Effect of Cooking on Soluble and Insoluble Oxalate Contents in Selected Pakistani Vegetables and Beans

The present study evaluated the effects of cooking on the total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in six different types of locally consumed vegetables and beans (spinach, carrots, beet root, white bean, red bean and soybean). The foods were cooked in water until they reached the soft consistency (12–15 min for vegetable and 2 h for beans). The raw and cooked samples were analyzed for their soluble and insoluble oxalate contents using the HPLC techniques. The total oxalate content of raw spinach, carrot, beet root, white bean, red bean and soybean, were found to be 978 ± 5, 49 ± 7, 67 ± 12, 158 ± 16, 113 ± 15, and 497 ± 22 mg/100 g of fresh weight respectively. The total oxalate contents of these foods after boiling were 477 ± 8, 16 ± 9, 52 ± 14, 47 ± 17, 72 ± 17, and 224 ± 25 mg/100 g of fresh weight respectively. The results showed that boiling significantly (P < 0.05) reduced both soluble and insoluble oxalate contents. More losses were observed in the soluble than the insoluble oxalates. The reduction in soluble oxalate in different vegetables ranged from 16 to 66% whereas in beans ranged from 40 to 77%. The data suggests that the use of boiled vegetables can be an effective strategy for reducing the dietary intake of oxalates in individuals predisposed to the development of kidney stones.     

烹调对常见蔬菜抗氧化活性与成分的影响

对常见的21种蔬菜,以爆炒、炖煮、微波3种烹调方法处理,采用相关方法测定比较其烹调前后的抗氧化活性,以及VC、总多酚及总类黄酮含量,比较不同烹调方法对蔬菜抗氧化活性及相关物质含量的影响,为评价人群实际抗氧化物质摄入量及相关研究提供参考.结果表明:炖煮导致蔬菜抗氧化活性及相关物质损失较多,微波及爆炒损失较少,且有部分指标出现了增加现象.     

一次性灌胃不同水果汁对大鼠外周血抗氧化力影响的研究

目的:观察不同抗氧化力水果汁对大鼠外周血抗氧化活性的影响。方法:以FRAP法测定水果汁的抗氧化活性,以灌胃法观察不同水果制汁后对大鼠外周血抗氧化活性的影响。取山楂、猕猴桃、石榴、草莓、苹果、梨果肉制汁后灌胃,连续动态观察大鼠外周血抗氧化力的变化。结果:测定的6种水果汁抗氧化活性排序依次为山楂、猕猴桃、石榴、草莓、红香蕉苹果、水晶梨。灌胃4g抗氧化力较强的山楂、猕猴桃、石榴制汁,大鼠外周血抗氧化力均显著增强,与对照组相比有显著性差别(P<0.01);抗氧化力较弱的红富士苹果和水晶梨制汁灌胃后外周血抗氧化力无变化;灌胃2g水果制汁后变化趋势与4g相同,但与对照组比较无显著差别。结论:在体外具有较强抗氧化力的水果汁对大鼠外周血抗氧化力影响较为显著,但抗氧化力较弱水果汁该作用较弱。     

Influence of different cooking methods on color,bioactive compounds,and antioxidant activity of kale

In this study, the effects of different cooking methods on health-promoting phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fresh kale were investigated. Results showed that water soluble phytochemicals were significantly decreased by boiling. While stir-frying gave the highest degradation ratio for all phytochemicals, and steaming gave the lowest degradation ratio. The thermal degradation ratios of ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total chlorophylls, total flavonols, and total phenolics content after stir-frying were 54.9, 28.2, 71.0, 81.3, and 39.3%, respectively. The results showed that steaming can be considered as the best method of cooking as it preserve the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity.     

烹饪方式对蔬菜营养、抗氧化能力及色泽影响的研究进展

烹饪是对食材加工处理,使食物更可口、更好看、更好闻的处理方式,不仅让人在食用时感到满足,而且能让食物的营养更容易被人体吸收。蔬菜作为一类常见食用食材,不论是在家庭还是餐馆,都是必不可少的。烹饪过程会对蔬菜进行加热,从而改变了蔬菜的营养成分和色泽。相比于其他烹饪方式,蒸制可能是一种最为健康的烹饪方式,可以保留较多的营养物质。本文对蒸、煮、微波、炒制等几种常用的家庭烹饪方式对于蔬菜中多种营养物质和抗氧化能力的影响,以及对色泽的影响进行了概述,以期为消费者选择合适的烹饪方法提供参考。     

