色彩色差值结合感官评定优化茶饼干配方

本文介绍了色彩色差计的测定原理,并用该仪器对绿茶全茶粉以及茶饼干焙烤后的颜色进行测定。通过茶饼干的色彩色差规律结合感官评定结果来优化茶饼干的配方。实验结果表明,添加4g/100g绿茶全茶粉时,茶饼干的亮度较好,颜色翠绿,适度偏黄,该颜色范围较受欢迎,而且其在感官评定结果中颜色、茶香味、口感都得较高评分。     

发芽糙米饼干质构与感官品质研究

针对发芽糙米开发利用中遇到的“麸渣感”问题,以发芽糙米粉为原料,采用逐步单因子试验方式,探讨添加面粉种类及其添加比例以及起酥油和绵白糖添加量对发芽糙米粉面团及酥性饼干质构的影响。在发芽糙米粉中添加低筋粉的面团硬度、黏附性和面团感官综合评分均显著高于高筋粉,会使得面团的成型性和可塑性增强,而且添加低筋粉的饼干感官综合评分也显著高于高筋粉。此外,随着起酥油添加量的增加,面团硬度逐渐下降,而黏附性及其饼干的硬度呈现单峰趋势变化,同时饼干的咀嚼性会陡然降低随后缓慢降低;随着绵白糖添加量的增加,面团硬度和黏附性以及饼干硬度均在逐渐增加,而饼干的咀嚼性会逐渐降低;随着发芽糙米粉添加量的减少和低筋粉添加量的相应增加,面团硬度以及饼干的咀嚼性逐渐降低,而黏附性以及饼干硬度逐渐升高。因此,适量添加起酥油、绵白糖、低筋粉会使面团的成型性和可塑性适度增强,并形成适度的饼干硬度和咀嚼性。随着起酥油和绵白糖添加量的增加,饼干感官综合评分呈现单峰变化趋势。随着发芽糙米粉添加量的减少和低筋粉添加量的相应增加,饼干感官评分逐渐增加。另外,起酥油处理的饼干感官综合评分与质构的硬度呈极显著正相关（r=0.9812,P＜0.01）。依据发芽糙米饼干的感官综合评价,选定加工工艺优化条件为发芽糙米粉与低筋粉添加质量比60∶40、起酥油添加量35 g/100 g和绵白糖添加量25 g/100 g。     

Effect of Hydrocolloid Pre-Treatment on Instrumental and Sensory Texture Attributes of Frozen Carrot (Daucus carota)

The effect of different hydrocolloids (pectin, carboxy methylcellulose, xanthan gum, and sodium alginate) pre-treatment used at different concentrations (0.2–0.4%) on instrumental texture parameters as well as on the sensory attributes of frozen-thawed pre-cut carrots was evaluated. Instrumental texture profile analysis of frozen-thawed carrot showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in cohesiveness with an increase in the concentration of all the hydrocolloids. Nevertheless, the increase in springiness was not significant (P > 0.05) over the untreated control samples, whereas chewiness did not show consistent results with an increase of any of the hydrocolloids. As the concentration of hydrocolloids increased, the firmness values obtained by cutting the frozen-thawed carrot samples with a Warner Bratzler Blade were also found to increase. Higher texture retention after freezing and thawing was observed in xanthan gum (0.4%) pre-treated samples than other hydrocolloids used as well as than the control samples. It increased the firmness up to 196.2% than the control samples. However, 0.3% xanthan pre-treatment gave the best sensory results. Sensory acceptability increased on increasing the pectin and carboxy methylcellulose concentrations, while lower concentration levels of alginate pre-treatment showed higher sensory preference than the higher concentration levels. Based on the results, untreated frozen samples suffered from a detrimental texture and sensory deterioration during 15 months of frozen storage. The carrot tissue integrity was well retained during frozen storage in the hydrocolloid pre-treated samples.     

Textural Characteristics and Sensory Evaluation of Cooked Dry Chinese Noodles Based on Wheat-Sweet Potato Composite Flour

Effects of sweet potato flour (SPF) addition on dry Chinese noodles prepared from five wheat flours with variable quality (weak to very strong) were investigated. Color values expressed as L*, a* and b* were markedly affected by the levels of SPF. SPF addition reduced the springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience of the cooked noodles, but exerted varied effects on hardness and adhesiveness. Total scores of noodle samples prepared from composite flours decreased significantly with exception of very strong or strong flour. However, the reduction of total scores in wheat-SPF noodles was mainly due to decreasing of color and taste scores.     

