成核剂对聚丙烯釜压发泡的影响

用超临界二氧化碳（CO2）釜压发泡的方法,研究了成核剂类型、成核剂粒径以及成核剂添加量对聚丙烯（PP）发泡材料泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,用碳酸钙（CaCO3）作成核剂时PP泡沫的泡孔完整性高,泡孔尺寸分布均匀,且发泡倍率比添加蒙脱土及滑石粉时的要大;成核剂粒子粒径越小,体系的成核点越多,发泡时产生的气泡核越多,所得到的PP泡沫的泡孔密度越大,但是由于纳米碳酸钙（nano-CaCO3）更容易出现团聚现象,直接导致最终发泡制品产生泡孔破裂以及发泡倍率的降低;成核剂CaCO3的添加量为3份时,与添加1份和5份相比,可得到发泡倍率更高,泡孔密度更大的PP泡沫。     

超临界CO2发泡聚丙烯挤出工艺研究

通过对普通等规聚丙烯(PP)共混改性,实现PP的超临界CO2挤出发泡成型。考察了熔体温度、机头压力和CO2浓度对改性PP发泡过程和泡孔结构的影响。采用优化的工艺参数制备出发泡倍率高、泡孔形态完整的改性PP发泡材料。     

成核剂对聚丙烯微发泡行为及力学性能的影响

将自制的发泡母料添加到共聚聚丙烯(PP)中,采用化学发泡注塑工艺制得微发泡材料。通过SEM和TGA分析,研究了不同成核剂制得的发泡母料对PP微发泡材料力学性能和泡孔行为的影响。结果表明:发泡母料含量为5%时,制得的发泡PP复合材料性能优异;以硫酸钙作为成核剂时,所得制品泡孔直径较小,且均匀性最好。     

聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二酯泡沫塑料的制备

以超临界CO_2流体为物理发泡剂,CaCO_3为成核剂,采用釜压发泡法制备了聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二酯泡沫塑料,考察了成核剂含量和工艺参数对泡沫塑料性能的影响。结果表明:成核剂的加入可降低泡沫塑料的体积密度和泡孔直径,较理想的成核剂质量分数为10%;工艺参数对产物性能有明显影响,其中,发泡温度和浸泡温度对产物性能有较大影响,浸泡时间过短可导致泡孔尺寸不均一,泡孔塌陷明显。较优的工艺参数:浸泡温度为110℃,浸泡时间为60 min,发泡温度为70℃,保压时间为30 min,制备的泡沫塑料体积密度可达0.11 g/cm~3,发泡倍率为10.90倍,泡孔直径为10~50μm。     

影响聚丙烯发泡倍率和泡孔结构的主要工艺参数研究

以自行研制的高熔体强度聚丙烯为原料,在同向双螺杆挤出机-熔体泵发泡系统上,采用超临界二氧化碳为发泡剂,分析研究了影响聚丙烯发泡倍率和泡孔结构的主要因素.结果表明:随发泡剂注入量增大,聚丙烯发泡倍率提高,但发泡剂注入量应控制在一定的范围内,小于气体在聚丙烯熔体中的溶解度,否则,泡孔容易破裂、合并,发泡倍率降低;熔体温度是影响聚丙烯发泡倍率的关键因素,随熔体温度降低,聚丙烯发泡倍率增大,控制熔体温度在聚丙烯树脂结晶温度以上5℃左右内,能够得到发泡倍率高,泡孔结构好的聚丙烯发泡体;聚丙烯泡孔结构参数与机头压力和熔体温度密切相关,提高机头压力有利于气泡成核,降低熔体温度有利于减少气泡合并和破裂,得到泡孔尺寸小且均匀、泡孔密度高的聚丙烯发泡制品.     

成核剂对PVC涂覆制品泡孔形态的影响

选择不同拓扑结构的无机成核剂纳米二氧化硅和有机蒙脱土,研究其对PVC增塑糊涂覆发泡制品泡孔形态、结构的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察样品泡孔形态,采用图像分析手段计算泡孔直径、发泡倍率及泡孔密度,以探明成核剂对泡孔形态结构的影响规律及机制。结果表明:与大多数聚合物熔融体系物理发泡不同,球型纳米二氧化硅对偶氮二甲酰胺(AC发泡剂)主导下的PVC增塑糊涂覆工艺化学发泡过程影响不明显,而插层、团聚分散于PVC增塑糊发泡体系中的有机蒙脱土会增加涂覆制品的泡孔直径,并降低发泡倍率及泡孔密度。     

成核剂对PP发泡行为和力学性能影响

采用化学发泡注射成型技术制备了发泡聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,研究了不同成核剂(NA)含量对其发泡行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:NA的加入为泡孔成核提供了大量的成核位点,有效改善了发泡PP复合材料的泡孔结构、尺寸分布和泡孔密度;当NA质量分数为5‰时,发泡材料泡孔平均直径最小约125μm,泡孔密度最大约2.54×10~5个/cm~3,泡孔尺寸分布较好。另一方面,随着NA含量的增加,发泡PP复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量呈增加趋势。     

