterized by lower intensities of overall carrot/harsh/ink‐like and fruity/fresh/sweet notes. Furthermore, volatile profiling indicated that this type did not have significantly higher amounts of volatiles. Partial least squares regression analysis determined the quantitative contributions to ink‐like, harsh, and fruity carrot aromas; monoterpenes had significant positive correlations with these attributes, while bisabolene isomers had negative correlations. The aroma attribute intensity and contents of volatiles and nutritional compounds are relatively low in the Kuroda type than in other carrot types. This type may be useful for reducing carrot harshness during the development of new carrots with good eating qualities.     

不同品种板鸭的理化特性及风味物质比较

为探索不同区域板鸭品质差异性,本文分析了三种不同品种板鸭理化特性、微生物数量,质构特性及风味成分。采用硬度、弹性、黏性、粘结性和咀嚼度五个指标对样品质构特征进行分析,应用气相色谱-质谱对样品香气成分进行比较。结果表明三种板鸭品种的理化特性具有较大差异,特别是水分含量,四川板鸭含水量达到34.30%,而南京板鸭和江西板鸭含水量20~25%之间。在中性pH值范围内,其含盐量都较高。南京板鸭硬度最大,四川板鸭弹性最大,从咀嚼性指标看江西板鸭最适口。三种板鸭品种共鉴定出63种风味成分,最主要的风味化合物为醇类、羧酸类、烃类、酮类、酯类和醛类,从风味组成看四川板鸭和江西及南京板鸭差异较大,特别是酮类化合物有明显区别,说明不同品种板鸭品质差异性主要表现在肉质质构和风味组成。     

Characterization of Wheat Germ Oil in Terms of Volatile Compounds,Lipid Composition,Thermal Behavior,and Structure

In this study, the volatile compounds, lipid composition, thermal behavior, and structure of wheat germ oil were analyzed. Forty-four volatile compounds, mainly alcohols, esters, alkenes, and aldehydes, were isolated by headspace solid phase micro extraction. The major constituents were found to be hexanal (15.97%), 2-methyl-2-butene (10.43%), 2,4-heptadienal (8.53%), and limonene (6.83%). The oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acid (83.45%), especially in linoleic acid (64.82%), and there were 75.49% unsaturated fatty acid distributed in Sn-2 position. The main content of unsaponifiable matters was sterol, especially β-sitosterol (64.64%). The thermogravimetric analysis results showed one major regime of weight loss over a temperature range of 280–500°C and an exothermic behavior was observed by the differential scanning calorimetry data.     

新型嘉宝果起泡酒香气成分及特征香气分析

以热带水果嘉宝果为原料,采用新型发酵工艺酿造香气怡人的嘉宝果起泡酒。通过搅拌棒萃取法提取酒样香气成分,利用气相色谱-质谱联用结合内标法进行定性定量分析。共检测到104 种香气成分,其中主要有酯类、醇类、有机酸类、醛酮类、萜烯类以及芳香族化合物。根据气味活性值,从中筛选出12 种特征香气成分,其活性值由大到小依次为：肉桂酸乙酯、反-肉桂酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、乙酸苯乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯、里那醇、异戊酸乙酯、月桂酸。这些特征香气成分的描述词均以果香和花香为主。由30 名经过葡萄酒标准香气物质培训的品尝员进行感官量化分析,得到的实际特征香气与筛选鉴定出的香气成分的气味描述相符程度较高。验证采用新型工艺酿造的嘉宝果起泡酒具有以草莓等果香和花香为主体,并伴随着蜂蜜和其他复杂香气的香气特征。     

不同来源生熟北京豆汁的风味物质和感官评价比较

为分析北京豆汁中的挥发性风味物质,采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用技术对3 家豆汁企业的生豆汁与熟豆汁共6 个样品进行分析鉴定。生豆汁中共鉴定出39 种风味化合物,其中醇类18 种、醛类4 种、酮类1 种、酸类6 种、酚类3 种、酯类1 种、醚类2 种、呋喃类1 种;熟豆汁中共鉴定出31 种风味化合物,其中醇类12 种、醛类6 种、酮类1 种、酸类5 种、酚类3 种、酯类1 种、醚类2 种、呋喃类1 种。生豆汁中风味物质的种类和含量都明显高于熟豆汁,其中醇类物质的变化最为显著,豆汁的关键风味物质为酸类和含硫类化合物。感官评价和风味分析结果表明,老磁器口豆汁中醛类物质种类和含量最为丰富,豆香味更加浓厚。     

Sensory characteristics of spoilage and volatile compounds associated with bacteria isolated from cooked and peeled tropical shrimps using SPME-GC-MS analysis

The spoilage potential of six bacterial species isolated from cooked and peeled tropical shrimps (Brochothrix thermosphacta, Serratia liquefaciens-like, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Carnobacterium divergens, Carnobacterium alterfunditum-like and Vagococcus penaei sp. nov.) was evaluated. The bacteria were inoculated into shrimps, packaged in a modified atmosphere and stored for 27 days at 8 °C. Twice a week, microbial growth, as well as chemical and sensory changes, were monitored during the storage period. The bacteria mainly involved in shrimp spoilage were B. thermosphacta, S. liquefaciens-like and C. maltaromaticum whose main characteristic odours were cheese-sour, cabbage-amine and cheese-sour-butter, respectively. The volatile fraction of the inoculated shrimp samples was analysed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This method showed that the characteristic odours were most likely induced by the production of volatile compounds such as 3-methyl-1-butanal, 2,3-butanedione, 2-methyl-1-butanal, 2,3-heptanedione and trimethylamine.