Texture,sensory and swallowing characteristics of high-pressure-heat-treated pork meat gel as a dysphagia diet

To develop a soft meat product for a dysphagia diet, high-pressure technology was applied. Pressure-heat-treated ground pork meat (PH) was prepared from ground pork mixed with water (ground meat: water, 1:0.5 or 1:1) and salt (1.5%). PH-gels were made from these meat homogenates by treatment at 400 MPa for 20 min, followed by heat treatment. Heat-treated pork meat homogenates (H) were also prepared. The hardness and adhesiveness of the 1:1PH-gel was lower than those of the 1:1H-gel. The PH-gel scored higher in sensory evaluations of elasticity, smoothness and ease of swallowing. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that the superior textural property of the 1:1PH-gel was caused by a network of myosin filaments. Videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing revealed that the 1:1PH-gel was easy to swallow and left little residue in the oropharynx. These results proved the utility of pressurization in creating a dysphagia meat diet.     

荔枝果肉质构特性测定参数的研究

使用质构仪测定了荔枝果肉的硬度,研究了测试时探头速率、不同样本质量和样本摆放方向等参数对荔枝果肉硬度测定结果的影响。结果表明:测定时探头速率在20～100mm/min和200～500mm/min组内差异不显著,但组间差异显著。样本质量对果肉的单位硬度无显著影响;样本摆放方向对测定结果有显著影响。利用设定的参数测定淮枝、黑叶和白腊3个品种荔枝果肉的硬度,其中白腊品种的果肉硬度显著高于淮枝和黑叶品种。荔枝罐藏后在30℃下贮藏30d,果肉硬度明显下降。结论:在荔枝采后及加工中,使用质构仪进行测定,可以客观地反映果肉硬度等质构特性的变化。     

Effects of Osmotic Agents on Colour,Textural, Structural,Thermal, and Sensory Properties of Apple Slices

Effects of various osmotic agents (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, sorbitol, and honey) were evaluated in terms of moisture loss and solid gain besides objective measurements of colour, texture, glass transition temperature; subjective sensory profile; and scanning electron microscopic cellular structure of osmotically dehydrated apple slices. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher solid gains were observed in the samples dipped in glucose and fructose solutions, whereas maltose-treated samples showed higher water loss. The glass transition temperatures varied from ?68.4 to ?45.6°C, minimum in the case of glucose and maximum in maltose-treated ones. The sucrose- and maltose-treated samples had significantly (p < 0.05) higher L* showing restricted browning. The a* value was maximum and minimum in the case of sucrose- and fructose-treated samples, respectively. Hardness was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher (20.104 N) in sucrose-treated samples, while it was at a minimum (4.441 N) in sorbitol-treated ones. The scanning electron microscope studies revealed that cellular structure was retained in sucrose-treated samples, while the damage was observed to be more in the glucose- and fructose-treated ones. The sensory attributes of the osmo-dehydrated samples were found to be better in the case of sucrose-treated samples. The type of humectant, in terms of molecular size, significantly influences the mass transfer process that could be optimized to make the process versatile to meet the requirements of processors and consumers.     

Influence of Water-Soluble Nitrogen and Free Amino Groups on Sensory Attributes of Smoked Mozzarella Cheese

The smoking of cheeses contributes to significant changes in their color, aroma, and also content of free amino groups. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in sensory attributes of smoked and unsmoked mozzarella cheese during storage for four weeks. It was found that inner layers of both cheeses were equally light despite large differences in their outer layers (ΔL*: 26.33 for smoked and ΔL*: 5.33 for unsmoked). Color of the edge layer in smoked cheese was more saturated than in unsmoked cheese (ΔC* = 17.47). The edge layer in smoked cheese after storage became more saturated (ΔC* = 5.12). Desirability of smoked cheese was 1.5-fold greater than that of unsmoked cheese. Smoking contributed to the disappearance of cooked aroma (by 32%), whey, and cowy/phenolic aromas and intensified the perceptibility of acid taste (8.5 times). Changes were higher in smoked mozzarella because of its higher proteolysis susceptibility.     

小片球菌在发酵香肠中的应用--对产品色泽、质构和感官品质的影响

本试验就小片球菌(P.parvulus)对发酵香肠的色泽,质构和感官品质特性的影响进行了研究.结果表明,小片球菌(P.parvulus)作为单一发酵剂加入到发酵香肠中能明显改变产品的TPA特性,提高产品的硬度和咀嚼性,使产品的弹性优于对照,同时使产品的内聚性、胶粘性和回复率也高于对照.小片球菌(P.parvulus)能提高产品的亮度,但由于其产生H2O2,使产品的红度劣于对照.从感官分析来看,小片球菌(P.parvulus)能增加产品气味的浓度,一定程度的消除品尝后令人不愉快的余味.产品的总体可接受性要明显优于对照(p＜0.05).     