β成核剂对聚丙烯发泡材料的结晶行为和发泡性能的影响

在聚丙烯(PP)中加入β成核剂(TMB-5),以超临界二氧化碳(CO2)作为发泡剂,用高压发泡釜对其进行间歇发泡。研究β成核剂用量、饱和温度、饱和压力对β成核/PP发泡材料的结晶和发泡性能的影响。结果表明,β成核剂有效促进了β晶的形成,发泡材料中β晶相对含量最高可达到92.4%,但增大饱和压力却会抑制β晶产生。β成核剂同时起到异相成核作用,使泡孔成核更容易,制得的样品发泡性能较好。另外,饱和温度的升高会使PP熔体强度降低,导致泡孔的尺寸增大、密度减小;而随着饱和温度降低,饱和压力升高,气体在熔体中的溶解度增大,泡孔成核数量增多,使泡孔密度增大、泡孔尺寸减小。饱和压力为22 MPa时,泡孔密度可达2.72×108个/cm3。     

注塑工艺对微发泡PP/云母粉发泡行为影响

用正交试验研究了注射温度、注射压力、注射速度和冷却时间对化学发泡法制备聚丙烯(PP)/云母粉发泡材料的泡孔平均直径和泡孔密度的影响.结果表明,在PP中添加云母粉后.注射压力对发泡PP/云母粉材料的结构参数影响最大,其次为注射温度;较理想的工艺参数为注射温度170℃、注射压力50 MPa,注射速度95%、冷却时间30 s.     

超临界二氧化碳发泡软质聚氯乙烯材料的性能研究

采用超临界二氧化碳作为物理发泡剂,进行软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)的发泡试验研究。探讨了实验过程中主要助剂用量对发泡材料的宏观性能和微观泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,当PVC用量为100份,交联剂为0.5份,泡孔调节剂为6份时,发泡材料各项性能较为优异。添加了成核剂纳米Ca CO3后,相比于纯PVC发泡体系,发泡材料的表观密度都有所减小,当成核剂含量为5份时,发泡材料的表观密度最小,为0.294 g/cm3,发泡倍率最大为3.873倍。材料微观的泡孔分布更为均匀,泡孔密度提高到原来的近3倍,泡孔的平均直径较没有添加成核剂的体系缩小了近一半,平均孔径为35.7μm。     

PP/超临界CO2连续挤出发泡成型

以超临界CO2为发泡剂,在连续挤出发泡过程中研究了超临界CO2用量对高熔体强度均聚聚丙烯(PP)发泡成型过程的影响.随着超临界CO2用量的增加,发泡挤出机口模压力降低,试样发泡倍率降低,泡孔尺寸变小,泡孔密度提高.在w(CO2)为3%,5%时,得到发泡倍率最高为13左右的PP发泡材料.w(CO2)为7%,发泡温度为12...     

Effects of formulation and processing parameters on the morphology of extruded polypropylene‐(waste ground rubber tire powder) foams

This paper presents an experimental study of the foaming behavior of polypropylene (PP)/(waste ground rubber tire powder) (WGRT) blends when using a chemical blowing agent in an extrusion foaming process. The effects of formulations (i.e., WGRT content, blowing agent content, compatibilizer) and the processing parameters (i.e., die temperature, screw speed) on the void fraction, average cell size, cell density, and cell morphology of the PP/WGRT foams were investigated. The blowing agent loading affected the cell structure of the foams and the average cell size, and the void fraction increased with increasing blowing agent loading. Both increasing the screw speed and decreasing the die temperature could establish a high pressure drop in the extruder die, and these were beneficial to the foaming extrusion. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

PP/PDMS共混物的连续挤出发泡成型

用二氧化碳作为发泡剂,利用串联发泡挤出系统研究了聚丙烯(PP)/聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)混合物的膨胀比及泡孔密度,同时用马来酸酐接枝PP(PP-g-MAH)作为增容剂来提高PDMS与PP的相容性。结果表明,混合物的最大膨胀比可达25倍,而纯PP的最大膨胀比只有8倍。另外,与纯PP相比,混合物的泡孔密度显著提高(尤其是在低发泡剂浓度时)。     

聚丙烯挤出发泡中的关键技术——加工设备和成型工艺研究

从聚丙烯挤出发泡的加工设备包括挤出机的类型、发泡机头的设计、发泡剂的注入和计量控制以及聚丙烯挤出发泡的成型工艺包括螺杆转速、压力降和压力降速率、成核剂的分散、发泡机头的温度等系统介绍了聚丙烯挤出发泡中的一些关键技术。目前的研究表明：采用双螺杆挤出机进行挤出发泡时需要考虑发泡剂逃逸和压力的升高与稳定；可以通过改变机头的形状和尺寸获得不同的压力降和压力降速率，从而控制挤出发泡的成核速率。提高螺杆转速、增加压力降和压力降速率有利于优质发泡材料的获得；优选适宜的发泡机头温度可以抑制气体逃逸，提高发泡倍率，获得更低密度的聚丙烯发泡材料。     

