果皮中酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性及在体外消化过程中成分的变化

从21 种果皮中筛选出总酚、总黄酮含量较高的果皮,并选择1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、2,2’-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除力评价其抗氧化活性。对筛选出酚类物质含量高且抗氧化活性强的果皮进行体外模拟胃肠液消化,研究不同消化时间对总酚、总黄酮释放量的影响,并通过透析袋模拟肠道的吸收作用,考察其生物利用率,同时利用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器/电喷雾飞行时间质谱（ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector/electrospray ionization-time of fight-mass spectrometry,UPLC-DAD/ESI-TOF-MS）研究模拟胃肠液消化前后酚类物质变化。结果表明：21 种果皮中石榴皮（总酚含量为（58.09±0.46）mg/g、总黄酮含量为（47.50±0.39）mg/g）和山竹皮（总酚含量为（52.09±1.52）mg/g、总黄酮含量为（36.07±0.46）mg/g）中酚类物质含量较高;石榴皮的抗氧化能力强于山竹皮;模拟胃液消化阶段,石榴皮中总酚和总黄酮释放量均增加,模拟肠液消化阶段总酚和总黄酮的释放量先增加后减少;与胃液消化阶段相比,肠液消化阶段总酚和总黄酮含量明显降低;生物利用率测定结果表明总酚的生物利用率在每个时间点均强于总黄酮;通过UPLC-DAD/ESI-TOF-MS从石榴皮提取物中共检测出的5 种酚类化合物（分别为α-安石榴苷、β-安石榴苷、鞣花酸己糖苷、鞣花酸脱氧己糖苷、鞣花酸）,其在胃液消化过程中损失率小于肠液消化,说明石榴皮中酚类物质在酸性环境中结构稳定。     

石榴皮游离与结合态多酚的组成和抗氧化性研究

目的:研究石榴皮游离与结合态多酚含量、组成和抗氧化性的异同,为其提取和利用提供依据。方法:将3个石榴品种的成熟果实分别制成4类皮粉,采用超声提取法和碱液溶出法制取各皮粉的游离态和结合态多酚,采用3种方法测定其酚类组成和含量,采用4种方法评价其抗氧化能力。结果:4类皮粉的游离态多酚、类黄酮和单宁含量分别为107.55~157.60mg GAE/g DW、24.24~44.54mgQUE/gDW和143.03~231.44mgTAE/gDW,结合态多酚、类黄酮和单宁含量分别为7.35~30.89mgGAE/g DW、2.25~11.56mgQUE/gDW和9.01~18.86mgTAE/g DW。全皮、外层皮、内层皮和皮渣粉的多酚含量差异显著(p<0.05),其中皮渣游离态多酚含量最低而结合态多酚含量最高,各品种的同类皮粉的多酚含量有显著差别(p<0.05)。同一皮粉的游离态和结合态多酚的抗氧化能力彼此相近,其大小与多酚和单宁含量均显著相关(p<0.01)。结论:提取石榴皮多酚的材料可根据原料的实际状况而选全皮、内层皮或皮渣,提取游离酚可获取材料中大部分多酚。结合态多酚的抗氧化能力与游离态多酚相似但含量低。      

Enrichment of Functional Properties of Ice Cream with Pomegranate By‐products

Pomegranate peel rich in phenolics, and pomegranate seed which contain a conjugated fatty acid namely punicic acid in lipid fraction remain as by‐products after processing the fruit into juice. Ice cream is poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolics, therefore, this study was conducted to improve the functional properties of ice cream by incorporating pomegranate peel phenolics and pomegranate seed oil. Incorporation of the peel phenolics into ice cream at the levels of 0.1% and 0.4% (w/w) resulted in significant changes in the pH, total acidity, and color of the samples. The most prominent outcomes of phenolic incorporation were sharp improvements in antioxidant and antidiabetic activities as well as the phenolic content of ice creams. Replacement of pomegranate seed oil by milk fat at the levels of 2.0% and 4.0% (w/w) increased the conjugated fatty acid content. However, perception of oxidized flavor increased with the additional seed oil. When one considers the functional and nutritional improvements in the enrichment of the ice cream together with overall acceptability results of the sensory analysis, then it follows from this study that ice creams enriched with pomegranate peel phenolics up to 0.4% (w/w) and pomegranate seed oil up to 2.0% (w/w) could be introduced to markets as functional ice cream. Enrichment of ice creams with pomegranate by‐products might provide consumers health benefits with striking functional properties of punicalagins in pomegranate peel, and punicic acid in pomegranate seed oil.     

Antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds and tocopherols from Tunisian pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits

This article aims to determine the phenolic, tocopherol contents, and antioxidant capacities from fruits (juices, peels, and seed oils) of 6 Tunisian pomegranate ecotypes. Total anthocyanins were determined by a differential pH method. Hydrolyzable tannins were determined with potassium iodate. The tocopherol (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol) contents were, respectively, 165.77, 107.38, and 27.29 mg/100 g from dry seed. Four phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in pomegranate peel and pulp using the high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet method: 2 hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic and ellagic acids) and 2 hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic and p-coumaric acids). Juice, peel, and seed oil antioxidants were confirmed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. The highest values were recorded in peels with 25.63 mmol trolox equivalent/100 g and 22.08 mmol TE/100 g for FRAP and ORAC assay, respectively. Results showed that the antioxidant potency of pomegranate extracts was correlated with their phenolic compound content. In particular, the highest correlation was reported in peels. High correlations were also found between peel hydroxybenzoic acids and FRAP ORAC antioxidant capacities. Identified tocopherols seem to contribute in major part to the antioxidant activity of seed oil. The results implied that bioactive compounds from the peel might be potential resources for the development of antioxidant function dietary food.     

Physico-chemical Properties, Vitamin C Content, and Antimicrobial Properties of Pomegranate Fruit (Punica granatum L.)

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit is widely used in the food and process industries due to its excellent nutritional and health value and as a raw material for the manufacture of secondary products such as jellies, dyes, and cosmetics. The objectives of this research were to determine the vitamin C content and antimicrobial properties of fresh and dried fractions of fruit peel and arils of locally grown and imported pomegranate in Oman. A significant variation in vitamin C content was found among the five varieties of pomegranate studied, ranging from 52.8 to 72.0 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) for arils and 76.8 to 118.4 mg/100 g fw for peels. Irrespective of the variety of pomegranate, vitamin C content in the peel was significantly higher than the aril, with differences ranging from 24.4% to 97.0% depending on variety. Fruit fractions showed antimicrobial effects (inhibition zone) on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Escherichia coli. Sun drying of fruit peel significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced vitamin C retention and antimicrobial effects in comparison with oven drying presumably due to lower rate of moisture removal associated with low temperature drying over longer duration in comparison with short-time high-temperature oven drying.     

响应面试验优化石榴皮多酚提取工艺及石榴不同部位多酚的抗氧化活性分析

以石榴皮为原料,通过单因素试验及响应面试验优化石榴皮多酚的最佳提取工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数40%、超声波功率250 W、浸提温度60 ℃、料液比1∶27.5（g/mL）、超声时间39.3 min。此工艺条件下的多酚提取量为（1.13±0.26）mg/g。在优化条件下分别对石榴皮、石榴瓤和石榴籽中的多酚类化合物进行提取并比较其抗氧化活性,得到石榴不同部位的抗氧化活性大小依次为石榴皮＞石榴籽＞石榴瓤;进一步研究了人工模拟胃肠液对抗氧化活性最强组分石榴皮多酚活性的影响,发现经人工胃液处理后,石榴皮多酚的抗氧化活性升高（P＜0.05）,而经人工肠液处理后其抗氧化活性降低（P＜0.05）,推断石榴多酚类化合物在模拟胃肠液条件下其结构和功能的变化是不同的。     

Comparison of thermal and non-thermal extraction methods on free and bound phenolics in pomegranate peel

Pomegranate peel is a valuable byproduct for phenolic extraction. However, comprehensive analysis on novel extraction methods is lacking. In this study, free and bound phenolics, extracted by thermal (heating) and non-thermal methods (conventional solvent, high pressure, and ultrasound), were systematically compared by UHPLC-QTOF-MS and UPLC-QQQ-MS. The total content of free phenolics, approximately 10 times to that of bound phenolics, showed no significant difference across different extraction methods. The highest yield of bound phenolics was obtained by heating and high-pressure methods and the composition was closely dependent on the degree of alkaline hydrolysis. Many of bound phenolics obtained by thermal extraction were small molecules. Meanwhile, a greater proportion of larger compounds were obtained by high-pressure extraction, indicating that high pressure was gentler than thermal extraction. Genistin, nicotiflorin and myricetin-3-galactoside were first reported in pomegranate peel. This study provides a solid foundation for purposeful extraction of phenolics from pomegranate peels for industry.     

Antioxidant activities and major anthocyanins of Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.)

Total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity of Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) and anthocyanin content in peel were analyzed in this article. In addition, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry were used to determine anthocyanin composition of this fruit. The range of total phenolic content of the tested samples was 1.34 to 6.11 g/kg fresh weight (FW), and anthocyanin content in fruit peel of Myrobalan plum was from 1.93 to 19.86 g/kg peel. Ferric reducing antioxidant power values varied from 11.20 to 44.83 μmol Trolox equivalent/g FW. Four main kinds of anthocyanins in purple Myrobalan plum were detected while 6 kinds in red ones. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The article showed the anthocyanin composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of wild Myrobalan plum. The purple Myrobalan plum could be developed as a resource of fruit drinks because of its high antioxidant activity and the peel could be used as the resource to extract natural pigments.     