Instrumental Texture and Sensory Characteristics of Cod Frankfurter Sausages

Effects of five ingredients on cod sausages' chemical composition, pH, colour, texture, and sensory attributes were analysed. Changed ingredients were pea protein (0 vs. 2 g/100 g sausage), carrageenan (0 vs. 1 g/100 g), sodium bicarbonate (0, 0.15, and 0.3 g/100 g), sodium chloride (1.2 vs. 2.3 g/100 g) and pork meat (0, 13.3, and 26.7 g/100 g). Sausages became more yellow, springier, and harder with pea protein incorporation. Carrageenan addition made products redder, harder, and springier but less elastic. Sodium chloride reduction produced harder, springier, and more cohesiveness, but it produced less salty and smoky sausages. Textural effects of sodium bicarbonate addition were similar. Pork meat substitution made sausages harder, springier, and more cohesive.     

枣泥馅料质构参数与感官品质的相关性

针对目前枣泥馅料品质缺乏客观性评价标准的问题,通过分析测试条件对枣泥馅料TPA参数的影响,确定枣泥馅料质构仪质地分析法(Texture Profile Analysis,TPA)在探头的测试速度5 mm/s,对枣泥表面的压缩程度为50%,测试停留时间为5 s,探头对枣泥馅料的触发力为5g时,此时得到的TPA参数对枣泥馅料的测验条件最佳;通过采用感官评定中的质地多面剖析方法,制定了枣泥馅料评分细则。结合对感官评分之间的相关性进行皮尔逊分析结果得知感官评定指标的粗糙度与易碎性、硬度、紧密性之间具有不同程度的影响(皮尔逊系数r在0.9～1之间,p0.01);对TPA参数与感官评分的相关性分析得出,质构仪(TPA)分析参数中硬度、黏附性、凝聚性、咀嚼性和回复性与感官评分都在0.01水平上显著相关。由此提出以硬度、黏附性、凝聚性、咀嚼性和回复性5个TPA参数作为客观评价馅料品质的指标。     

Effect of different coagulants on yield and quality of tofu from soymilk

Soymilk tofu coagulated with four indigenous coagulants was compared in terms of chemical, textural, colour, and sensory attributes with calcium sulphate (CS) coagulated tofu. Coagulants used are Epsom salt (ES), lemon juice (LJ), alum and top water of fermented maize (TWFM). Protein and magnesium content significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 44.5 to 51.7 g/100 g and 252 to 324.6 mg/100 g, respectively, in soybean grain to soymilk. Calcium and magnesium contents increased and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in tofu coagulated with CS and ES, respectively. Lightness (L) values were 86.3, 86.2, 77.8, 72.4 and 84.6, redness (a) values are 0.34, 0.21, 0.87, 1.05 and 0.32, and yellowness (b) values were 24.0, 23.9, 27.3, 20.3 and 23.4 for CS, ES, LJ, alum and TWFM. The hardness, chewiness and brittleness of textural properties of tofu were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by different sources of coagulation. Sensory evaluation data shows that LJ impacts a significantly acceptable sensory attribute to tofu. This study has demonstrated that tofu quality is affected by the type of coagulant used in curding the soymilk.     

烘丝工艺参数对卷烟感官质量的影响

为研究制丝工序工艺参数变化对卷烟感官质量和化学成分的影响趋势,按照“卷烟制丝生产线工序质量评价”的要求和方法,对烘丝过程中的滚筒转速、热风温度、热风风门开度和排潮风门开度等工艺参数对卷烟感官质量的影响进行了试验。结果表明:①较高的滚筒转速、热风温度、排潮风门开度有利于卷烟香气的透发和提高,但不利于烟气特性和口感特性的改善;②较低或较高的热风风门开度都不利于卷烟香气特性的改善;③随滚筒转速、热风温度和热风风门开度的增大,烟丝中的挥发性有机酸和非挥发性有机酸总量逐渐降低,TSNA含量逐渐增加;④随排潮风门开度的增大,烟丝中的有机酸总量逐渐增加,TSNA含量逐渐降低。     

