果蔬多糖生物活性及其提取纯化技术的研究进展

果蔬是日常膳食中重要的组成部分,富含维生素、矿物质和生物活性物质等对人体健康起重要作用的成分。多糖是生物活性物质中重要的一种,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗凝血、降血糖、降血脂等多种保健作用。作为一种天然活性物质,果蔬多糖较突出的优点是来源广泛、无毒副作用。我国果蔬资源丰富,对果蔬多糖的研发具有得天独厚的优势。本文介绍了果蔬多糖的分类,列举了常见果蔬多糖的组成结构,阐明了果蔬多糖的生物活性作用机理及其研究进展,综述了果蔬多糖的提取纯化技术的应用现状,分析了果蔬多糖提取纯化过程中存在的问题及解决途径,并结合实际展望了果蔬多糖的发展与应用前景。     

花中多糖化学组成与生物活性研究进展

花具有很高的药用价值,除了含有黄酮、挥发油、有机酸、萜和生物碱等次生代谢产物外,多糖作为花的重要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、降血脂、抗肿瘤和提高免疫力等多种生物活性.本文对近5年内报道的花中多糖化学组成与生物活性研究进展进行综述,并对花中多糖的研究方向与应用前景进行展望,以促进花中多糖的深入研究,为相关保健食品...     

黑木耳多糖的结构组成及其免疫活性研究

目的:对高温蒸汽浸提法提取得到的黑木耳多糖进行结构解析,并探究其在免疫功能方面的活性。方法:通过气相色谱(GC)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、刚果红实验等对其结构进行分析,建立RAW264.7巨噬细胞的免疫模型以探究其免疫刺激活性。结果:黑木耳多糖主要由鼠李糖、甘露糖和葡萄糖组成,其具有和免疫活性相关的β-构型糖苷键和三股螺旋构象。黑木耳多糖可以促进巨噬细胞的增殖,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,显著诱导RAW264.7细胞中一氧化氮的分泌及细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α的释放。结论:黑木耳多糖具有与免疫相关的多种结构,对巨噬细胞具有强烈的刺激作用,在用作潜在的免疫刺激剂方面具有广阔的前景,黑木耳也可作为调节人类免疫力的功能性食品发挥巨大的应用价值。     

人参多糖提取工艺优化及其组成分析

以超临界脱脂、脱皂苷后的人参渣为原料,采用超临界辅助热水浸提法提取人参多糖,采用正交试验确定提取人参多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：在萃取压力30 MPa、萃取温度80 ℃、萃取时间1.5 h 、物料粒度0.20 mm、原料-夹带剂比例1∶2.5（g/mL）时,人参多糖提取率为（38.03±1.43）%,多糖纯度为（54.71±2.16）%,与热水浸提法相比,提取率和纯度分别提高了16.15%和13.44%。采用高效液相色谱法和高效凝胶渗透色谱法对人参多糖中的单糖组成和多糖平均分子质量进行分析,发现人参多糖含有较多的葡萄糖以及少量的半乳糖、阿拉伯糖,且超临界辅助热水浸提法中这3 种单糖的含量均显著高于热水浸提法。超临界辅助热水浸提法与热水浸提法提取的人参多糖重均分子质量分别为123 847 u和127 016 u,但是超临界辅助热水浸提法的人参多糖中多糖种类多于热水浸提法。     

茶树菇水溶性多糖的分离纯化和化学组成的研究

本研究为了对茶树菇保健食品的研究开发提供理论依据,研究了茶树菇中的功能因子——真菌水溶性多糖。研究中首次分离纯化得到五种茶树菇水溶性多糖,并进一步分析研究其中含量最大的多糖AP2的物理化学组成。结果表明,AP2分子量为122460,是由D-葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、D-木糖和半乳糖醛酸组成的酸性多糖,其中半乳糖醛酸含量为6.8%。     

红藻多糖的生物活性及应用研究进展

红藻多糖种类繁多、资源丰富,是重要的天然生物活性成分,具有抗炎、抗凝血、抗肿瘤及抗病毒等多种作用,近年来已成为国内外科学家的研究热点。本文综述了近年来国内外有关红藻多糖抗病毒、抗炎、抗凝血、调节脂质代谢、降血糖等生物活性的研究进展,对红藻多糖在食品、医药及化妆品领域的应用进行了阐述,以期为红藻多糖的开发利用提供参考。     

裸藻非水溶性和水溶性多糖的化学组成及抗氧化活性分析

目的:研究比较裸藻非水溶性和水溶性多糖抗氧化活性,并分析其主要结构特征,为后续研究裸藻多糖的结构与活性关系提供实验基础.方法:以裸藻为原料,提取裸藻中的非水溶性和水溶性多糖,经分离纯化后,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、凝胶色谱、离子色谱等技术对多糖的基本结构进行分析;进一步以维生素C(VC)为对照,考察它们对DPP...     

