Color Changes of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Pulp During Fruit Development,Ripening, and Storage

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is a member of the dicotyledonous family Leguminosae. The fruit pulp has a pleasant acid taste and rich aroma, and thus, it is used as the chief souring agent for curries, sauces, and certain beverages. The unripe fruit pulp is green in color, while the ripe pulp is light brownish red. In storage, the brown pulp turns slowly to deep brown and finally black in color. In the present study, the cause of color changes during developmental stage, as well as during storage of tamarind pulp was investigated. Tamarind pulp in unripe condition (green pod) shows polyphenol oxidase activity up to 105 days of maturity of the fruit or until it ripens. Thereafter due to ripening there is a marked increase of reducing sugars and available lysine leading to Maillard reaction. This inhibits enzymatic browning in the ripe pulp during subsequent storage.     

Physicochemical,Morphological, Pasting,and Rheological Properties of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Kernel Starch

Starch was isolated from tamarind kernels, which are at present considered as waste. It was compared with corn and mung bean starch for its physicochemical, rheological, and morphological properties. Tamarind kernel starch showed significantly lower amylose content, light transmittance, solubility, and higher swelling power in comparison to corn and mung bean starch. The micrographs of tamarind kernel starch revealed its small oval shape granules with smooth surfaces. X-ray diffraction pattern of tamarind kernel starch was similar to corn starch with strong diffraction peaks at 15, 17, and 23° (2θ). Changes in storage modulus (G?), loss modulus (G??), and loss tangent (tan δ) during heating of starches showed the lowest peak G? for tamarind kernel starch, whereas the highest was observed for corn starch. Changes in G? and G?? during cooling, holding and subsequently heating were also studied. The frequency dependence of G? and G?? of starches measured at 25 and 95°C revealed their weak gel behavior. During cooling tamarind kernel starch showed lower increase in G? in comparison to other starches. Tamarind kernel starch was different from corn and mung bean starch in exhibiting highest peak, breakdown, and lowest setback viscosity. Tamarind seeds have potential as a relatively new, cheap, and underutilized source of starch in food applications.     

Partial Characterization of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Kernel Starch Oxidized at Different Levels of Sodium Hypochlorite

The effects of different levels of sodium hypochlorite (1–4 g/100 g dry solids active chlorine) on the physicochemical, pasting, and structural properties of tamarind kernel starches were investigated. The isolated starch had low traces of non-starch components, such as protein, fat, and ash, indicating its purity. Both the carboxyl and carbonyl contents in the oxidized starches increased significantly with the increase in chlorine concentration. The introduction of carboxyl and carbonyl groups resulted in significantly lower amylose content. The swelling power of oxidized starches was significantly lower than native starch and the solubility values increased when the chlorine concentration increased at all the measured temperatures. The percentage of light transmittance increased progressively after oxidation. Pasting properties showed that in treatments at high active chlorine concentrations, the peak viscosity decreased more drastically than in treatments at low chlorine concentration, indicating a greater degradation of starch. The morphology of the starches was not altered after oxidation. After oxidative treatment no change in the X-ray diffraction pattern was observed but intensity of the peaks increased. Therefore, tamarind kernel being underutilized raw material, has a great potential as a non-conventional source of starch and desirable properties of this starch can be enhanced by oxidation for applications in food industry.     

Glass Transition Behavior of Spray Dried Orange Juice Powder Measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Mechanical Compression Test (TMCT)

Spray drying behavior of orange juice concentrate with various levels of maltodextrin (DE 6) was studied. Five combinations of orange juice concentrate and maltodextrin (25:75, 30:70, 35:65, 40:60, and 50:50) were spray dried at 160 and 65°C inlet and outlet temperatures, respectively. The product recovered with 50% maltodextrin concentration was sticky and only 20% powder was recovered. The recovery of orange juice powder increased as the amount of maltodextrin in powders increased. The particle size and bulk density remained almost the same in all except in 50% maltodextrin powder which was slightly larger and more dense. The moisture content of spray dried powders was high and desiccated before measuring glass transition temperature. The anhydrous spray dried powders showed increased T_g values with increasing maltodextrin concentration, from 66°C in 50% maltodextrin to 97°C in 75% maltodextrin containing powders. The glass rubber transition (T_g-r) values of all the products measured using novel Thermal Mechanical Compression Test (TMCT) were higher than T_g values measured by DSC; the difference in values increased with increase in maltodextrin concentration.     

