Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity, and phytochemical constituents of ficus (Ficus amplissima Smith) bark

In the present investigation, phenolics (36.6 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g extract), tannin (21.6 g GAE/100 g extract), and flavonoid content (67.5 g rutin equivalents/100 g extract) were found to be highest in acetone extract. Ficus (Ficus amplissima) acetone extract showed maximum antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum (958.8 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract), DPPH (1.6 μg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (2,993 mmol Fe (II)/g extract), and metal chelating (39.7 mg EDTA equivalents/g extract) assays. In anti-inflammatory study, 400 mg/kg acetone extract showed maximum reduction in the paw volume compare to indomethacin. GC-MS analysis indicated that bark contain rich source of non-polar compounds like Lup-20(29)-en-3-yl acetate (33.04%). Hence, Ficus can be valuable source for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and seemed to be applicable in medicine.     

Evaluation of Phenolic Content,Antioxidant Activity,and Nutritional Composition of Cordia evolutior (Clarke) Gamble

The objectives of this study were to determine phenolic content, antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Cordia evolutior (leaf, bark, and fruit), and nutrition composition. The leaf extract showed the highest total phenolic content (25.40 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (69.70 ± 3.37mg RE/g extract) accompanied with the best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays. The fruit proximate compositions of crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, fiber, and fat were analyzed. Macro-nutrient contents were found to be higher in the fruit when compared to micronutrients. The analysis also showed the presence of almost all of the essential and non-essential amino acids. Linolenic acid content was higher than stearic acid among the fatty acids in the fruit.     

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Peel Oil of Citrus nobilis

Peel oil of Citrus nobilis (Lour) was analyzed for determining its chemical composition. Fourteen identified components accounted for 99.1% (GC) and 100.0% (FID) of the total oil. Major component of the oil was limonene (76.8%-GC and 86.2%-FID). Essential oil was also evaluated for its antioxidant activity in four complementary test systems namely; β-carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. In the first system, antioxidant activity increased with the increasing concentration. At 20.0 mg.ml^?1 concentration, antioxidant property of the oil was 96.8% ± 0.2 and as strong as the positive controls BHT and α-tocopherol. Scavenging effect of the oil was superior to the positive controls BHT and α-tocopherol at 1.5 mg.ml^?1 concentration (96.4% ± 0.1). Reducing power and chelating effect of the essential oil increased with the increasing concentration.     

Gac Fruit: Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition,and Options for Processing

Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng or Gac fruits are rich in nutrients, including carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamin E, polyphenol compounds, and flavonoids. Medicinal compounds are also found in the seeds, but the benefits of traditional preparations from these need to be clarified. The plant has the potential to be a high-value crop, particularly as parts of the fruit can be processed into nutrient supplements and/or natural orange and yellow colorants. However, the plant remains underutilized. There is limited information on its requirements in production, and the processing of health products from the fruits is a relatively new area of endeavor. The versatility of the fruit is highlighted through processing options outlined for fruit aril, seeds, pulp, and skin into powders and/or encapsulated oil products. These Gac fruit products will have the potential to be utilized in a range of foods such as pasteurized juice and milk beverages, glutinous rice, yogurt, pasta, and sauces.     

荔枝果干蛋白质组成及其抗氧化性研究

分析荔枝干果肉蛋白组成并比较不同组份蛋白质的抗氧化性。采用等电点法提取不同组份蛋白质,利用氨基酸自动分析仪测定不同组份蛋白及总蛋白的氨基酸组成,用超高压液相质谱联用系统Q1扫描测定不同等电点组份中小分子蛋白分子量分布,用抗氧化试剂盒测定不同等电点组份蛋白质的抗氧化性。试验结果表明荔枝浆浸泡2 h为蛋白质的最佳提取时间,测得pH 3.5、pH 5.5、pH 6.5和pH 7.5为荔枝蛋白的4个等电点,且4个等电点组份蛋白含量分别占果肉总蛋白的12.03%、14.37%、17.18%、9.45%;不同组份蛋白氨基酸种类相同、含量不同;pI 3.5和pI 5.5组份中含量较高的小分子蛋白集中在5000 Da附近,pI6.5和pI7.5组份中含量较高的小分子蛋白主要集中在1000 Da和5000 Da附近。说明不同组份荔枝蛋白抗氧化性不同。荔枝蛋白四个等电点组份的蛋白氨基酸含量、分子量分布及抗氧化性不同。     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity Cuminum cyminum L. Essential Oils

Cuminum cyminum L. is comprised of several relevant species for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry analysis revealed thymol as a major component of C. cyminum, with its contribution to the oil 40.05%, respectively. The C. cyminum oil revealed the highest antioxidant activity in all conducted assays (β-carotene bleaching test and reducing power). These results clearly showed the antioxidant effects of the C. cyminum essential oil.     