烹煮方式对富硒大米中硒含量及抗氧化能力的影响

以5种市售富硒大米（2种红米、3种白米）为研究对象,对比分析4种烹煮方式（电饭锅烹煮、蒸锅烹煮、微波烹煮、高压烹煮）处理前后样品中硒、多酚的含量变化,同时测定样品DPPH自由基清除率及铁离子还原能力（ferric ion reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）。结果表明,经过烹煮制成米饭后,大米中硒、多酚及抗氧化能力均降低。但2种红米硒、多酚含量的损失程度最高,分别降低10.23%～24.07%、55.7%～80.6%。烹煮后的2种红米DPPH自由基清除率、FRAP值分别下降45.34%～55.44%、46.6%～56.0%。此外,不同烹煮方式对同种红米中硒含量无显著性影响（P>0.05）。应根据富硒大米品种选择适宜的烹煮方式,才更有利于硒含量及抗氧化能力的保留。     

Antioxidant Properties of Fresh,Powder, and Fiber Products of Mango (Mangifera Foetida) Fruit

This study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacity and antioxidant components in fresh, powder and fiber products prepared from Mangifera foetida fruit, locally known as bacang. The antioxidant capacity and components (reducing, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents) were in the order of fresh > fiber > powder, whereas based on β-carotene bleaching method, order of antioxidant activity was fiber > powder > fresh. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was positive and significant correlation (r > 0.9) between antioxidant capacity and certain antioxidant components.     

不同烹调方法对蔬菜中β—胡萝卜素含量的影响

用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对不同烹调处理的蔬菜中的β-胡萝卜素含量变化进行了研究。结果表明：漂烫、气蒸、油炒对蔬菜中β-胡萝卜素的影响较小，其保存率依次为93．5±3．06％、88.7±1.45％、81.6±1.73％，变异系数依次为3.3％、1．6％、2．1％，而炖煮对蔬菜中β—胡萝卜素影响较大，其保存率为71．6±5．73％，变异系数为8．0％。     

Effect of two cooking procedures on phytochemical compounds,total antioxidant capacity and colour of selected frozen vegetables

The effect of boiling and steaming on content of phytochemicals (carotenoids, chlorophylls, polyphenols and ascorbic acid) all evaluated by HPLC, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured by means of TEAC and FRAP assays and colour (L^∗, a^∗, b^∗, C, H°) of three frozen vegetables (carrot, cauliflower and spinach) was evaluated. Steaming increased the content of polyphenols in all vegetables and limited the depletion of carotenoids in spinach. Accordingly, TAC remained unvaried or increased both for steamed carrot and spinach. Boiling had a more marked effect on nutritional pattern of frozen vegetables in comparison with steaming, leading to a general loss of phytochemical compounds and TAC for all vegetables. Ascorbic acid was detected only in cauliflower and decreased after both treatments. Colour of frozen vegetables was only slightly influenced by cooking, probably due to blanching pre-treatment. Slight decrements of redness (a^∗) for carrot in relation with loss of carotenoids and greenness (−a^∗) for steamed spinach, due to a significant loss of total chlorophylls, were observed.     

Level of Vitamin C,Polyphenols, and Antioxidant and Enzymatic Activity in Three Varieties of Kale (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Acephala) at Different Stages of Maturity

The aim of this present study was to determine the level of vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase in the leaves of three varieties of kale at different stages of maturity. Average values per 100 g of fresh matter were 102 mg of vitamin C (of which L-ascorbic acid constituted 97%) and 359 mg polyphenols; antioxidant activity was measured at 48.9% RSA (17.6 μM Trolox/g kale). Redbor₁ c.v. variety contained the highest levels of the analyzed constituents. Compared with the first stage of maturity, plants at the second stage showed increases of 6% in vitamin C; 28% in polyphenols; and 12% in antioxidant activity, whereas plants at the third stage showed 5, 48, and 22% increased values, respectively. Average POD activity was 7.58 ΔA/min/g, PPO 1.64 ΔA/min/g, and CAT 7.93 mg H₂O₂/min/g. PPO activity increased with the age of the plant. No consistent correlation was found between the stage of growth and the other enzymes.     

