我国毛皮动物福利的现状及法律规制分析

作为世界毛皮出口大国，我国的毛皮产业在整个国际市场中拥有着不可小觑的竞争力。但是随着活剥皮等各种虐待动物事件的逐渐曝光，各国集体抵制我国毛皮制品，不仅给我国带来了不可估量的经济与名誉损失，而且直接引发了毛皮制品出口贸易新壁垒。为切实应对这一现象，我国在毛皮动物取皮时应高度重视并保护动物福利，建设健全可行的动物福利标准机制，以实现真正意义上的人与自然和谐共处，进而改善我国毛皮产业在国际市场上的形象。据此，本文分析了动物福利保护必要性与我国毛皮动物福利现状，综述了我国现行法律对于毛皮动物保护的不足，以及违反动物福利所面临的法律责任，并基于此提出了一些切实可行的毛皮动物福利法律规制建议。     

动物福利——潜在的新的贸易壁垒

20世纪80年代以后，动物福利问题渐渐浮出水面。但是，发达国家却根据国家间的差异性，充分利用动物福利问题，构筑了新的贸易壁垒——动物福利壁垒。动物福利潜在的贸易壁垒作用不可忽视，如果不给予足够重视，中国动物产品、中药等相关商品在进入国际市场时将会遭遇巨大障碍。     

欧盟动物福利政策的发展及对我国的启示

随着公众对动物福利的关注度不断上升,近年来欧洲各国出台了一系列改善动物福利的政策。本文介绍了欧盟动物福利政策的发展历程,讨论了动物福利对市场、政策制定与全球国际贸易的影响,阐述与评价了可供选择的动物福利政策,并以欧盟为鉴,对我国动物福利政策的发展提出了政策建议。     

生态壁垒对我国食品出口的影响及对策

鉴于以食品标签为主要形式的生态壁垒不断阻碍国际贸易的有序进行,文章从食品标签的新形式、新特点的视角,对国际贸易中的标签壁垒进行了创新性的阐述与分类,并从我国食品出口批次、出口价格优势以及出口增长速度等3方面系统、全面地讨论了标签壁垒对我国食品出口产生的影响,提出从建立完善的食品标签制度、做好食品标签认证工作、完善环保法规和技术标准、收集国际市场标签壁垒信息、4个方面做好我国食品行业的标签壁垒应对策略。     

建设和谐社会中动物福利问题的法律与技术角度思考

从公众意识和立法进程角度分析了我国动物福利的现状,研究了动物福利立法的必要性。探讨了立法涉及到的动物权利主客体问题,及其对社会和谐的影响。     

动物福利与PSE猪肉的预防

在现代动物生产中，规模化和集约化生产、高密度和限位饲养、环境控制、全价饲料、疾病防治、配套管理、抗生素等的使用，对提高动物生产力、降低成本、提高经济效益起到了积极的作用。但动物的生活环境质量并没有得到有效的改善，动物福利严重恶化，导致疾病增加、行为异常、环境应激等，给动物生产带来不利的影响，严重影响到动物产品的质量。PSE肉的产生与动物福利有密切的关系。     

尊重生命,为动物福利立法鼓与呼

最近, 笔者看了一些有关动物福利的资 料,曾发表了一篇题为“增强动物福利观念,善 养善宰确保肉品安全”的文章。2005 年11 月 上旬,由肉品卫生杂志社、世界农场动物福利 协会、英国防止虐待动物协会、东北农业大学 和北京肉类食品协会等多家机构在北京主办了 “2005动物福利与肉品安全国际论坛”,许多专 家学者都对此发表了很好的专题论述,这对敦 促中国动物福利立法起了很好的示范和舆论向 导作用。     

实现动物福利善待善宰生猪

1动物福利的提出和要求 据报道，早在30年前，英国等西欧国家就提出了人类必须保护动物福利的概念，开始只是要求惩罚那些残忍对待动物的人，随之发展成为要求善待动物，建立福利式的动物饲养方法和管理体系，最后发展成为建立动物福利保护组织，并要求制定立法以确保动物福利的实施。现时动物福利作为一种动物保护理念，     