栀子果油的生物活性成分及抗氧化活性评价

以正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂并结合超声辅助提取栀子果油,对所获得的3种粗油和乙醇提取的副产物的得率、油脂组成、生物活性成分以及自由基清除能力进行分析。在固液比(1:8)、温度(40℃)、时间(20 min)、超声强度(200 W)的条件下,乙醇提取得油率为13.26%,略低于正己烷14.86%和乙酸乙酯13.84%,副产物乙醇胶体相是乙醇提油后4℃静置分层得到的,得率为9.68%。乙醇提取栀子果油相中总生育酚含量为1.62μg/mg,是正己烷提取粗油的1.27倍;总甾醇含量为22.63μg/mg,是乙酸乙酯提取粗油的1.29倍。挥发性香草酸、丁香酸、丁香醇为乙醇提取粗油中的主要芳香成分。副产物醇溶性胶体相中检出了γ-亚麻酸(1.50%)和反式亚油酸(1.14%),而在粗油中并未检出;醇溶性胶体相DPPH、ABTS清除率的IC50值分别为0.61mg/m L和0.40 mg/mL,极显著小于粗油中的检验结果(7.60~10.3 mg/mL);通过UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS在醇溶性胶体相中初步鉴定出西红花酸及8种带糖衍生物。实验证明,用乙醇提取栀子果油气味芳香,Omega-6型油脂种类及含量丰富,生育酚、甾醇等活性物质含量更高,此外副产物中的西红花及其衍生物有很强的自由基清除能力,因此具有更高的经济价值。     

Nutrient Compositions,Antioxidant Activity,and Common Phenolics of Sonneratia apetala (Buch.-Ham.) Fruit

Fruits of Sonneratia apetala (Buch.-Ham.) are widely used as food and in treating various diseases in the tropical coastal areas. This study evaluated nutrient compositions in the pericarp and seed of this fruit. Each pericarp and seed was successively fractionated into n-hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Polyphenols contents and antioxidant activities of different pericarp and seed fractions were measured in different in vitro methods and phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and ash contents were 29.6, 8.8, 2.8, and 25.5% of dry weight in pericarp, whereas 28.3, 11.5, 4.2, and 22.7% in seed, respectively. Among the mineral macro-elements, K content was the highest followed by Na, Ca, Mg, P, and S while in micro-elements, Fe was at the largest followed by Mn, Zn, and Cu. The methanol fraction of seed showed the highest polyphenols content (221.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fraction), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC₅₀ = 2.1 μg/mL) and NO (IC₅₀ = 490.8 μg/mL) free radical scavenging. Similarly, methanol fraction of seed also attained very strong reducing power (OD = 1.67 at 100 µg/mL), Fe²⁺ chelating and total antioxidant capacity. When subjected to high-performance liquid chromatogram analysis, six polyphenols namely caffeic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin were detected and quantified as 88.1, 1459.3, 310.1, 616.9, 416.7, and 71.8 mg/100 g of methanol fraction of seed, respectively. Therefore, the fruit of S. apetala, especially its seeds could be of great use in preparation of functional foods and dietary supplements.     

大果榕果实乙醇提取物抗氧化活性及对α-葡萄糖苷酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性

研究大果榕果实的多酚含量及其抗氧化活性、α-葡萄糖苷酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,为其进一步开发利用奠定基础。以采自海南保亭七仙岭的大果榕果实为实验材料,用体积分数65%的乙醇提取大果榕果实多酚,采用Folin-酚法测定总酚含量。对获得的大果榕果实多酚进行1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)自由基、羟自由基(·OH)清除率以及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性测定。结果表明:大果榕果实多酚含量较高,达1.92 mg/g(以干质量计),其对DPPH自由基、ABTS+·和·OH均具有显著的清除活性,且呈质量浓度依赖性,IC50值分别为141.25、91.20、45.71μg/m L;大果榕果实多酚对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性强于阳性对照阿卡波糖,且呈现明显的质量浓度依赖性,IC50值为102.33μg/m L;同时大果榕果实多酚对乙酰胆碱酯酶也具有一定的抑制活性,IC50值为4.9 mg/m L。研究结果表明大果榕果实多酚具有良好的抗氧化性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和一定的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。     

不同野生榛子果实特性及营养成分分析

对贵州喀斯特山区和铁岭开原野生榛子果实特性及营养成分进行测定,并对结果进行相关性和因子分析.结果表明,贵州喀斯特山区和铁岭开原野生榛子在果实特性、蛋白质、脂肪、VE、矿物质、脂肪酸方面均存在显著差异(P＜0.05).贵州喀斯特山区两个品种的果实特性及营养成分变异性较大.相关性分析结果表明:出仁率与不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)...     