超临界CO2法提取乳木果油工艺优化及对大鼠抗氧化能力的影响

采用响应面优化超临界CO2法提取乳木果油的工艺,并研究其对大鼠抗氧化能力的影响。考察了单因素萃取压力、萃取时间、萃取温度对乳木果油得率的影响。结果表明：萃取压力为31MPa、萃取温度为39℃、萃取时间为165 min,得出乳木果油的平均得率为46.75%,与预测值较为吻合。同时运动大鼠试验表明,试验中研究了各组大鼠骨骼肌中的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、MDA、.OH水平,得出灌胃乳木果油的大鼠SOD、CAT、GSH-Px水平明显提高,MDA、.OH水平明显降低,并且与剂量呈量效关系,说明乳木果油具有良好的抗氧化能力,可以有效降低大鼠力竭运动之后产生大量自由基对其骨骼肌造成的损伤,从而提高了大鼠的抗氧化能力。     

不同加工方式对紫色马铃薯中酚类物质的影响

紫色马铃薯富含花青素、绿原酸等多酚类物质,是价格低廉、取材广泛的天然抗氧化剂来源。为探明加工方式对紫色马铃薯中酚类物质的影响,最大程度地保留抗氧化活性物质,以3个紫色马铃薯品系和白色马铃薯品种‘夏波蒂’为实验材料,采用蒸制、微波和水煮3种加工方式进行处理,分析加工前后紫色马铃薯块茎中花青素、绿原酸、自由态多酚、结合态多酚的含量及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,3种加工方式均导致紫色马铃薯花青素含量的降低;与对照品种‘夏波蒂’相比,蒸制和微波处理后紫色品系马铃薯自由态多酚、结合态多酚、绿原酸的含量及抗氧化活性均更高,而水煮处理后,除结合态多酚的含量增加外,其余成分的含量均显著降低。因此,微波和蒸制加工可以更好地保留紫色马铃薯中的多酚类物质,从而发挥其抗氧化作用。     

The Effect of Cooking Water Composition on Textural and Cooking Properties of Spaghetti

The effect of cooking water on both textural and cooking properties of spaghetti was investigated for spaghetti samples, which differ in protein content. The samples were analysed after cooking in deionised, laboratory tap water, deionised water with 2.5% salt and deionised water with 5.0% salt. Brands A, B, and C were usual durum wheat spaghetti and brand D was spaghetti enriched with bran. Regardless of the cooking water used, brand D had higher hardness and lower adhesiveness than other spaghetti samples and required longer cooking time to achieve optimum cooking. It was found that samples cooked deionised water had lower hardness and adhesiveness values as compared to samples cooked in salty water. It can be concluded that a certain amount of salt in the cooking water improves textural characteristics of cooked pasta.     

Effect of Stir Frying on the Antioxidant Capacity and Aroma Components of Bok Choy (Chinese Cabbage)

Bok choy, Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis, is a type of Chinese cabbage. Stir frying could affect antioxidant activity and aroma composition of bok choy. Antioxidant activity such as diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl radical and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the leave and stem samples were determined. The highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power activity was obtained at 1.5 min stir-frying under 160ºC for bok choy leaves (49.7 ± 2.1 µmol FeSO₄/g dry weight). In ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, antioxidant capacities of bok choy stem samples increased significantly after stir-frying. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a typical volatile organic sulfur compound with a characteristic cabbage-like odor, was only observed in leave groups. After cooking treatment, antioxidant activities of bok choy stems were higher than those of leaves in diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl radical assay. Odor-active compounds were identified using gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry technique. Compared to stem sample data, more aroma components were quantified in leaves sample in 160, 180, and 210ºC, respectively. It was first time to detect and analysis the aroma components and antioxidant activity in different edible part of bok choy after Chinese domestic cooking.     

Effect of processing on the antioxidant properties of extracts from Mexican barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar

The effect of traditional cooking, roasting and germination on the antioxidant capacity of a Mexican barley cultivar is presented. Barley dried grains were processed and phenolic extracts obtained by successive extractions with hexane, aqueous acetone (70%), aqueous methanol (50%) and water. Total phenolic content was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the radical scavenging capacity by the DPPH method. The inhibition of LDL oxidation was also determined. Results showed that cooking and roasting barley extracts increase, the total phenolic content in comparison with control (unprocessed) barley extracts, but the germination reduces it. Germinated seeds subjected to roasting, cooking and unprocessed barley grains showed a higher antioxidant activity (IC₅₀). Traditionally cooked barley grains showed the highest inhibition of LDL oxidation. These results indicate that processing affects significantly the antioxidant capacity of barley phenolic extracts.     

Fluctuations in the Levels of Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Ten Small Fruits During One Year of Frozen Storage

The fluctuations in antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2´-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays), total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents of 10 small fruits (sweet cherries, sour cherries, strawberries, red currants, raspberries, blackberries, hawthorn, cornelian cherries, and red and white grapes) were monitored during storage at ?20°C. After one year in storage, all varieties except hawthorn and white grapes retained equal or slightly greater total phenol content in comparison to the initial values. The total flavonoid and total anthocyanin levels also remained stable or even increased after 12 months in all fruits exept hawthorn and strawberries. Red currants and raspberries exhibited optimal preservation of antioxidant capacity, while hawthorn showed a decrease in the antioxidant capacity during different time points in storage as well as at the end of storage. Analyzed fruits were classified into four main groups based on hierarchical cluster analysis.     