新鲜和干制龙眼果肉中多糖的理化特征及免疫调节活性比较

龙眼是一种颇受欢迎的亚热带水果,其干制果肉作为传统中药材亦被人们所熟知,而多糖是主要的生物活性成分。基于多糖理化特征和免疫调节活性的分析评价,探析新鲜和干制龙眼果肉的营养性差异。通过气质联用、离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析、粘度测定、紫外和红外光谱分析发现,新鲜果肉多糖（LPF）和干制果肉多糖（LPD）均为多糖-蛋白络合物,但两者的结合蛋白含量、中性与酸性多糖含量比、单糖组成、分子量分布和特征粘度均存在显著差异。体外细胞试验证实,LPD在50–400 μg/mL剂量范围内对脾淋巴细胞增殖和巨噬细胞吞噬的增强作用明显强于LPF。LPD和LPF均能显著刺激ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖和巨噬细胞NO生成(P<0.05),但对LPS诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖刺激作用较弱。龙眼果肉的干制处理可能通过改变水溶性多糖的理化特征而增强其体外免疫调节活性。     

低聚果糖对植物乳杆菌A33发酵酸角汁的影响

使用植物乳杆菌A33对酸角汁进行发酵,研究添加低聚果糖(fructooligosaccharides,FOS)对其发酵过程和贮藏期品质的影响.发酵过程中,添加FOS显著提高了植物乳杆菌A33的产酸能力,其中乳酸和乙酸的最大产量为3.12 g/L和0.34 g/L,分别为空白组的2.5倍和9倍;同时,添加FOS显著提高了...     

Physical and Swelling Properties of Spray‐Dried Powders made from Starch and Poly(vinyl alcohol)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) could be compatible in a powder for coating. Free films of a mixture of the polymers were produced by casting and investigated with respect to their mechanical properties and moisture uptake. The moisture uptake was substantially higher when glycerol was added and the glycerol‐containing films had a lower failure stress under tension than the corresponding glycerol‐free films. At glycerol levels of 20 wt% or above, the glycerol content resulted in a high strain to failure. Dry powders with and without glycerol were made from the starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions by spray drying. The powders were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to determine the degree of physical ageing or crystallinity. All powders showed a broad peak indicative of the melting of crystals at 100–150°C in the first scan, but this peak disappeared almost completely after rapid cooling. The glycerol‐free powder showed a small endothermic peak at about 45°C, indicating physical ageing of the powders during storage. Suspensions of the powders in a liquid plasticiser (glycerol or poly(ethylene glycol)) showed a sharp increase in storage modulus at a certain temperature, indicating the onset of swelling. The observed swelling meant that some of the powders are good candidates for plastisol coatings.     

Retention of the Enzymatic Activity and Product Properties During Spray Drying of Pineapple Stem Extract in Presence of Maltodextrin

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of drying parameters on the retention of the enzymatic activity and on the physical properties of spray-dried pineapple stem extract. A Box and Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effects of the processing parameters on the product properties. The parameters studied were the inlet temperature of drying gas (Tgi), the feed flow rate of the pineapple extract relative to evaporative capacity of the system (W_s?/W_max), and the concentration of maltodextrin added to the extract (MD). Significant effects of the processing parameters on the retention of the proteolytic activity of the powdered extract were observed. High processing temperatures lead to a product with a smaller moisture content, particle size, and lower agglomerating tendency. A product with insignificant losses of the proteolytic activity (≈ 10%) and low moisture content (less than 6.5%) is obtained at selected conditions.     

不同干燥方式的苦瓜粉品质特性及香气成分比较

为探究苦瓜粉适宜的干燥方式,采用日晒干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥等4种干燥方式对新鲜苦瓜进行干燥处理,并对干燥后苦瓜粉的加工性质(水分含量、溶解性、色泽、叶绿素含量)、营养成分(总酚、黄酮、皂苷)和香气成分进行评价。结果表明:不同干燥方式下苦瓜粉的加工性质和营养成分具有显著性差异(p<0.05),其中喷雾干燥苦瓜粉的加工性质明显优于其余3种干燥方式,水分含量最低(4.34%),冲调性最好(64.07%),叶绿素含量最高,色泽最优;真空冷冻干燥苦瓜粉营养成分(多酚、黄酮、皂苷含量分别为45.32 mg/g、19.15 mg/g、18.04 mg/g)均优于其他方式,喷雾干燥的苦瓜粉营养成分仅次于冷冻干燥;热风干燥和日晒干燥的苦瓜粉加工品质和营养成分相对较差。新鲜苦瓜和4种干燥处理的苦瓜粉共检测出107种香气成分,其中新鲜苦瓜检出42种,日晒、热风、真空冷冻、喷雾干燥苦瓜粉分别为48、42、36、50种,但仅有7种共有香气成分。醇类和醛类相对含量较高,占60%以上。综合对比,喷雾干燥和真空冷冻干燥处理的苦瓜粉品质优于热风干燥和日晒干燥。本研究结果为苦瓜粉进一步的加工和利用提供了理论依据。     