山茱萸的化学成分及其抗氧化活性

为明确药食两用山茱萸化学成分的抗氧化活性,本研究以山茱萸乙醇提取物为原料,对乙醇提取物大孔吸附树脂20%乙醇洗脱部位中抗氧化活性组分进行研究,采用大孔吸附树脂柱层析常压正相硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、Flash闪式正反相硅胶柱层析、高压液相色谱等色谱方法对山茱萸乙醇提取物抗氧化活性部位进行系统的分离纯化,并结合核磁共振波谱数据、质谱数据与文献对比,从山茱萸乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定了5个化合物,分别为7-β-O-乙基莫诺苷(1)、7-α-O-乙基莫诺苷(2)、3-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(3)、(7R, 9R, 10R)-3, 9-di-hidroxicalameneno(4)和吐叶醇(5);其中化合物3、4和5为首次从山茱萸中分离得到。同时采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)法和铁离子还原法(Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)对分离得到的单体化合物进行抗氧化活性筛选。在DPPH自由基清除试验和FRAP试验中,化合物1、2和3均显示一定的抗氧化能力,其中化合物3抗氧化活性最好。     

5种百香果品系间氨基酸组成比较及评价分析

为了比较不同品系百香果中的氨基酸含量及组成,利用氨基酸自动分析仪对5种百香果果汁中氨基酸成分及含量进行检测与营养价值评价,同时对氨基酸组成及含量进行差异分析及聚类分析。结果表明,5个品系百香果均含有17种氨基酸,‘芭乐味黄金果’氨基酸总量TAA (977.03 mg·100 g^-1)、必需氨基酸EAA (268.14 mg·100 g^-1)和儿童必需氨基酸CEAA (63.26 mg·100 g^-1)含量均为最高,和‘实生株系紫果’达差异极显著水平(P<0.01);‘实生株系紫果’EAA/NEAA (42.13%)、EAA/TAA (29.63%)和氨基酸比值系数分SRC (72.61)均最高。百香果的SRC值为64.49~72.61,第一限制氨基酸为甲硫氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)。以TAA、EAA、呈味氨基酸等指标进行系统聚类分析,将5个品系百香果氨基酸聚类为2类。第1类为‘芭乐味黄金果’,其特征为氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、儿童必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、药用氨基酸、支链氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸均为最高;第2类为‘台农’、‘紫香’、‘满天星’和‘实生株系紫果’。     

果皮中酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性及在体外消化过程中成分的变化

从21 种果皮中筛选出总酚、总黄酮含量较高的果皮,并选择1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、2,2’-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除力评价其抗氧化活性。对筛选出酚类物质含量高且抗氧化活性强的果皮进行体外模拟胃肠液消化,研究不同消化时间对总酚、总黄酮释放量的影响,并通过透析袋模拟肠道的吸收作用,考察其生物利用率,同时利用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器/电喷雾飞行时间质谱（ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector/electrospray ionization-time of fight-mass spectrometry,UPLC-DAD/ESI-TOF-MS）研究模拟胃肠液消化前后酚类物质变化。结果表明：21 种果皮中石榴皮（总酚含量为（58.09±0.46）mg/g、总黄酮含量为（47.50±0.39）mg/g）和山竹皮（总酚含量为（52.09±1.52）mg/g、总黄酮含量为（36.07±0.46）mg/g）中酚类物质含量较高;石榴皮的抗氧化能力强于山竹皮;模拟胃液消化阶段,石榴皮中总酚和总黄酮释放量均增加,模拟肠液消化阶段总酚和总黄酮的释放量先增加后减少;与胃液消化阶段相比,肠液消化阶段总酚和总黄酮含量明显降低;生物利用率测定结果表明总酚的生物利用率在每个时间点均强于总黄酮;通过UPLC-DAD/ESI-TOF-MS从石榴皮提取物中共检测出的5 种酚类化合物（分别为α-安石榴苷、β-安石榴苷、鞣花酸己糖苷、鞣花酸脱氧己糖苷、鞣花酸）,其在胃液消化过程中损失率小于肠液消化,说明石榴皮中酚类物质在酸性环境中结构稳定。     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Oleoresins of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Fruits

Essential oil and oleoresins (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and iso-propyl alcohol) of Myristica fragrans were extracted by using Clevenger and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of essential oil showed the presence of 38 components representing about 99.6% of the total weight. Sabinene (29.4%) was found to be a major component along with beta pinene (10.6%), alpha pinene (10.1%), terpene-4-ol (9.6%), and several other minor components. The major component of all oleoresins contained elemicin. It has been observed that the essential oil and ethanol oleoresin showed better activity compared to other tested oleoresins and synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyl anisole and butylated hydroxyl toluene. Furthermore, the activity of essential oil and oleoresins was measured for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products in mustard oil by using peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and p-anisidine values. In addition, these experiments were further supported by other complementary antioxidant assays, such as ferric thiocyanate method in a linoleic acid system, reducing power, chelating effect, and scavenging effects on 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Hence, the essential oil and ethanol oleoresin of M. fragrans could be considered as a natural food preservative.     

