面条加工过程中蛋白质中巯基和二硫键的变化规律

为探究面条加工过程中蛋白质的巯基(SH)和二硫(SS)键的变化规律及其对面条质量的影响,先制备不同SH、SS键含量的面粉样品,后分别制作面条.选取制面过程中的和面、面絮熟化、面片熟化、压延切条、鲜湿面水煮、恒温恒湿干燥、室温干燥等7个主要工序取面样,从中提取醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白大聚体(GMP),探讨醇溶蛋白、GMP中的S...     

面筋蛋白与面条品质关系研究

通过分离添加方法研究面筋蛋白、麦谷蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白对面条质构品质影响。结果表明:添加不同量面筋蛋白、麦谷蛋白后,面条硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性增大,而添加麦醇溶蛋白却减小;麦醇溶蛋白赋予面条粘附性;麦谷蛋白能增强熟面条内部强度即耐煮性;面筋蛋白对拉伸特性影响最大。     

SPI与SPH及其复配产物对面团特性和面条品质的影响机制

为提高面制品的营养品质,研究并比较了添加大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)、大豆水解蛋白(soy protein hydrolyzates,SPH,水解度为4.54%)以及SPI和SPH复配产物(SPI-SPH)的混合粉的面筋特性和粉质特性,面团的动态流变学特性、蛋白质组分、二硫键和非共价键变化,以及面条的品质变化。添加SPI后面粉的湿面筋含量升高,干面筋含量下降,面筋指数降低,粉质特性评价值升高;面团的醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量增加,黏弹性增大,弹性比例增加。添加SPI-SPH的面粉面筋特性和面团特性变化趋势与添加SPI的面粉一致,其粉质特性评价值增大。添加SPH的面粉中无面筋洗出,粉质特性评价值升高;面团盐溶蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05),弹性比例降低。添加大豆蛋白的面团中二硫键含量均增加,疏水相互作用减弱,氢键增强。与原面粉面条相比,SPI面条的硬度增大10.82%,SPI-SPH和SPH面条的弹性分别减小7.23%和6.02%,且添加SPH后面条的蛋白质保留率由93.02%降至87.31%。研究表明,大豆蛋白与面筋蛋白通过二硫键交联以及非共价键相互作用,阻碍面筋网络形成,破坏了面筋网络的连续性。并且,SPI和SPH复配在一定程度上减弱了SPH对面筋的弱化作用。     

Functional and multiple end‐use characterisation of Canadian wheat using a reconstituted dough system

Three Canadian wheat cultivars representing the Canada Western Red Spring, Canada Western Extra Strong and Canada Prairie Spring classes, varying in protein content yet containing similar high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits, were evaluated for dough functionality and multiple end‐use properties. The effect of protein content on dough properties and end‐product quality was also studied. Gluten, starch and water‐soluble components were extracted from the flours and reconstituted to make up three samples for each variety to match the protein content of the three parent flours. Empirical and dynamic dough rheological properties, baking (bread and tortilla) performance and noodle‐making properties of the flours were determined using small‐scale techniques. Results indicated that protein content had a significant effect on rheological and end‐use quality of wheat flours. Increase in protein content (of the reconstituted dough) increased mixograph peak height (r = 0.761), peak width, maximum resistance to extension and end‐product quality characteristics such as loaf volume (r = 0.906), noodle firmness and cutting force and decreased storage and loss moduli. Reconstituted flours from the three varieties at the same protein content also showed significant differences in mixing time, mixograph peak height, maximum resistance to extension, composite fineness of pan bread, tortilla diameter, cooked noodle hardness, gumminess and dynamic viscosity of dough. This study indicates that a simple reconstituted dough system can provide an unambiguous assignment of the quantitative and qualitative effects of dough components on dough properties. It has the advantages that any aspect of flour composition can be manipulated and details of the relation between composition and functional behaviour can be obtained for any end‐product. Copyright © 2003 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Society of Chemical Industry     