A process for turning pomegranate peels into a valuable food ingredient using ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation

A new method for pomegranate peel application in food industries was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and their subsequent encapsulation by spray drying. The effects of various parameters on extraction yield, on encapsulation efficiency/yield, and on the main physical properties of the microcapsules (moisture content, bulk density, rehydration ability) were studied. Ultrasound was found to increase extraction yield, but mainly to shorten the treatment time by over 20 times. The maximum encapsulation efficiency was 99.80% and the optimum operating conditions were found to be: wall material, maltodextrin/whey protein isolate (50:50); inlet air temperature, 150 °C; drying air flow rate, 17.5 m³/h; ratio of wall to core material, 9/1; feed solid concentration, 30% (w/w). The encapsulated phenolic extract was found efficient in improving the shelf life of hazelnut paste, in spite of the limited solubility of the crude extract in such a high lipid content matrix.Industrial relevancePomegranate peels, a by-product of pomegranate juice and concentrate industries, present a wide range of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. Therefore, the peels could have more beneficial applications in food industries instead of being used as animal feed or in commercial cosmetic products. In this work, a new method for pomegranate peel application was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics and their subsequent encapsulation by spray drying.     

In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles of tropical fruit by-products

Peel and seeds of red-skinned passion fruit, mango, longan, rambutan, white-flesh and red-flesh dragon fruit were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity, and determination of a detailed profile of phenolic compounds. Rambutan peel and mango seed extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP values). By using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, the profiles of soluble and bound phenolics in the fruit by-products were obtained. Ellagic acid, geraniin, quercetin hexoside, gallic and galloyshikimic acid were predominant in rambutan peel, whereas, mangiferin, ellagic acid and galloy(di)glucoside were the major phenolic compounds in mango seed. Main phenolic compounds in longan peel were ellagic acid, galloyldiglucoside, and gallic acid, while in dragon fruit peel this was isorhamnetin glycoside, isorhamnetin glucorhamoside. Meanwhile, rutin and quercetin hexoside were predominant in passion fruit peel. These findings contribute significantly to the database of phenolic profiles of by-products of tropical fruits.     

改性介孔材料对贝类副产物中重金属离子的脱除性能

为研究改性介孔材料对贝类副产物中重金属离子的脱除性能,对SBA-15介孔材料分别嫁接2-巯基噻唑啉、2-巯基苯并噻唑、吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵三种不同基团,得到三种材料分别记作MT-SBA-15、MBT-SBA-15、APDC-SBA-15,然后对材料孔结构进行表征,采用三种材料吸附铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)标准溶液,考察脱除pH、脱除时间、金属离子加标浓度对脱除能力的影响,最后用APDC-SBA-15脱除贝类副产物中重金属离子,考察重金属脱除率以及营养损失率。结果表明,三种材料都具有较大的比表面积和孔容。三种材料对重金属最优脱除pH为6.0,吸附平衡时间均为30 min;当金属离子浓度为1200 mg/L时,三种材料对金属离子吸附量最大,其中APDC-SBA-15的吸附量最高,对Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu吸附量分别为223.6、240.0、259.8、259.0 mg/g。APDC-SBA-15对菲律宾蛤仔蒸煮液中Pb的脱除率为100.00%,总糖损失率为7.32%;对菲律宾蛤仔蒸煮液多糖中Pb脱除率为84.50%,总糖损失率为2.57%;对牡蛎多肽中Pb、Cr的脱除率分别为62.20%和100.00%,对可溶性蛋白质的损失率为14.62%。综上,APDC-SBA-15可以高效脱除贝类副产物中的重金属,对蛋白质、总糖等营养成分的损失率较低。     

Phenolic acid profiles of mangosteen fruits (Garcinia mangostana)

The composition of phenolic acids in various parts of mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) was determined by GC and MS. The total content of phenolic acids, identified by GC-FID ranged from 265.7 ± 12.7 (aril) to 5027.7 ± 188.0 (peel) mg per kg of dry matter of sample. Ten phenolic acids were identified in mangosteen fruit. Of these, protocatechuic acid was the major phenolic acid in the peel and rind, while p-hydroxybenzoic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in the aril. m-Hydroxybenzoic acid was detected only in the peel, while 3,4-dihydroxymandelic was present only in the rind. The phenolic acids liberated from esters and glycosidic bonds were the major fractions of phenolic acids in mangosteen fruit.     