Effect of Maillard reaction products derived from the hydrolysate of mechanically deboned chicken residue on the antioxidant,textural and sensory properties of Cantonese sausages

Protein hydrolysates as precursors of Maillard reaction were obtained via enzymatic hydrolysis of mechanically deboned chicken residue (MDCR). The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared at 90 (M1), 100 (M2), 110 (M3) and 120 °C (M4), respectively. MRPs possessed a strong reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. According to the evolution of total free fatty acids and peroxide value of Cantonese sausage with MRPs during storage, M1 and M3 had a potent antioxidant activity (P < 0.05) due to their antioxidant abilities and inhibitory action against lipolytic enzymes. Cantonese sausages treated with M1 and M2 showed good textural and sensory properties. However, M3 and M4 had a negative (P < 0.05) effect on the flavour and texture of Cantonese sausages compared to control. The results suggested that M1 was very potential to be used to improve their antioxidant, textural and sensory quality.     

Determination of Ketchup Sensory Texture Acceptability and Examination of Determining Factors as a Basis for Product Optimization

The aim of this study was to examine possible usage of instrumental determination of selected texture parameters to estimate sensory texture acceptability of ketchups. Likewise, the authors focused on examination whether the consumer’s perception of texture acceptability is connected to the selected factors related to the ingredients and production technology. Yet another aim was to describe the selected textural parameters of ketchups available in the European market. Within the frame of this study, 29 samples of ketchups were analyzed by means of instrumental and sensory texture analysis. Further, a survey research was carried out with the results showing that the texture was the second most significant parameter for the consumer’s choice of a particular product. The average evaluation of sensory texture acceptability reached the values from 3.78 to 7.67. Analysis of the evaluation results of textural parameters based on the values of Pearson’s correlation coefficient confirmed a high correlation (p < 0.05) between instrumental and sensory determined viscosity and density. However, none of these partial textural parameters affected the sensory acceptability of the texture separately. Thus, using the instrumental analysis for estimation of the sensory texture acceptability of ketchups is not possible. For the optimization and control of ketchup texture in practice, sensory analysis is essential.     

Assessment of Color and Sensory Evaluation of Frozen Fillets from Pangasius Catfish and Nile Tilapia Imported to European Countries

The current study was designed to assess the color and sensory evaluation of frozen fillets of Pangasius catfish and Nile tilapia imported to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine in order to evaluate the possible impact of negative media image of these fish fillets on the sensory expectations of the consumers. The study used two trials of sensory evaluation: Blind and informed, on a group of untrained respondents and additional color analysis using the Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* scale. The lowest grades during sensory evaluation in all measured parameters were given to Pangasius imported to Ukraine and Poland. The grades of Pangasius and tilapia imported to Germany were similar and significantly higher than of other Pangasius groups. Generally tilapia fillets were marked as better than Pangasius fillets. Moreover the present study found that there was considerable percentage of customers which are susceptible to various commercial frauds since they marked Pangasius higher when they thought they are consuming turbot. This study also showed that the negative image of Pangasius presented through various mass-media might have a negative impact on consumer’s perspective of Pangasius consumption.     

Sensory and Texture Properties of Mashed Potato Incorporated with Inulin and Olive Oil Blends

The effect of adding different ratios of inulin and extra virgin olive oil blends, formulated without (MPA) and with cryoprotectants (MPB), on texture properties of fresh mashed potatoes and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes was studied. Inulin and extra virgin olive oil behaved like soft fillers, but inulin was associated with increased fibrousness and extra virgin olive oil with increased creaminess. In the total dataset and frozen mashed potatoes, frozen/thawed mashed potatoes, and MPA subgroups, component 1 was a contrast between mechanical and surface textural attributes, whereas in MPB samples component 1 was determined by geometrical attributes. Addition of inulin at 30 g/kg and extra virgin olive oil at 45 g/kg is recommended.     

淀粉、大豆分离蛋白及卡拉胶共混凝胶质构特性的研究

马铃薯淀粉、大豆分离蛋白和卡拉胶为肉制品中常用的三种添加剂.本实验将三者按一定比例混合,研究了浓度和pH,加热温度和时间以及蔗糖和电解质的添加等不同处理条件对混合凝胶质构的影响.结果表明,共混溶液的浓度和pH对共混凝胶的质构特性均有较大的影响;在80℃加热条件下,共混凝胶的主要质构指标均达到峰值;加热时间的增加只对凝胶硬度的增加有一定的作用;蔗糖能提高共混凝胶的弹性;NaCI能提高共混凝胶的硬度和弹性.