欧洲羽绒和羽毛协会有关羽绒羽毛来源追溯的相关标准

近期．欧洲羽绒和羽毛协会针对”活拔绒”出台了新的标准．该标准名为《欧洲羽绒和羽毛协会有关羽绒羽毛来源追溯的相关标准》，已于2011年1月1日正式生效．该标准对羽绒制品的羽绒羽毛来源进行追溯，采自活体鸭鹅的羽绒及其制品将不被允许进入欧洲市场销售。这可能在欧洲再次筑起”动物保护”的新壁垒，给我国出口羽绒带来一定影响。我国出口羽绒及制品的企业应给予高度关注并采取有效措旅积杩赢对．     

产业意识的提高使我们得到了什么？

近日在中国毛皮预测网上，有网友发巾探讨动物福利对中国裘衣出口会造成什么样的影响，从这种探索的态度可以看出一种对产业发展的责任感。从“尚村事件”到如今主动去深寻、实施，我们的产业意识得到了极大进步和升华。     

荆州丝绸数千年

荆州是我国古代丝绸生产较为发达的地区,江陵马山一号楚墓出土的大量丝织品,表明早在战国时期,荆州地区的丝绸织造技术已相当高超,且纹样具有典型的楚文化特征。文章叙述广荆州地区丝绸生产几千年的发展历史。     

白酒饮用舒适度动物评价模型优化的研究

比较不同品质白酒对醉酒小鼠行为和乙醇代谢、氧化损伤、急性损伤的影响。120只Balb/c小鼠随机分为样①组、样②组、酒精对照组及空白对照组,灌胃后进行平衡木实验测定相关行为学指标,采集血液和脑组织标本测定生化指标。结果表明,空白对照组行走评分极显著低于其余组（P＜0.01）,样②组行走评分极显著低于酒精对照组（P＜0.01）,样①组行走评分显著高于样②组（P＜0.05）;样①组、样②组、酒精对照组神经特异性烯醇化酶含量极显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.01）;样①组丙二醛含量极显著高于酒精对照组（P＜0.01）,显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）;各组乙醇、乙醛、脂质过氧化物含量,超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。可通过动物行为学指标及急性脑损伤指标来评价白酒的饮用舒适度。     

New approach for the quantification of processed animal proteins in feed using light microscopy

A revision of European Union's total feed ban on animal proteins in feed will need robust quantification methods, especially for control analyses, if tolerance levels are to be introduced, as for fishmeal in ruminant feed. In 2006, a study conducted by the Community Reference Laboratory for Animal Proteins in feedstuffs (CRL-AP) demonstrated the deficiency of the official quantification method based on light microscopy. The study concluded that the method had to be revised. This paper puts forward an improved quantification method based on three elements: (1) the preparation of permanent slides with an optical adhesive preserving all morphological markers of bones necessary for accurate identification and precision counting; (2) the use of a counting grid eyepiece reticle; and (3) new definitions for correction factors for the estimated portions of animal particles in the sediment. This revised quantification method was tested on feeds adulterated at different levels with bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) and fishmeal, and it proved to be effortless to apply. The results obtained were very close to the expected values of contamination levels for both types of adulteration (MBM or fishmeal). Calculated values were not only replicable, but also reproducible. The advantages of the new approach, including the benefits of the optical adhesive used for permanent slide mounting and the experimental conditions that need to be met to implement the new method correctly, are discussed.     