Nutraceutical Potential of Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure,Bioactivity, Safety,and Toxicity

In recent years, marine organisms including seaweeds have been highlighted as potential sources of useful metabolites and bioactive compounds, with vast biological and physiological activities. Seaweeds have long been used as a food source, for medicinal purposes, and as dietary supplements in various Asian countries, and their potential benefits have recently attracted the attention of many Western and European countries. Their commercial value depends on their applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Seaweeds are considered a potential source of nutraceuticals or functional foods, and analysis of taste‐oriented motives has revealed that seaweeds are preferentially selected over other types of marine foods by seafood consumers and people with high levels of health, education, and living status. It is a general perception that health conscious people prefer environmentally friendly food sources, and present an opportunity to focus on seaweed‐based foods, which have significant nutritional benefits to humans. Among the various bioactive constituents, seaweed polysaccharides have been proven to possess various beneficial properties including anticoagulant, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antiviral activities. The diversity and composition of seaweed polysaccharides play vital roles in these biological activities. Seaweeds are a rich source of sulfated polysaccharides, which are responsible for much of the bioactivity, as they can interact with various textures and cellular proteins. A number of toxicological assays and clinical trials suggest that the ingestion of seaweeds as functional foods should be considered worldwide to improve immune responses. In this review, different polysaccharides from seaweeds and their compositions and potential nutraceutical applications are discussed.     

香薷多糖的乙醇分级纯化及其性质

采用热水浸提法从香薷中得到多糖提取物,然后采用乙醇分级沉淀法纯化香薷多糖,收集得到乙醇体积分数为20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70% 条件下析出的多糖沉淀物。之后经Sevag 法脱除多糖中的游离蛋白,得到纯化后的6 个香薷多糖组分HMP-1、HMP-2、HMP-3、HMP-4、HMP-5 和HMP-6。应用紫外和红外光谱检测HMP-1、HMP-2、HMP-3、HMP-4、HMP-5 和HMP-6 的光谱性质,测定糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和糖醛酸含量,并用气相色谱法测定单糖组成。结果表明：HMP-1、HMP-2、HMP-3、HMP-4、HMP-5和HMP-6 均为酸性多糖,蛋白含量较高。HMP-1 和HMP-2 主要含有阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖,HMP-3 主要含有阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和核糖,HMP-4 主要含有阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖,HMP-5 和HMP-6 主要含有阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖。此外,6 个多糖组分均含有少量的鼠李糖、木糖,但单糖间物质的量比相差较大。     

海参硫酸多糖化学组成与结构的研究进展

海参硫酸多糖包括岩藻糖基硫酸软骨素（fucosylated chondroitin sulfate,FCS）和硫酸岩藻聚糖（fucoidan,FUC）,是来源于海参体壁结构复杂的一类硫酸多糖。研究表明,FCS主链由β-D-葡萄糖醛酸和β-D-乙酰氨基半乳糖构成二糖重复单元,支链由不同聚合度的L-岩藻糖构成,FUC主要由硫酸化α-L-岩藻糖构成主链,两者主链中均含有少量其他类型单糖。FCS的硫酸基位于主链β-D-乙酰氨基半乳糖的C-4、C-6或C-4,6位和支链L-岩藻糖的C-4、C-3,4或C-2,4位,FUC的硫酸基位于L-岩藻糖的C-2或C-4位,也存在C-2,4双硫取代。目前,海参硫酸多糖化学组成、结构的分析技术主要为甲基化法分析、二维核磁共振技术、液相色谱-串联质谱分析技术等。本文对海参硫酸多糖的化学组成和结构以及常用分析技术进行了总结,旨在为海参硫酸多糖的结构分析以及构效关系研究提供依据。     