喀什甜石榴与会理青皮石榴品质及抗氧化 活性的比较

目的 比较新疆喀什甜石榴和四川会理青皮石榴两个品种的果实品质和抗氧化活性。方法 测定了这两个石榴品种的品质、糖酸含量、总花色素苷、总酚及其抗氧化能力。结果 新疆喀什甜石榴的可溶性固形物含量、籽粒色饱和度、苹果酸含量、总花色素苷含量和总酚含量均高于四川会理青皮石榴;而四川会理青皮石榴的葡萄糖含量和果糖含量则高于喀什甜石榴;喀什甜石榴和会理青皮石榴籽粒的总抗氧化能力分别为211.25 U和178.97 U;DPPH自由基清除率分别为0.87和0.82;石榴籽粒中抗氧化活性分别与总酚、总花色素苷成正相关。结论 两个石榴品种在果实品质和抗氧化活性方面各有特点,这为石榴品种的品质评价和果实加工利用提供了参考依据。     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

超声处理对石榴皮多酚提取效果的影响

石榴皮是一种易获得的、廉价的,但含有丰富多酚的废料。采用超声辅助提取法从石榴皮中提取多酚,优化工艺参数并利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定石榴皮中多酚的成分和含量,同时研究了石榴皮表面在超声处理下的变化。研究结果表明,在超声条件下,用水作为溶剂有更高的多酚得率,比甲醇等有机溶剂提取效果更好。在优化条件,即液固比(mL∶g)为60∶1,超声功率为400 W和超声时间为25 min时,多酚的最佳得率为39.30 mg/g(以没食子酸为标准),高于传统溶剂提取法的得率(32.58 mg/g)。HPLC分析得到石榴皮多酚中安石榴苷含量最高,其次是石榴皮鞣素,并且超声处理能较大地强化提取效果。石榴皮表面显微观察证明,超声能够显著破坏石榴皮表面而影响植物组织完整性,使多酚更多地释放出来。     

Binding of heavy metals to pomace fibers

This study demonstrates that the dietary fibers of pomace, a waste product from fruit pressing, have the potential for binding heavy metal ions. The quantity of metal ions bound varies from one fiber component to another. As it can be inferred from the results of the study, pectin was characterised by a particularly high capacity for metal ion binding. The hemicellulose fraction ranked second with respect to metal ion binding capacity. Binding of heavy metals to lignin was found to be generally poor.     

石榴皮和石榴叶的总黄酮含量及变化研究

用分光光度法对石榴皮、石榴叶定期测量总黄酮含量,并分析其在不同时间的变化趋势。结果表明:石榴皮的总黄酮含量随时间变化而呈逐步下降趋势,在六月底石榴皮黄酮含量达到高峰值,为12.47mg/g,到九月底十月初果实成熟时,石榴皮总黄酮含量基本稳定,为6.48mg/g。石榴叶的总黄酮含量变化不大,在九月下旬有一个高峰期,达到3.04mg/g。通过组织培养的愈伤组织的总黄酮含量和石榴皮的平均水平相当,高于石榴叶的总黄酮含量。     

冬红海棠果实不同部位多酚含量及抗氧化能力的比较

目前,人们对开发天然抗氧化剂的兴趣日益浓厚,多酚是植物资源中含量较高的活性物质,由于其结构特征而具有抗氧化活性.采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对冬红海棠果实不同部位中18种多酚类物质进行分离和定量分析,并检测其抗氧化能力.结果 表明,3个果实部位(果皮、果肉和种子)中,果皮总酚含量最高((4.03±0.20)mg G...     

不同石榴品种果汁花色苷稳定性的比较分析

花色苷是石榴果汁中的酚类物质之一,对果汁的感官和品质有重要的影响.但目前关于不同品种石榴汁花色苷稳定性的差异研究未见报道.文章以18个石榴品种果汁为材料,研究了不同温度处理、不同储存时间对石榴汁花色苷稳定性的影响.结果表明,18个石榴品种果汁总花色苷含量在3.642～51.547 mg/gFW,不同品种之间有差异,其中...     

不同品种李子多酚组成及抗氧化活性

为研究不同品种李子果皮、果肉多酚组成及抗氧化活性,以9个不同品种的李子(芙蓉李、巫山李、玫瑰李、红布李、黑布李、西梅李、脆红李、江安李、青李)为原料,提取游离酚和结合酚,测定其1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力和抗氧化能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)值,并通过高效液相色谱分析其多酚组成。结果显示:9种李子果皮总酚含量范围为111.52~775.88 mg GAE/100 g;果肉总酚含量范围为120.65~301.91 mg GAE/100 g,其中红布李果皮、果肉总酚含量均最高,西梅李总酚含量均最低。在多酚组成上,游离酚含量显著高于结合酚,且多酚组分主要为酚酸(原儿茶酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸)。体外抗氧化结果显示:9种李子果皮、果肉多酚均具有一定的抗氧化活性,DPPH自由基清除IC50值范围为4.38~46.46μg/m L,ORAC值范围为0.24~210.50μmol TE/g,其中巫山李果肉游离酚对DPPH自由基的清除能力最强,红布李果皮游离酚ORAC值最高。