抗氧化能力的体外测定方法研究进展

水果、蔬菜、茶叶和红葡萄酒等食品被认为对人体健康具有积极的作用,其主要原因在于这些产品中的一些天然产物具有抗氧化作用。随着对天然抗氧化物质的关注程度不断提高,研究者开发出许多种体外抗氧化能力测定方法。常用的体外抗氧化测定方法有:总氧自由基清除能力法、还原能力测定法、ABTS自由基清除能力法、DPPH自由基清除能力法、羟自由基清除能力法、超氧自由基清除能力法和脂质过氧化法等。这些方法的反应原理和反应环境各不相同。作者系统地介绍了体外各种抗氧化能力测定方法,分析了这些方法的原理、特点和优缺点,并且对现行方法在实际中的应用现状和研究动态进行了评述。     

Phenolic Profiles and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Marketed Beers in Serbia

The aim of this research was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as to measure antioxidant activity of 24 different commercial beers consumed in Serbia. The major phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, salicylic), (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin were also determined by high pressure liquid chromatography method using a photodiode array detector. Gallic acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid are the most abundant phenolic acids in all samples, followed by (+)-catechin. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The total flavonoids were measured using spectrophotometrics as the aluminum chloride assay. The results showed that the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were established in dark and light beer samples. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power were used to assess the antioxidant potential of beers. These assays, based on different chemical mechanisms, were selected to take into account the wide variety and range of action of antioxidant compounds present in selected beer samples. All beers showed antioxidant power, but a wide range of antioxidant capacities was observed. Statistical differences between ferric reducing-antioxidant power and the other two antioxidant capacity assays were confirmed. This study will be useful for the appraisal of phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of various beers, and it will also be of interest for people who like drinking this beverage.     

解冻方式对养殖暗纹东方鲀持水性及质构特性的影响

为了探究解冻方式对冻藏养殖暗纹东方鲀（Takifugu obscurus）背部肌肉持水性及质构特性的影响,本实验采用4 种不同的解冻方式（冷藏解冻、室温解冻、流水解冻与超声辅助解冻）对养殖暗纹东方鲀进行处理,并通过观察肌原纤维蛋白和肌浆蛋白理化特性的变化分析内因。结果表明：冷藏解冻组（210 min）的持水性与质构特性较好,感官评分较高,肌肉结构最完整;超声辅助解冻组（10 min）的解冻损失率最大（12.34%）;流水解冻组（22 min）与室温解冻组（120 min）的质构特性较差,肌肉组织破坏程度较大。同时,冷藏解冻组的蛋白质变性程度较低,而其余3 种解冻组的蛋白质变性程度较高。偏最小二乘回归分析结果显示蛋白质变性会破坏质构与感官特性,而对解冻损失率的影响较小。综合来看,尽管冷藏解冻的解冻时间最长,但其能够最大程度维持养殖暗纹东方鲀的持水性和质构特性,对肌纤维与蛋白质的破坏性最小,是一种理想的解冻方式。     

模拟消化中小扁豆活性物质释放和抗氧化能力变化

为了解小扁豆中活性物质在消化过程的变化规律,以白、红、黑、绿4种颜色小扁豆为原料,采用体外模拟消化模型研究口腔、胃和肠消化过程中多酚、黄酮和花青素等活性物质释放和抗氧化能力变化。结果表明：4种颜色小扁豆多酚在消化过程中逐渐释放,肠消化阶段释放量最大,模拟消化结束时,白、红、黑、绿小扁豆多酚释放量分别为1.76、1.91、1.94和2.56 mg GAE/g;黄酮和花青素在胃消化阶段释放量最大,模拟消化结束时,黄酮释放量分别为0.82、1.75、4.15和3.92 mg R/g,花青素释放量分别为0.06、0.15、0.19和0.20 mg/g;黑、绿小扁豆活性物质释放量高于红、白小扁豆。模拟消化过程中,不同消化阶段小扁豆消化产物抗氧化能力具有显著差异（P<0.05）,胃消化阶段4种颜色小扁豆清除DPPH·能力较强,进入肠消化后,DPPH·清除能力显著减弱（P<0.05）,绿色小扁豆消化产物对DPPH·清除能力和铁离子还原力最强。相关性分析表明黄酮释放量和小扁豆抗氧化能力相关性更强,黄酮是小扁豆的主要抗氧化物质。