不同干燥方式茉莉花理化性质及挥发性成分分析

以新鲜双瓣茉莉花为原料,对比分析热风（HD）、微波（MVD）、微波-热风联合（MVD+HD）、真空冷冻（FD）干燥茉莉花的色泽、理化成分、抗氧化能力、氨基酸组分及挥发性风味物质的差异性。结果表明FD组茉莉花的L*值最大,a*值和ΔE最小,叶绿素、总酚含量最高,抑制羟自由基能力最强;而MVD+HD组茉莉花总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸占比均最高,分别为8.32 mg/g、2.67 mg/g和32.09%;醇类在茉莉花干花挥发性成分中相对含量最大,4种干燥方式FD组的茉莉花醇类、酯类和醛类相对含量最高分别为53.37%、5.40%、17.99%;酮类、烷烃类、酸类在HD组中相对含量最高,烯烃类和其他类在MVD组相对含量最高,说明FD组能最大限度的保留茉莉花主要香气物质,而HD组损失最大。综合表明,FD干燥的茉莉花色泽和香气最佳,可开发成高端茉莉花产品;而MVD+HD能较好的保留了茉莉花的香气和营养品质,比较适宜产业化生产,可作为茉莉花一种较理想的干燥方式。     

Optimisation of pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) juice spray‐drying as affected by temperature and maltodextrin content

Pomegranate juice powder is easier to handle and has more potential applications than the concentrate. In this study, the response surface, 3‐level factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of spray‐drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of a powdered product obtained by drying pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC). It was spray‐dried with a lab‐scale spray‐dryer using 18 and 7 dextrose equivalent (DE) maltodextrins (MD) as drying‐aid agents. Adding MD significantly reduced the hygroscopicity and stickiness of the pomegranate juice powder, and thus yielded higher recovery. The maximum achieved ratio of PJC/MD was 1/1, and it was obtained with the use of DE7 MD. However, graphical optimisation studies resulted in 125–145 °C and 0.6–0.8 PJC/MD ratio as optimum variables to produce acceptable dried powder. The results indicated that increasing inlet air temperature increases solubility time and loss of anthocyanins and decreases bulk density and moisture content of the powder.     

竹材高得率纸浆干燥及其复合材料的性能

分析了竹材高得率纸浆对撞流干燥的干燥特性,探讨了对撞流干燥对纤维形态、强度和分散性的影响,研究了对撞流干燥后竹材高得率纸浆增强聚酰胺树脂复合材料的性能.竹材高得率纸浆对撞流干燥适宜的工艺参数为气流速度32.0m/s、浆料流量2.40kg/h、干燥前浆料干度20%～25%、气流温度高于110℃.对撞流干燥后的竹材高得率纸浆具有较好的纤维分散性,其增强聚酰胺树脂复合材料主要性能比基体聚酰胺树脂、固定床干燥的竹材爆破浆增强聚酰胺树脂复合材料性能高.     

黄刺玫果粉喷雾干燥工艺优化及物性检测

用响应面法对黄刺玫果粉的喷雾干燥工艺进行优化并对果粉指标进行检测。以果粉得率、多酚含量为主要考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法对黄刺玫果粉喷雾干燥的进料速度、出口风速、料液浓度主要因素进行考察。结果表明:采用响应面法建立的模型具有显著性意义,在本实验条件下,影响果粉得率的主要因素依次为:进料速度>出口风速>料液浓度。各因素最佳参数为:进料速度6.0 mL/min、出口风速4.0 m/s、料液浓度60%。果粉得率77.5%,与预测值78.6%的偏差为1.4%;实验所得黄刺玫果粉粒度均一细腻,粒径7.71 μm,色泽粉紫,口味酸甜,具有黄刺玫果特有的香味和良好的水溶性。多酚含量为36.62 mg/g,含水率小于5.0%。结论:喷雾干燥法是制备黄刺玫果粉理想的一种干燥方法。     

马兰提取物抗氧化性研究

目的：考查马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物抗氧化活性。方法：分别以水和乙醇为提取液,探讨马兰中水提取物和乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性,包括还原能力以及清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和H2O2的能力。 结果：提取物主要成分为黄酮类化合物。马兰水提取物的抗氧化活性为：超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.2μg/mL)＞H2O2(IC50 2.8μg/mL)＞羟自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL)＞DPPH自由基(IC50 8.5μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 28.0μg/mL)。而马兰乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性为：H2O2(IC50 2.0μg/mL) ＞超氧阴离子自由基(IC50 2.1μg/mL)>羟自由基(IC50 2.5μg/mL)> DPPH自由基(IC50 5.6μg/mL) ＞金属螯合性(IC50 51.2μg/mL)。结论：马兰提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