Characteristics of yellow alkaline noodles prepared from Korean wheat cultivar

Physicochemical properties of Korean wheat flours were evaluated to determine the effect of flour characteristics on yellow alkaline noodles by comparing commercial and imported wheat flours. Optimum water absorption, thickness, and color of noodle dough significantly correlated with protein content-related parameters of flour. Korean waxy wheats showed shorter cooking time (8 min) and softer texture of cooked noodles than other Korean wheats. Cooking time significantly correlated with protein content, optimum water absorption, and thickness of noodle dough. Hardness of cooked noodles positively correlated with protein content (r=0.614, p<0.01) and protein content related parameters. Cohesiveness of cooked noodles positively correlated with SDS-sedimentation based on a constant protein weight (r=0.437, p<0.05). Several Korean wheat cultivars showed comparable noodle making properties to commercial flour for yellow alkaline noodles despite of dark noodle color. Wheat cvs. Baekjoong, Jeokjoong, and Ol had softer and more elastic texture than other Korean wheats.     

谷蛋白溶涨指数与面制食品质量控制

选用27个中国小麦样品，研究了谷蛋白溶涨指数对于评价中国白盐面条品质评价的适用性。谷蛋白溶涨指数与面带长度呈极显著负相关，与面带厚度呈极显著正相关。谷蛋白溶涨指数各时间(0min，5min，20min)与面条最佳煮面时间、鲜面条最大拉伸阻力、拉伸能量、拉伸长度均呈极显著正相关(除SIGO与最佳煮面时间呈显著正相关)；谷蛋白溶涨指数与可溶性谷蛋白、不溶性谷蛋白含量、面筋指数及蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关；谷蛋白溶涨指数与煮后面条表面韧性呈显著或极显著负相关，与剪切韧性呈显著正相关。谷蛋白溶涨指数可以作为一种品质指标控制面制食品的质量。     

Effect of Compositional Variation of Gluten Proteins and Rheological Characteristics of Wheat Flour on the Textural Quality of White Salted Noodles

Protein quality parameters of wheat flour, as well as protein content, showed significant relationship with hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and gumminess of the cooked noodles. A significant positive correlation (0.54) was observed between glutenins and hardness of noodles. Chewiness of the noodles increased with the protein content, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume, dough development time, dough stability, and glutenins. Hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of the noodles were negatively affected by gliadin to glutenin ratio. Multiple regression analysis depicted significant relationships of the various noodle quality parameters with wheat flour characteristics. The results revealed that the relative composition of the gliadins and glutenins had a considerable effect on the textural profile of noodles indicating their defining contribution on the noodle quality. The resulting information could be useful in predicting the noodle-quality potential of the varieties.     

Effect of glutens of different quality on dough characteristics and breadmaking performance

Glutens of different quality were extracted from commercial flours of distinct breadmaking performance and employed as improvers at a level of 1 g/100 g. The same flours used as a source of gluten were employed for testing the gluten effect. Flours were characterized by farinographic and alveographic assays and their protein profile was determined by SDS-PAGE. Rheology of each dough without and with gluten addition was studied by empirical and fundamental assays. Breadmaking performance was evaluated by loaf volume measurements and crumb texture.Though protein content was similar for all flours (11 g/100 g), dough exhibited different breadmaking characteristics which could be related to a different gliadin/glutenin proportion and a different protein profile. The weakest flour lacked two glutenin subunits (83 and 64.5 kDa) and showed a lower number of bands of gliadins respect to the other ones. Adding any of the three types of gluten to the weakest flour resulted in an increase of farinographic stability. The medium and inferior quality flours showed an increase in dough elasticity when the strongest gluten was added. In breadmaking assays the medium quality flour and its mixtures with gluten showed the highest specific volumes.     

Role of gluten and its components in influencing durum wheat dough properties and spaghetti cooking quality

Protein is an important component of grain which affects the technological properties of durum wheat. It is known that the amount and composition of protein can influence dough rheology and pasta quality but the influence of the major classes of protein is not well documented. The influence of the various gluten components on dough and pasta properties was investigated. The protein composition of durum semolina was altered by either adding gluten fractions to a base semolina or preparing reconstituted flours with varying protein composition. The effects on semolina dough rheology and spaghetti texture were measured. Published methods to isolate relatively pure quantities (gram amounts) of glutenin, gliadin, high molecular and low molecular weight glutenin subunits were evaluated and modified procedures were adopted. Reconstituted flours with additional glutenin increased dough strength while additional gliadin and LMW‐GS decreased strength. These changes did not impact on spaghetti texture. Results from using the addition of protein fractions to a base semolina showed that gluten and glutenin addition increased the dough strength of a weak base semolina while gliadin addition weakened the base dough further. Addition of HMW‐GS greatly increased dough strength of the base while addition of LMW‐GS greatly reduced dough strength. Again, these affects were not translated into firmer pasta. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