黑皮鸡枞菌营养与质构特性分析及其抗氧化活性评价

以人工种植黑皮鸡枞菌为原料,分别对其和平菇、海鲜菇、白玉菇、香菇和金针菇的营养成分、色泽、抗氧化活性、质构特性进行分析和评价.结果表明:在设定25、50、75、100℃四个预煮温度下,黑皮鸡枞菌的相关物理特性与其它五种食用菌相比,硬度、弹性及咀嚼性更好.分析发现黑皮鸡枞菌子实体包含17 种氨基酸,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的...     

林芝砖红绒盖牛肝菌的营养成分分析及评价

对2 份林芝砖红绒盖牛肝菌样品,进行主要营养成分、氨基酸及矿物质分析,并与其他牛肝菌进行营养学对照评价。结果表明,砖红绒盖牛肝菌的主要成分为蛋白质和粗纤维,占43.29%,粗纤维含量为13.73%,在几种牛肝菌中较高。粗脂肪含量较低,平均含量为4.55%。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的39.10%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为0.64;鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸31.80%,药用氨基酸占总氨基酸59.33%;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸含量相对较高;第1限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸。富含矿物质,其中K、Ca、Fe、Zn、Se等含量高,尤其是Ca、Se含量高于其他牛肝菌,Hg和Pb未检出,Cd和As的含量符合国家标准所规定范围。因此,砖红绒盖牛肝菌是一种高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪、富含矿物质的野生食用菌。     

不同提取条件对草莓果实抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的影响

以草莓栽培品种“丰香”(Fragaria ananassa Toyonaka,)绿熟阶段的果实为试材,研究提取试剂、温度、时间对草莓果实抗氧化物质和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,甲醇-水-盐酸(体积比80:19.9:0.1)提取物中总酚、类黄酮、抗坏血酸,DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原氧化能力显著高于甲醇、乙醇、甲醇-乙醇-丙酮体积比(1:1:1)和水的提取物。然而,抗氧化物质提取的最佳条件(60℃,480min)与获得最高抗氧化活性的提取条件(25℃,120min)并不一致,说明抗氧化物质含量的高低并不总是草莓果实提取物抗氧化活性强弱的指示剂。综合抗氧化物质的提取量以及提取物的抗氧化活性,甲醇-水-盐酸(体积比 80:19.9:0.1)在25℃进行120min草莓果实抗氧化物质的提取更为适合。     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extracts of Ferula microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss (Apiaceae)

The essential oils of Ferula microcolea, collected from west Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation during the flowering stage and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions of analysis, 22 constituents (mainly monoterpen compounds) were identified in Ferula microcolea, representing 93.6% of the oil. The main constituents were α-pinene (27.3%), β-pinene (16.4%), nonanal (8.7%), β-caryophyllene (8.5%), and thymol (6.7%). The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, the free radical-scavenging activity of polar sub-fraction of methanol extract showed to be superior as compared to other extracts (IC₅₀ = 34.3 ± 0.3 μg/ml). Nonpolar sub-fraction of methanol extract exhibited stronger activity than the essential oil. In the case of the linoleic acid system, oxidation of the linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by the polar sub-fraction of methanol extract (86.5 ± 0.9%), while the oil and nonpolar sub-fraction of methanol extract were less effective (55.2 ± 0.4% and 81.5 ± 0.8%, respectively).     

Chemical Composition,Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil and Ethanol Extract of Coriandrum sativum L. Leaves from Turkey

This study reports the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum L. leaves. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis identified 19 compounds representing 95.30% of the oil. (E)-2-decenal (29.87%), linalool (21.61%), (E)-2-dodecenal (7.03%), dodecanal (5.78%), (E)-2-undecenal (3.84%), (E)-2-tridecenal (3.56%), (E)-2-hexadecenal (2.47%), tetradecenal (2.35%), and α-pinene (1.64%) were the main components identified in the essential oil. The samples were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and β-caroten bleaching assay. IC₅₀ value for ethanol extract of C. sativum was determined as 74.87 ± 0.03 μg/mL. Total antioxidant activity value for C. sativum ethanol extract was 85.85 ± 0.04%. Total phenolic content for ethanol extract of the plant was determined as 14.97 ± 0.05 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. The essential oil and ethanol extract were also tested for antimicrobial activity against 28 different foodborne microorganisms, including 19 bacteria, 7 fungi, and 2 yeast species. The ethanol extract of the plant showed weak antimicrobial activities against microbial strains in both disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration tests. This study suggested that Coriandrum sativum L. leaves may be used as a potential source of food flavoring, and for their antioxidants and antimicrobial properties.