A comparison of three animal welfare assessment programs on California dairies

Due to increased awareness of animal welfare issues by consumers, 3 voluntary programs were developed to assess animal welfare on commercial dairies in the United States. These programs include: 1) Humane Farm Animal Care (HFAC), with minimum standards and a third-party audit system; 2) Dairy Quality Assurance Center (DQAC); and 3) University of California-Davis (UCD) program with self-assessments. The objective of this article was to provide an overview of the similarities and differences in content and scope of these programs. Furthermore, to ascertain the practical application of these programs on commercial dairies, a study was designed to compare the rank order of compliance scores of each program on 10 commercial California dairies using a survey and personal interviews with dairy owners or managers. The survey combined 316 statements from the DQAC checklist, the UCD assessment, and the HFAC standards. The mean (+/-SD) percentage compliance for the DQAC, HFAC, and UCD programs was 83 +/- 8, 94 +/- 3, and 85 +/- 6%, respectively. A ranking order from 1 to 10 was assigned to each dairy using the compliance score for each assessment program. Comparisons of ranking order between programs were not significant, indicating that different indices were being measured by each program. All programs, however, identified the same 2 lowest-ranking dairies, which indicated that the programs were able to identify facilities with the weakest welfare practices. The survey results show that selection of the available assessment programs for animal welfare on the dairy is important in determining the outcomes.     

Understanding cow evaluations in univariate and multivariate animal and random regression models

The relationship between cow evaluations from a 305-d lactation yield animal model [i.e., lactation model (LM)] and a random regression model (RRM) were studied using the first-lactation milk yield of 2,477,807 Holstein heifers. In the LM analysis, 2 values of heritability were used, 0.35 (LM1-H) or 0.57 (LM2-H), the latter being equal to that used in the random regression model for the analysis of the Holstein test-day records (RRM-H). The relative weights on parent average (PA) and yield deviations (YD) were computed and studied to understand factors contributing to reranking of cows’ predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) from the various models. The degree of relatedness and inbreeding were calculated for the top 2,000 cows from the various models. Analyses of Jersey milk yield in the first 3 parities was implemented using 305-d lactation yield multivariate animal (MLM-J) and random regression models (MRRM-J). The ability of both models using only first-parity yield records to predict evaluations in second and third parities when records for these later parities were excluded was studied in a sample of cows. The correlations of cow PTA between LM1-H or LM2-H and RRM-H were 0.91 and 0.92, respectively, in the Holstein data. The data sets used were identical in this case for all models in terms of number of cows and yield records. The correlations were slightly lower at 0.89, 0.87, and 0.88 for parities 1, 2, and 3 in the Jersey analyses, where the data sets were not identical. The relative weights on PA and YD were 0.28 (0.11) and 0.72 (0.89), respectively, from the LM2-H (RRM-H). The RRM-H placed more emphasis on YD and therefore on Mendelian sampling deviations. Thus, the top 2,000 cows from the RRM-H were less related and inbred. The average additive genetic relationship was 22% greater in the LM2-H and average inbreeding coefficients were 0.68 and 0.43% for the LM2-H and RRM-H, respectively. When records were initially available in the first parity, the MRRM-J predicted PTA in parities 2 and 3 with about 2 to 7% greater accuracy compared with the MLM-J.     

Jingzhou, Hubei Established a Science and Technology Industrial Park of Pulp and Paper

Hubei modern forestry Jingzhou Paima science and technology industrial park of forest, pulp and paper was formally established in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, on December 28, 2009. The total investment of the industrial     

毛绒类纤维鳞片结构特征鉴别

以羊毛、山羊绒及其它毛绒类纤维作为研究对象 ,采用带显示屏的高放大倍数的显微镜和配置优良的电脑对上述纤维的鳞片结构特征作定性的分析研究。具体工作包括 :样本的制备 ;仪器的配置与调试 ;利用计算机进行鳞片特征提取 ;羊毛、羊绒等各种动物纤维鳞片结构特征比较。     

Preparation of quality control materials for the determination of sulfonamides in animal feed

A feasibility study of the preparation of quality control materials for the analysis of medicated feeds has been carried out. Two analytical methodologies for the analysis of sulfonamides in feeds were developed, validated and applied to homogeneity and stability studies. Pig feeds spiked with sulfadiazine and sulfadimidine were prepared. The drugs were spiked at 500 µg g^?1, representing what can be expected in a commercial medicated feed, and at 2 and 5 µg g^?1, which roughly correspond to drug-free feeds cross-contaminated during the fabrication process. The homogeneity of both the bulk and the bottled materials was verified. A stability study of the materials containing 2 and 5 µg g^?1 of sulfonamides was carried out over an 18-month period at room temperature, at 4°C and ?20°C. The determination of sulfadiazine and sulfadimidine in samples coming from these homogeneity and stability studies of the quality control materials was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with either ultraviolet light or fluorimetric detection, depending on the concentration of the analytes in the samples.     

