道菜酥性饼干的配方优化研究

本文以道菜为对象,以感官评价、质构特性为依据,研究了道菜、黄油、糖霜和疏松剂(碳酸氢钠和碳酸氢铵以2∶1比例复配)等因素对道菜酥性饼干品质的影响,并在单因素实验的基础上,设计正交实验探讨了道菜酥性饼干的最佳配方。结果表明:在低筋面粉100g、道菜10g、黄油50g、糖霜35g、疏松剂1g的条件下所制得的道菜酥性饼干香气明显,组织细腻,外形平整,口感酥脆,感官评分最高。     

响应面-主成分分析法优化山药韧性饼干配方

为拓宽山药应用领域,以低筋小麦粉与山药粉为原料,开发山药韧性饼干。以感官评分与质构作为综合评价指标,进行单因素实验探究山药粉添加量对韧性饼干的影响。在此基础上,响应面结合主成分分析法优化山药韧性饼干配方。结果表明:以粉(低筋面粉+山药粉)100%计,山药粉添加量28%,水添加量26.76%,橄榄油添加量13.30%,磷脂添加量0.76%,糖添加量20%,食盐1.0%,小苏打1.0%,碳酸氢铵0.5%;烘烤温度:上火170 ℃,下火150 ℃,时间:12 min。此条件下,测得饼干硬度:(697.01±20.83) g,柔韧性:(0.292±0.018) mm,感官评分:81.80±3.63,饼干质构特性优于空白饼干,口感松脆、色泽均匀,具有独山药风味。     

一种低能量高蛋白饼干的制备研究

研究低能量高蛋白饼干的制作工艺以及大豆纤维粉和大豆分离蛋白对饼干品质和质构性质的影响。通过单因素和正交试验对饼干的感官以及质构测定进行综合评价。试验结果表明,饼干的最佳配方是面粉100 g、大豆纤维粉10 g、大豆分离蛋白6 g、油脂20 g、水55 mL,零卡糖15 g、小苏打0.6 g、碳酸氢铵0.6 g、葡萄糖酸内酯1 g、单甘脂0.85 g、食盐1 g、2~3滴香精。     

马铃薯鲜薯酥脆饼干的配方优化

以马铃薯鲜薯为主要原料,采用二步焙烤工艺制备马铃薯酥脆饼干,研究马铃薯泥与低筋面粉比例、碳酸氢铵与小苏打比例、鸡蛋液与棕榈油比例等三个因素对饼干剪切力、色差和感官品质的影响。结果表明,马铃薯泥与低筋面粉比例为13:2、碳酸氢铵与小苏打比例为5:2、鸡蛋液与棕榈油比例为5:5时,马铃薯饼干的剪切力在2000～2500g、色泽适中、感官评分高于80分。在此基础上,通过三因素三水平响应面优化试验得到饼干的最优配方为:马铃薯泥55.00%、低筋面粉20.00%、碳酸氢铵0.50%、小苏打0.13%、鸡蛋液6.86%、棕榈油5.00%、糖霜6.82%、淡奶油5.69%。此配方下的马铃薯鲜薯酥脆饼干具有良好的马铃薯风味,口感酥脆,品质优良,感官评分为87.20,与响应面模型预测值符合。本研究可为马铃薯烘焙产品的发展提供理论依据。     

Sunflower Oil–Water–Cellulose Ether Emulsions as Trans-Fatty Acid-Free Fat Replacers in Biscuits: Texture and Acceptability Study

A new vegetable, and trans-fatty acid-free, fat replacer consisting of a sunflower oil–water–cellulose ether emulsion was employed to replace 100 % of the shortening in a short dough biscuit recipe, and the dough and biscuit texture properties were evaluated. In comparison to the shortening dough, the cellulose emulsion dough was significantly (p?<?0.05) softer and more elastic. However, the cellulose emulsion biscuits had higher spreadability, implying that the increase in dough elasticity was not affecting this property, probably because of the decrease in dough hardness. Although the cellulose emulsion biscuits contained 33 % total less fat than the shortening biscuits, their instrumental texture properties were very similar, implying that the cellulose emulsion avoids the increase in hardness associated with fat reduction. This was associated with the thermal gelation ability of the cellulose ethers, which develops during baking. The overall consumer acceptance was significantly (p?<?0.05) higher in the shortening biscuits, but their scores were very similar to those of the cellulose emulsion biscuits (maximum difference 1.1/9 points).     

鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干研制及品质分析表征

目的为开发一款低糖、低脂、富含氨基酸和膳食纤维的功能性饼干。方法以低筋粉、鹰嘴豆、全麦粉、玉米油等原料研制鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干,以感官评分为评定指标经单因素和正交试验优化得到最优配方。采用质构仪和低场核磁共振分析表征了不同组分条件下鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干的内在结构和水分分布情况。结果通过正交实验优化了鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干配方为：鹰嘴豆粉17.5%、全麦粉30%+低筋粉70%、木糖醇25%、玉米油22.5%。在此配方下制得的鹰嘴豆全麦粉酥性饼干感官评分最高且硬度、脆性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均高于其他试验组。结论本研究为膳食纤维功能饼干研发与生产提供理论参考。     

Comparison of physico-chemical properties of biscuits supplemented with soy and kinema flours

Kinema was prepared by natural fermentation of soybeans. Bacillus strains, only tentatively identified, were isolated from the traditional product and used for making kinema in the laboratory. Kinema prepared by both methods was dried and ground to fine flour. Full-fat and low-fat soyflours were also prepared. Chemical analysis showed little change in protein and total fat content during fermentation, whereas free fatty acids increased substantially. Crude fibre and total sugar contents were reduced with a simultaneous increase in reducing sugars. Soy and kinema flours were incorporated at the 15% level into biscuit formulation. Protein content of all products was more than 17%. There was little difference in the proximate composition of the four types of biscuits prepared except for biscuits supplemented with low-fat soyflour. Incorporation of kinema provided red and yellow colour to the corresponding biscuits. Kinema supplementation resulted in decreased hardness but increased weight and spread ratio in fortified biscuits. Evaluation of sensory characteristics showed greater acceptance of kinema-supplemented biscuits in comparison with full-fat soyflour-supplemented biscuits.     

Influence of gluten-free flour mixes and fat powders on the quality of gluten-free biscuits

Studies were conducted to develop gluten-free biscuits comparable in quality to wheat (W) biscuits and superior to those made from commercial gluten-free flour (Gf), suitable for coeliac sufferers. Three mixes of brown rice flour (R), corn starch (C), potato starch (P), soya flour (S), buckwheat flour (B) and millet flakes (M) were studied: RCPS in the percentage 70, 10, 10, 10, RPBM (50, 30, 10, 10) and RCPM (25, 25, 25, 25). Biscuits were tested for water activity, moisture, texture (snap test), diameter, thickness and colour (L* value), biscuit dough for hardness and stickiness. Various correlations >0.8 indicated for the three mixes, W and Gf that firm, non-sticky doughs yielded firm, thin, non-oval biscuits. Cluster analysis revealed that RCPS was most similar to W with regards to all parameters measured, and RCPS also showed best overall acceptability in sensory testing. Three fat powders were studied for use instead of palm oil: high and low fat dairy powder (HFP, LFP) and microencapsulated high fat powder based on vegetable fat (ME). HFP and ME yielded biscuits of comparable texture to palm oil, LFP resulted in much firmer biscuits, attributed to lower fat and higher protein and total sugar content.     

Effect of Guar Gum on the Physicochemical, Thermal, Rheological and Textural Properties of Green Edam Cheese

In attempts to produce a low-fat cheese with a rheology and texture similar to that of a full-fat cheese, guar gum (within 0.0025–0.01%; w/v, final concentration) was added to low-fat milk. The obtained cheeses were characterised regarding their physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties. Control cheeses were also produced with low and full-fat milk. The physicochemical properties of the guar gum modified cheeses were similar to those of the low-fat control. No significant differences were detected in the thermal properties (concerning the enthalpy and profile of water desorption) among all types of cheeses. The rheological behaviour of the 0.0025% modified cheese was very similar to the full-fat control. Overall, no trend was observed in the texture profile (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity) of the modified cheeses versus guar gum concentration, as well as in comparison with the control groups, suggesting that none of the studied polysaccharide concentrations simulated the textural functions of fat in Edam cheese.     