TSP与SPH复合物对面团特性及面条品质的影响机制

为了减少大豆水解蛋白(soy protein hydrolyzate,SPH)对面筋网络的弱化作用,将质构化大豆蛋白(texturized soy protein,TSP)与SPH(水解度为4.54%)复配后添加到面粉中(TSP、SPH替代面粉的量分别为6.0%、2.2%),比较面条品质、面筋特性、粉质特性、动态流变学特性等变化。与原面粉相比,添加TSP-SPH的面粉制成的面条弹性降低,面团的弱化度减小,评价值增大,干、湿面筋含量分别降至5.10%和15.65%,面筋指数增至89.24%;TSP-SPH面团的储能模量和损耗模量增大,损耗因子减小,面筋蛋白中的麦谷蛋白大聚体含量显著增加。结果表明,TSP-SPH通过二硫键与面筋蛋白相互作用,面团内部交联结构增加,一定程度缓解了SPH对面筋网络的弱化作用。     

Effect of Lentinus edodes β-Glucan-Enriched Materials on the Textural, Rheological, and Oil-Resisting Properties of Instant Fried Noodles

With the recent well-being trend, a great deal of effort has been made to develop instant fried noodles with beneficial health effects. Thus, β-glucan-enriched materials (BGEMs) were obtained from Lentinus edodes mushroom and their effects on the quality attributes of instant fried noodles were characterized in terms of rheological, textural, and oil-resisting properties. When BGEMs were mixed with wheat flour, different thermomechanical profiles were observed by a Mixolab, enhancing dough stability and water absorption. The use of BGEMs raised the viscoelastic properties of noodle dough with a great increase in the elastic property. In addition, the dough samples prepared with more BGEMs exhibited greater elongational viscosity. In the case of fried noodle strands, the incorporation of BGEMs led to a significant increase in the breaking stress and produced a surface microstructure with smaller voids. Moreover, the oil uptake of fried noodles containing BGEMs was significantly reduced by 22%. Therefore, it showed that BGEMs had positive impacts on the quality attributes of instant fried noodles and could also be used as an oil barrier to produce fried noodles with a reduced content of oil and calories.     

Quality of dried white salted noodles affected by microbial transglutaminase

To examine the potential application of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) in oriental noodle making, the effects of various MTGase addition levels on the rheological, textural and structural properties of noodles were investigated using good quality (‘Red Bicycle’) and poor quality (‘Sandow’) wheat flours. Addition of MTGase at 5–20 g kg^?1 levels, but not at 1 g kg^?1 level, to the two different wheat flours decreased rapid visco‐analyser (RVA) parameters of hot paste viscosity and final viscosity while increasing breakdown. For fresh white salted noodle dough sheets, the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased significantly at 1 g kg^?1 MTGase addition for both types of flour, but there was no clear trend with higher levels of MTGase. For dried white salted noodles, textural parameters (tensile force, hardness and gumminess) generally increased, cooking loss was little affected and the yield of the cooked noodle was significantly decreased by MTGase. Color was slightly adversely affected. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that physical properties of dry noodles were improved through the formation of cross‐links [ε‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine] by MTGase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

小麦粉特性与生湿面品质的关系研究

研究了小麦粉特性与生湿面品质的关系。以13种小麦粉为原料,测定其蛋白质质量、溶剂保持力、内源酶活力等特性,并对制得生湿面的外观、质构及感官品质进行分析。结果表明,麦谷蛋白大聚体质量分数与面片亮度呈显著负相关,谷醇比与熟面黏聚性呈显著负相关,乳酸溶剂保持力与咀嚼性、感官评分呈显著正相关,脂肪氧合酶活力与硬度、咀嚼性呈显著正相关。经主成分分析和聚类分析,将13种小麦粉分为3类：第Ⅲ类小麦粉的蛋白质质量、面团流变学品质显著优于其他小麦粉,熟面食用品质最佳;第Ⅱ类小麦粉制得面片亮度显著高于其他小麦,外观品质最优。通过将国产小麦与第Ⅱ类/第Ⅲ类小麦搭配可用于制备外观与食用品质俱佳的生湿面专用粉。     