Use of glyceroltriheptanoate as marker for processed animal by-products: development and validation of an analytical method

A recently published European Regulation requires that the artificial marker, glycerol triheptanoate (GTH), be added to processed animal by-product (ABPs) prohibited from entering the food chain. The objective of this new requirement is to allow full traceability and ensure that these materials are disposed of in a proper way. Here, we report the development and single-laboratory validation of an analytical method for the determination of GTH in meat and bone meal plus animal fat. The method comprises three steps: (1) extraction of GTH from the samples with petroleum ether when analysing meat and bone meal or dissolving the sample in n-hexane when analysing fat; (2) clean-up of the extract using commercially available SPE cartridges; (3) determination of GTH by GC/MS or GC with flame ionisation detection (FID). The results of the validation study demonstrated that the relative standard for intermediate precision varied between 2.5 and 8.2%, depending on GTH concentration and the detector utilised. In all cases, the relative recovery rate was above 96%. The limit of quantification was 16 mg kg^?1 (GTH/fat content of the sample) with MS as detector and 20 mg kg^?1 with FID. Moreover, the method has been successfully applied in a second laboratory, indicating its transferability. Considering the minimum GTH concentration in ABPs of 250 mg kg^?1, the method is considered suitable for the intended purpose and can be utilised by EU Member States laboratories for official control and monitoring.     

Capturing urine while maintaining pasture intake, milk production, and animal welfare of dairy cows in early and late lactation

Capturing urine and spreading it evenly across a paddock reduces the risk of nitrogen loss to the environment. This study investigated the effect of 16 h/d removal from pasture on the capture of urination events, milk production, pasture intake, and animal welfare from cows grazing fresh pasture in early and late lactation. Forty-eight Holstein-Friesian cows in early [470 ± 47 kg of body weight (BW); 35 ± 9 days in milk] and late (498 ± 43 kg of BW; 225 ± 23 days in milk) lactation were allocated to 3 treatment groups. Cows had access to pasture for either 4 h after each milking (2 × 4), for 8 h between morning and afternoon milkings (1 × 8), or for 24 h, excluding milking times (control). When not grazing, the 2 × 4 and 1 × 8 groups were confined to a plastic-lined loafing area with a woodchip surface. In early lactation, the proportion of urinations on pasture and laneways was reduced from 89% (control) to 51% (1 × 8) and 54% (2 × 4) of total urinations. The 1 × 8 cows ate less pasture [10.9 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow per day] than the control (13.6 kg of DM/cow per day) and 2 × 4 (13.0 kg of DM/cow per day) cows, which did not differ from each other. The 1 × 8 and 2 × 4 cows produced less milk (21 and 22 kg of milk/cow per day, respectively) compared with control cows (24 kg of milk/cow per day). There were no differences in BW or body condition score (BCS) change across treatment groups, with all groups gaining BW and BCS during the experimental period. In late lactation, there was no difference in pasture intake (mean = 8.8 kg of DM/cow per day), milk production (mean = 10 kg of milk/cow per day), and BW or BCS change (mean = 3.7 kg and −0.2 U/cow per week, respectively) between treatment groups. As in early lactation, urinations on pasture and laneways were reduced from 85% (control) to 56% (1 × 8) and 50% (2 × 4) of total urinations. These findings highlight an opportunity to maintain performance and welfare of grazing cows in early and late lactation while capturing additional urine. This can subsequently be spread evenly across pasture to minimize nitrogen loss to the environment.