挤压薏米粉饼干研制及品质分析

以低筋面粉和挤压混合米为原料,对饼干的配方进行优化,并对其理化性质、质构、扫描电镜结果等进行分析。以感官品质为指标,进行单因素试验优化饼干配方,在单因素试验基础上进行四因素三水平正交优化,确定挤压混合米饼干的最佳配方为:低筋面粉与挤压混合米研磨粉共100 g,配比70︰30,绵白糖30 g,黄油20 g,植物油30g,蛋清35 g,泡打粉1.5 g;通过理化指标检验,饼干与对照相比,膳食纤维含量得到提高;通过质构分析,饼干脆度适中,硬度较大;通过扫描电镜发现,饼干酥松性好,内部孔隙结构均匀。产品色泽金黄,口感酥脆、细腻,具有独特的薏米香味。     

木耳酥性饼干配方、质构和保质期

以低筋粉、木耳粉为原料,添加适量油脂、白糖、食盐、泡打粉等研制木耳酥性饼干,并测定产品理化性质、硬度和保质期。结果表明:以低筋粉100 g,木耳粉12.5 g,白糖25 g,泡打粉2.5 g,食盐1.7 g,油脂含量40 g(其中黄油8 g,棕榈油32 g),抗氧化剂TBHQ 180 mg/kg(以油脂计)为最佳配方所制成的木耳酥性饼干产品外形饱满、内质结构细密均匀、酥松、细腻、色泽均匀、香味浓厚,感官评分达(94±1)分。木耳酥性饼干成品含水分2.8 g/100 g,灰分2.56 g/100 g,脂肪33.2 g/100 g,酸价(以油脂计)0.45 mg/g,过氧化值(以油脂计)0.0012 g/100 g,硬度27.30 N,符合酥性饼干的标准。通过保质期加速实验预测产品保质期为1年。本研究获得了兼具功能特性、组织结构好、口感酥脆、口味独特的木耳酥性饼干。     

Evaluation of sugar replacers in short dough biscuit production

Sugar inhibits gluten development during dough mixing by competing with the flour for the recipe water, resulting in less tough and more crumbly biscuits. Commercially available Raftilose, which acts as an oligofructose and a sugar replacer was used in the recipes where the sugar was reduced by 20–30%. It was found that the sugar replacer did not exert the same hardening effect on the dough as the granulated sugar, therefore values for dough hardness were found to be lower than those obtained for the standard biscuit. Peak force values of the reduced sugar biscuits were found to be significantly lower than the control biscuit (P<0.05), indicating a lower snapping characteristic, and therefore softer eating characteristics. Only those biscuits with the highest level of sugar replacement showed different surface colour attributes. At the lower and medium levels of sugar replacement, oligofructose can be used successfully to reduce sugar in short dough biscuits.     

A new sensory tool to analyse the oral trajectory of biscuits with different fat and fibre contents

Reformulating traditional products such as biscuits can be a useful tool for providing the population with healthier snacks. However, it involves changes in the eating characteristics of the final product. This study focuses on the oral perception of these biscuits, using the Temporal Dominance of Sensation (TDS) technique with two different amounts of fat (60 g and 30 g fat/100 g flour) and fibre (4 g and 8 g fibre/100 g flour). The TDS data obtained with a trained panel showed that hardness was the first dominant attribute in all the formulations during the mastication process. The dominance of the other parameters appeared to depend more on the fat and fibre contents, as crispness appeared with high-fat biscuits and crunchiness with low-fat, high-fibre ones, whilst both attributes were perceived in intermediate formulations. In the high-fibre formulations, grittiness and dry mouthfeel appeared during chewing and dry mouthfeel was dominant. At the end of the mastication all the biscuits were perceived as pasty. A fat mouthfeel was also perceived with both high-fat and low-fat biscuits, with or without the addition of a low level of fibre. Penalty analysis based on JAR scales, showed that excessive hardness and excessive dry mouthfeel were the most penalizing sensory characteristics causing significant drop in biscuit acceptability.     