Influence of wheat flour substitution with potato pulp on dough rheology,microstructure and noodle quality

The effects of potato pulp (0–40%) on dough rheology and microstructures, as well as noodle quality, were investigated in this study. Substitution of wheat flour with potato pulp led to a decrease in β-sheet content, an increase in α-helix and unordered content for protein in dough, as well as a drop of the storage and loss modulus, which was mainly caused by the weakening of dough gluten strength. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the gluten–starch network could no longer to be observed for the formulated dough containing 30–40% potato pulp. Structural damage of dough induced the increases in optimal cooking time, cooking loss and adhesiveness, and a decrease in cohesiveness of cooked noodles. However, the samples with 20% potato pulp addition showed higher values in water absorption, hardness, springiness and chewiness, indicating that noodles with potato pulp content below 20% were acceptable.     

The influence of 1B/1R chromosome translocation on gluten protein composition and technological properties of bread wheat

The Austrian bread wheat Amadeus without and with 1BL/1RS translocation and three further translocation genotypes with known HMW subunit compositions were grown under the same environmental conditions. Their flours were characterised by the determination of crude protein content and, partly, by the determination of glutathione and cysteine. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative composition of gluten protein types was analysed by a combined extraction and reversed phase HPLC procedure. Dough development time, maximum resistance and extensibility of dough and gluten, and bread volume were determined by means of microscale methods. Protein, glutathione and cysteine contents of flours were only slightly influenced by translocation. The HPLC patterns of gliadins and glutenin subunits showed that translocation caused characteristic changes concerning ω‐gliadins, γ‐gliadins and LMW subunits of glutenin. The amount of ω 1,2‐gliadins was significantly increased and that of LMW subunits decreased. The effect of translocation on the rheological properties of dough and gluten was characterised by a strongly reduced dough development time, reduced maximum resistance and increased extensibility. Bread volume was decreased by about 10%. The amount of glutenin subunits was correlated with dough development time, resistance of dough and gluten, and bread volume to a higher extent (r = 0.79–0.91) than the amount of gliadins (r = 0.52–0.80). Correlation coefficients for LMW subunits were higher (r = 0.82–0.88) than those for HMW subunits (r = 0.35–0.61) when all five wheats were included. Instead, when only translocation lines were considered, HMW subunits (r = 0.89–0.98) were more important than LMW subunits (r = 0.64–0.86). Altogether, the results demonstrate that translocation causes important quantitative as well as qualitative changes in gluten protein composition which can be efficiently determined by reversed phase HPLC. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

面絮粒度分布对面条品质影响研究

以13种小麦为原料,将面絮按粒度分级,对不同粒度的面絮分布与籽粒、小麦粉、面条品质进行相关性分析,探索采用面絮评价小麦粉制作面条品质的适应性。结果表明,小颗粒面絮(d1.5 mm)含量与籽粒水分呈显著或极显著负相关,大颗粒面絮(d1.5 mm)含量与其呈显著或极显著正相关;小颗粒面絮含量与面筋指数呈显著正相关,大颗粒面絮含量与其呈显著负相关;小颗粒面絮含量与面条质构参数呈显著或极显著正相关,大颗粒面絮含量与其呈显著或极显著负相关;小颗粒面絮含量与面条感官评价得分呈显著或极显著正相关,大颗粒面絮含量与其呈极显著负相关。综合结果表明:采用面絮评价小麦粉制作面条品质具有可行性,小颗粒面絮含量多,有利于提高面条品质;大颗粒面絮含量多,不利于提高面条品质。     

Indian Wheat Cultivars: Correlation between Quality of Gluten Proteins,Rheological Characteristics of Dough and Tandoori Roti Quality

Physico-chemical, rheological characteristics and quality of tandoori roti were determined for whole wheat flours from eight commercial wheat cultivars grown at one location. Tandoori roties baked from these flours indicated wide differences in baking performance. Among the varieties, Cpan-3004, GW-180 and K-8804 and WL-1562 were found suitable for the preparation of tandoori roti. These four varieties had higher water absorption capacity (718–735 ml kg^-1) when measured in a farinograph at an optimum tandoori dough consistency of 400 BU. The doughs from these varieties also had higher cohesiveness (0·38–0·45) and extensibility (114–121 mm) than other varieties. Total protein, gluten as well as total glutenin (soluble and insoluble) contents were found to be maximum in these four varieties. Varieties having Glu-1 score of 6 were found to be more suitable for roti preparation. The prediction equation derived for correlating total protein and total glutenin in flour with overall sensory score of roti was found highly significant (R² = 0·92). The results suggest that the medium hard wheats are suitable for the preparation of tandoori roti. © 1997 SCI.     