盐渍裙带菜多糖的超声提取工艺及生物活性研究

以盐渍裙带菜为原料,采用超声波技术,通过单因素和正交试验优化了提取裙带菜多糖(PUP)的工艺条件,并且研究了PUP的抗氧化活性及抑菌活性。结果表明：提取PUP的最适宜工艺条件为超声波功率180W、料液比1:40(g/mL)、提取温度70℃、提取时间10min、提取2次,此条件下PUP提取率为2.0%。用Sevag法去除粗PUP中蛋白质、核酸等杂质,并用紫外光谱、红外光谱对脱蛋白PUP进行表征,证明产物是多糖,基本不含蛋白质、核酸。以VC为对照物,研究了脱蛋白PUP对羟自由基(•OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2¯•)的清除能力,结果表明PUP对二种自由基的清除效果较好,而且对O2¯•的清除能力较强,但不如VC效果好。其抑制O2¯•和•OH的IC50分别为16.50、23.31mg/mL。抑菌试验表明PUP对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌均具有良好的抑制作用。     

黑穗醋栗果实多糖的制备、结构鉴定及生物活性研究

以黑穗醋栗果实为原料,采用超声波法提取黑穗醋栗果实粗多糖。利用大孔树脂D4006,阴离子交换剂Q-Sepharose FF和葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-100对粗多糖进行分离纯化,得到均一黑穗醋栗多糖(black currant polysaccharide,BCP)。高效液相色谱法测定BCP的重均分子质量为16 329 k D。气相色谱法测定BCP单糖组成及物质的量比为:n(半乳糖醛酸)∶n(鼠李糖)∶n(阿拉伯糖)∶n(木糖)∶n(甘露糖)∶n(葡萄糖)∶n(半乳糖)=0.31∶0.66∶1.63∶0.36∶0.23∶0.31∶1.00。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明BCP含有多糖的特征吸收峰,紫外光谱和定性实验表明BCP不含花色苷、蛋白质、核酸和淀粉。刚果红实验表明BCP不具有三螺旋结构。生物活性研究结果表明:在0.2~1.2 mg/m L范围内,BCP对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、·OH、超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)均有较明显的清除作用,随着质量浓度增大,清除率明显升高。BCP对糖基化反应3个阶段产物(Amadori产物、二羰基化合物和糖基化终产物)的形成均表现出良好的抑制作用,抑制率高于阳性对照氨基胍,且随质量浓度的增加,抑制率升高。BCP对α-淀粉酶具有一定的抑制活性,但抑制效果低于阳性对照阿卡波糖。     

蛹虫草的化学成分、药效及应用

综述了近几年来我国对蛹虫草的化学成分、药效及应用等方面的研究进展。     

冬虫夏草多糖单糖组成及免疫活性研究

以鲜冬虫夏草为原料,采用水提醇沉、Sevag法脱蛋白制备鲜冬虫夏草粗多糖(FCSP),通过苯酚硫酸法、考马斯亮蓝法、高效凝胶渗透色谱联用蒸发光散射检测器(HPGPC-ELSD)、傅立叶红外变换光谱(FT-IR)及离子色谱-脉冲安培检测器联用法(HPAEC-PAD)对FCSP的纯度、分子量分布、单糖组成进行分析,并考察FCSP刺激巨噬细胞增殖和释放NO、TNF-α的免疫活性。结果表明,粗多糖FCSP由葡萄糖(59.13%)、甘露糖(21.73%)和半乳糖(19.14%)三种单糖组成,且含有1.186×10⁴ kDa(3.510%)、1.070×10³ kDa(24.232%)和2.115×10 kDa(72.258%)三个多糖组分;体外细胞实验表明,FCSP可显著增强巨噬细胞增殖活性,有效刺激细胞释放NO和TNF-α(P<0.05)。FCSP良好的免疫调节作用可为后期药品的开发以及冬虫夏草新资源食品的申报提供参考。     

An Overview on Chemical Composition,Bioactivity and Processing of Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala

Dried leaves of Cinnamomum tamala, also known as Indian bay leaves, are a lesser-known spice used in the Indian subcontinent. It imparts a warm, peppery, clove-cinnamon like flavor to a variety of food preparations. Besides food applications, the leaves have also been traditionally used for curing a number of ailments and for other perceived health benefits. They find mention in the Aurvedic, Yunani, and other traditional medicinal literature. This review summarizes the effect of Cinnamomum tamala leaves on biological systems such as immune system, gastro-intestinal tract, liver and its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activity. Chemical components that may be responsible for its flavor as well as bioactivity, have also been discussed.     