Effect of Gums on Low-Fat Meat Batters

The effects of adding Iota-carrageenan, kappa-carrageenan, guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, methylcellulose, and a locust bean gum/kappa carrageenan mixture to low-fat, high moisture meat batters were investigated. The methylcellulose treatment showed an increase in weight losses between 60° and 70°C, while other treatments remained similar throughout heating. Xanthan gum and guar gum at 0.2% altered textural parameters as determined by texture profile analysis. Increasing the concentration of xanthan gum decreased batter hardness without affecting batter stability. Sensory evaluation indicated that low-fat frankfurters (11–12% fat) were as acceptable as control frankfurters (27% fat).     

海水稻米糠饼干生产工艺优化及其品质特性分析

米糠是海水稻海红米的主要副产物,含有许多营养素及生理活性物质,对其进行利用开发新产品有利于资源的有效利用。以海水稻米糠为原料,通过单因素实验和响应面实验优化米糠饼干的生产工艺,结合质构、电子鼻测定分析与感官模糊评定方法,分析米糠粉、黄油、白砂糖添加量对米糠饼干的色泽、风味等的影响。结果表明,海水稻米糠饼干最佳配方为：以总面粉质量为基准（100%）,低筋面粉63.5%、粟粉23.68%、澄面13.16%、鸡蛋26.32%、黄油59.38%、细砂糖31.12%、米糠粉10.53%,此时米糠饼干的感官评分最高。质构分析发现,随着米糠添加量的增加,饼干的硬度、韧性和脆性及感官评分先升高后下降,饼干色泽不断加深。电子鼻结果表明,不同配方的饼干产品的风味特征之间存在差异,各配方的饼干产品均对氮氧化合物以及硫化物较为敏感,通过主成分分析,可以简单区分不同饼干产品。以期开发海水稻副产品的精加工产品,促进谷物副产物综合深加工利用提供参考。     

Effect of native and germinated finger millet flour on rheological and sensory characteristics of biscuits

Wheat flour was replaced with native finger millet flour (NFMF) and germinated finger millet flour (GFMF) at 30–50% levels to make soft dough biscuits. Dough rheological properties and baking characteristics of the blends were evaluated. Farinograph data of wheat flour replaced with NFMF and GFMF showed a decrease in water absorption, dough stability and an increase in mixing tolerance index as the level of replacement increased. Extensibility of dough decreased for both NFMF and GFMF as the levels increased. The hardness of biscuit dough measured by texture profile analysis increased from 125 to 234 N for NFMF and 118 to 126 N for GFMF. Scanning electron microscopic studies on the biscuit dough showed polygonal finger millet starch granules adhering to wheat starch granules and protein matrix. The results of the study indicated that the replacement level of 40% with either NFMF or GFMF produced biscuits with acceptable sensory attributes. Addition of sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) showed further improvement in terms of spread ratio, surface characteristics and texture.     

葛根膳食纤维饼干的研制

本文以葛根膳食纤维为辅料,研究制备具有保健作用的葛根膳食纤维饼干。试验结果表明,该饼干的最佳配方为：面粉100g,葛根膳食纤维粉30％,植物油10％,疏松剂l％[碳酸氢钠与碳酸氢铵1：0．5（m/m）],砌诎白砂糖30％。制得的饼干色泽诱人,口感酥脆,风味独特。     

全谷物发芽糙米韧性饼干制作工艺优化

为了拓展发芽糙米的利用途径,丰富全谷物食品种类,本文以发芽糙米粉替代部分小麦粉应用于饼干,开展了配方及焙烤工艺参数对韧性饼干品质特性的影响研究,优化了饼干的制作工艺.结果表明,随着发芽糙米粉的增加,饼干色泽降低,硬度呈上升趋势,延展度、感官评分均呈先增加后降低的趋势;增大黄油的添加量,延展度、膨松度变化较小;增大糖粉的...     

红薯泥饼干的研制

将红薯制成红薯泥,并以此为原材料加工红薯食品,可提高红薯食品的食用价值。通过正交试验确定产品的最佳配方为：红薯泥300 g∶低筋面粉300 g∶糖100 g∶猪油140 g。通过测定红薯泥饼干的理化指标,证明红薯泥制品抗氧化物总量多于普通饼干,更对人体健康有益。