Quantitative assessment of protein fractions of Chinese wheat flours and their contribution to white salted noodle quality

Protein quantity and quality play a significant contribution to white salted noodle processing. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of different protein fractions to 25 Chinese varieties on wheat based noodle quality. The results showed: the average ratio of monomeric protein, soluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin in Chinese Huanghuai winter wheat was 3.7:1.0:1.8. Compared with Canadian wheat varieties, the ratio was 4.4:1.0:2.0. The monomeric protein and insoluble glutenin were lower in the Chinese varieties, the soluble glutenin content was higher; while the dough character was lower than Canadian hard wheat, but most Chinese wheat can make good quality noodles. This may be the defining difference between noodle wheat and bread wheat. The monomeric protein content was significant positive correlated with fresh noodle maximum resistance, and high significant positive with extension distance and area. The soluble and insoluble glutenin were mainly responsible in fresh noodle maximum resistance, extension distance and using a texture analyzer, but were high negative correlated with fresh noodle sheet length (Table 2). For cooked noodles, the soluble glutenin content demonstrated a high significant positive relationship to cutting firmness, and a significant negative correlation to cooking loss. The insoluble glutenin content was high significant positive correlated with cooked noodle thickness, hardness and cutting firmness (Table 3). The results suggested that the monomeric protein is less important than that of the glutenin for fresh noodle resistance. The soluble glutenin content is the most important property for noodle wheat, and soluble glutenin content can be used in the early generations to identity Chinese noodle wheat.     

小麦粉中蛋白质成分对非油炸方便面品质影响的研究

本研究以面粉为主要实验材料,通过品种间随机试验、均匀试验、正交试验等研究方法,研究了小麦不同蛋白质含量和蛋白质种类对非油炸方便面品质的影响,并对结果进行相关分析、回归分析,得出以下结论：确定面粉中蛋白质含量14%左右最适宜非油炸方便面的制作。小麦蛋白中,清蛋白与复水后方便面的粘结性呈显著正相关,与复水后方便面的粘弹性呈负相关;麦谷蛋白与粘结性呈显著负相关,与粘弹性呈正相关;总蛋白量和粘结性呈显著负相关,和粘弹性呈正相关。醇溶蛋白含量对非油炸方便面品质指标有显著性影响：麦谷蛋白和总蛋白含量与品质指标关系均不显著。面粉中醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量的最佳组合为2.429g/100g和4.357g/100g。     

碱性盐对小麦粉面筋特性和面条蛋白质组分的影响

为研究碱性盐（Na2CO3+K2CO3）对小麦粉和其面条品质变化的影响,以3种不同筋力的小麦品种为试验材料,结合SDS-PAGE电泳法,探讨了Na2CO3和K2CO3复配比例和碱性盐添加量对其小麦粉面筋特性和面条中蛋白质组分及分子量变化的影响,并结合SDS-PAGE电泳法考察了碱性盐对面条中蛋白质分子量分布变化的影响。结果表明：添加碱性盐后,3种小麦粉的湿面筋和干面筋含量减少而面筋指数增加,其中西农979湿面筋含量由36.04%逐渐下降至26.58%,干面筋含量由12.22%下降至7.74%。碱性盐使得3种小麦面条粉中的清蛋白和盐溶蛋白含量整体上显著增加而球蛋白和面筋蛋白含量整体上显著减少,GMP含量变化不显著但醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量减少,其中由矮抗58制得的面条中醇溶蛋白含量随着碱性盐添加量的增加由4.12%降至1.69%,而谷蛋白含量则由4.44%降至2.77%,研究结果可以为面条的工业化生产提供理论依据。