热风与远红外干燥温度对苦瓜全粉品质的影响

本研究以新鲜苦瓜为原料,分别采用热风与远红外两种干燥方法在不同温度条件下(40℃、50℃、60℃、70℃、80℃)制备苦瓜全粉,比较了两种不同干燥方法对苦瓜的干燥特性、色泽、Vc含量及保留率、皂苷含量等品质指标的影响。结果表明:热风干燥与远红外干燥的苦瓜全粉品质随温度的改变而呈规律性变化,随温度的升高,干基含水量下降速度加快,干燥时长缩短;与新鲜苦瓜相比,制得的苦瓜全粉色泽随温度升高L值(明度)与b值(+黄,-蓝)变小,a值(+红,-绿)变大;Vc含量及保留率也随温度的升高而呈现先升后降的趋势,并在60℃达到峰值;皂苷含量随温度升高而降低。同一温度条件下,热风干燥效果明显优于远红外干燥。综合比较,热风干燥60℃条件下,干燥时间短,能耗损失低,苦瓜全粉色泽呈现好;Vc含量为63.42 mg/100 g,且保留率高达69.31%,皂苷含量为1.74%。     

枸杞粉及其多糖对环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠免疫及肠道菌群的调节作用

枸杞是我国传统的药食两用资源,其鲜果喷雾干燥粉作为食品或功能食品原料被广泛应用,但其功效作用研究较少。本研究以环磷酰胺（cyclophosphamide,CTX）诱导免疫低下的小鼠为模型,探究枸杞粉（Lycium barbarum L. powder,LB）、枸杞多糖（Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharides,LBP）及复配物（LB＋LBP）对小鼠免疫力及肠道菌群稳态的影响。结果表明,LB、LBP及LB＋LBP均可不同程度地恢复免疫抑制小鼠的体质量和采食量,改善小鼠的脾脏、胸腺和结肠组织损伤,有效促进免疫抑制小鼠肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-1β、干扰素-γ（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）和免疫球蛋白A（immunoglobulin A,IgA）的分泌,调节结肠中免疫相关基因的表达,促进短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs）生成,显著调节Muribaculaceae_unclassified、Muribaculum、Mucispirillum、Helicobacter、Bilophila、Clostridiales等相对丰度（P＜0.05）,逆转CTX诱导的小鼠肠道菌群代谢功能异常,并使其趋于正常。相较于LBP,LB、LB＋LBP还可降低Clostridiales相对丰度,增加有益菌Duncaniella的相对丰度,LB＋LBP还可降低厌氧菌Anaerotruncus的相对丰度。本研究结果将为枸杞精深加工产业中功效针对性健康产品研发和多元化产品开发提供理论依据。     

Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on Physical, Textural, and Microstructural Properties of "Tommy Atkins" Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)

This research focused on determining the dose levels suitable for electron beam irradiation of mangoes without detriment to the fruit's quality characteristics. Physicochemical, textural, respiration rates, microstructural, and sensory characteristics of “Tommy Atkins” mangoes irradiated at 1.0, 1.5, and 3.1 kGy using a 10 MeV (10 kW) linear accelerator with double‐beam fixture were determined. Fruits were stored at 12 °C and 62.7% RH for 21 d and evaluated at days 0, 5, 10, and 21. Nonirradiated mangoes served as controls. Irradiation did affect the textural characteristics of mangoes at doses higher than 1.0 kGy. Mangoes exposed to 1.5 and 3.1 kGy were softer and less stiff throughout storage. The radiation‐induced softening of the fruits may be associated with changes in the structural cell such as cracks and depressions on the surface and the breakdown of the cells and its components. Irradiation at 3.1 kGy affected the color of mangoes by the end of storage. Doses up to 1.5 kGy kept respiration rates at a normal level. Irradiation did not affect the specific gravity of mangoes, a parameter associated with fruit maturity levels. No effect of irradiation on pH, water activity, moisture content, acidity, and juiciness of mangoes was detected at the dose levels used in this study. Only fruits irradiated at 3.1 kGy were unacceptable to the sensory panelists in terms of overall quality, texture, and aroma. Electron beam irradiation of “Tommy Atkins” mangoes at 1.0 kGy is the recommended treatment to maintain the overall fruit quality attributes.