虫草头孢菌粉粗多糖的理化性质和含量测定研究

目的:研究虫草头孢菌粉粗多糖的理化性质并测定其多糖含量。方法:用斐林试剂检测其还原性;用硫酸-苯酚法测多糖的含量。结果:本方法制备的虫草头孢粗多糖没有还原性,不含蛋白质成分;粗多糖中多糖的含量为35.37%。     

Glycemic Index and Chemical Composition of Traditional Omani Breads

This study evaluated the chemical composition and glycemic index (GI) of eight different types of traditional Omani breads made from wheat flour. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the proximate chemical composition, dietary fibre content, and gross energy value of these breads. The moisture, crude protein, total fat, ash, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents ranged between 21.6–51.6, 4.3–10.5, 0.8–13.8, 1.2–2.3, 1.0–2.0, and 34.5–61.8 g/100 g of sample respectively. The values for dietary fibre were between 5.6, 9.6 g/100g, and the gross energy contents ranged between 897 and 1468 kJ/100 g. The GI value of these breads also differed significantly (P < 0.05). No significant differences were however observed among the GI values for White Toast Bread (local commercial bread), Brown Toast Bread (local commercial bread), White Khubz Lebanani (local commercial bread), Brown Khubz Lebanani (local commercial bread), and Chapati (local homemade bread), which were 63 ± 12, 58 ± 15, 63 ± 10, 57 ± 20, and 58 ± 10, respectively. Paratha (local restaurant made bread with fat), Goleh (local homemade soft bread), and Rekhal (local homemade thin bread) showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower GI values as compared to other breads, and these were 32 ± 13, 43 ± 13 and 39 ± 7, respectively. No specific correlation was observed in the chemical composition and glycemic index of these breads. These breads fall within low to medium GI category of foods.     

刺参水煮液糖蛋白组成成分分析

目的：刺参水煮液是刺参加工过程中的副产物,通过对刺参水煮液营养成分的分析有助于将这种海产珍品加工废弃物转化为高附加值产品。方法：刺参水煮液经醇沉、透析、冻干,得到刺参水煮液糖蛋白（glycoproteinin sea cucumber boiling water,GSCB）粗制品;采用液相色谱和SepharoseCL-6B凝胶层析柱确定其糖蛋白组成成分及分子质量;采用液相色谱-质谱对1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮（1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone,PMP）衍生化的GSCB单糖组成进行分析;采用液相色谱法对其氨基酸组成进行分析。结果：GSCB主要含有2 种糖蛋白,分子质量分别为964.3 kD和2.5 kD。GSCB含有氨基葡萄糖、甘露糖、氨基半乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、岩藻糖6 种单糖;含有18 种氨基酸,其中含有8 种人体必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的38.38%。此外,半必需氨基酸组氨酸的含量在18 种氨基酸中占比最高,占比达到13.21%。结论：GSCB中含有酸性黏多糖物质,并含有多种必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸,是一种良好的营养糖蛋白物质。对其深入开发将有利于变废为宝,开发出活性良好的功能保健食品。     

Jam Processing Effect on Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity in Anthocyanin-rich Fruits: Cherry, Plum, and Raspberry

ABSTRACT: Four cultivars of sour cherries (Balaton, Karneol, Kroeker and Northstar), 2 cultivars of plums (BY 8158.50 and Methley), and 1 red raspberry cv. Prelude were analyzed for total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and total anthocyanins before and after jam production to evaluate their changes after thermal processing. Fruits had total phenolics ranging from 245.7 to 398.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g. Antioxidant capacity of fruits ranged from 354.8 to 692.3 mg/100 g, expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC). Total anthocyanins of fruits ranged from 30.9 to 67.1 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent (CGE)/100 g. In 100 g of jam, total phenolics varied from 132.9 to 218.9 mg GAE, while antioxidant capacity ranged from 205.6 to 373.5 mg/100 g VCEAC. Jams had total anthocyanins of 5.4 to 30.4 mg CGE/100 g. On the basis of fresh fruit (100 g), the processing and heating during jam making generally decreased the contents of total phenolics, VCEAC, and total anthocyanins. Major losses occurred in anthocyanin content where overall retention varied from 89% to 21%. HPLC analysis of individual anthocyanins from cherry cv. Balaton to its jam showed that processing caused 90% decrease in anthocyanins. The results indicated that more than 73% total phenolics and more than 65% antioxidant capacity were retained after processing fruits into jams. Optimization of food processing would help to conserve the bioactive phenolic compounds in fruits.