Preparation of micro/nanocellular polypropylene foam with crystal nucleating agents

Open‐cell, porous microcellular foams with nanofibrillated structures were prepared from high tacticity isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) with a crystal nucleating and gelling agent. The 1,3:2,4 bis‐O‐(4‐methylbenzylidene)‐d ‐sorbitol gelling agent (Gel‐all MD) was used as the crystal nucleating and gelling agent, which enhanced the crystallization and gelation of i‐PP with a three‐dimensional network of highly connected nanofibrils. The core‐back foam injection molding technique was employed to foam the i‐PP with nitrogen (N₂) at a high expansion ratio, where the crystal nucleating agent induced bubble nucleation and bubble growth in the inter‐lamella region and opened the cell walls with a nanoscale‐fibrillated structure. The effects of the nucleating agent on the open cell content (OCC), density and crystallinity were thoroughly investigated. We prepared open‐cell micro/nanocellular foams with an average cell size of microscale voids of < 5 μm. Nanometer‐scale fibrillated structures were formed on the cell wall of the microscale void, the expansion ratio was five‐fold and the open cell content was over 90%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2075–2085, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of the introduction of polydimethylsiloxane on the foaming behavior of block‐copolymerized polypropylene

We investigated the effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the foaming properties of block‐copolymerized polypropylene (B‐PP) by blending different contents of PDMS with B‐PP in the extrusion process using supercritical CO₂ as the blowing agent. The experimental results indicate that the addition of PDMS greatly increased the expansion ratio of the foamed samples. At the same time, the cell population density of foams obtained from the blends also increased to a certain degree and provided a new perspective on improving B‐PP's foaming performance. The addition of PDMS also decreased the die pressure because of the reduced viscosity of the B‐PP/PDMS blends compared with that of the B‐PP matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Challenge to fortyfold expansion of biodegradable polyester foams by using carbon dioxide as a blowing agent

This paper presents a new foaming technology using supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent to obtain large volume expansions of biodegradable polyester foams of over fortyfold. The basic approach for the promotion of a large volume expansion ratio with carbon dioxide was to prevent cell coalescence by using a branched material, to dissolve carbon dioxide completely in the melt by promoting convective diffusion under a high processing pressure, to reduce the diffusivity of gas by lowering the melt temperature, and to optimize the processing conditions in the die to maximize volume expansion. The desirable composition of the materials includes dehydrated branched biodegradable polyester (polybutylene succinate), CO₂ (blowing agent), and tale (nucleating agent). A single‐screw extrusion system was used for foam processing. A large volume expansion ratio of up to forty‐fivefold was achieved from the biodegradable polyester foams. The morphologies and volume expansion ratios of biodegradable polyester foams at various processing temperatures and pressures were studied.     

Physical Blowing Agent Residence Conditions Stimulated Morphological Transformations in Extrusion Foaming

In this study, influence of blowing agent residence conditions on foam attributes has been investigated in extrusion foaming process. The blowing agent injection location in the extrusion barrel was found to affect the residence time inside the barrel, which in turn significantly transformed the foam microstructure. The injection location providing higher gas residence time resulted in foams with lower cell size, higher expansion ratio, and enhanced cell density. Further studies were performed to analyze the synergistic influence of residence time variation on foam attributes at different screw rotational speeds, die temperatures, and blowing agent contents.     

聚丙烯及聚苯乙烯发泡体系熔体密度的研究

通过高压毛细管流变仪测量聚丙烯发泡体系的PVT关系,得到一定压力和温度下聚丙烯发泡体系的熔体密度,用于分析发泡体系的毛细管流变特性。与聚苯乙烯和高冲击强度聚苯乙烯发泡体系的熔体密度进行了对比,研究并分析了温度、压力、发泡剂及成核剂含量对发泡体系熔体密度的影响。结果表明:发泡体系的熔体密度均随压力的增大而提高,随温度的升高而降低;在发泡气体的临界压力处,发泡体系的熔体密度产生突变;高压下,发泡剂与成核剂含量对熔体密度的影响很小。     

Fundamental foaming mechanisms governing the volume expansion of extruded polypropylene foams

This article describes the fundamental foaming mechanisms that governed the volume expansion behavior of extruded polypropylene (PP) foams. A careful analysis of extended experimental results indicated that the final volume expansion ratio of the extruded PP foams blown with butane was governed by either the loss of the blowing agent or the crystallization of the polymer matrix. A charge coupling device (CCD) camera was installed at the die exit to carefully monitor the shape of the extruded PP foams. The CCD images were analyzed to illustrate both mechanisms, gas loss and crystallization, during foaming at various temperatures, and the maximum expansion ratio was achieved when the governing mechanism was changed from one to the other. In general, the gas loss mode was dominant at high temperatures and the crystallization mode was dominant at low temperatures. When the gas loss mode was dominant, the volume expansion ratio increased with decreasing temperature because of the reduced amount of gas lost. By contrast, when the crystallization mode was dominant, the expansion ratio increased with increasing temperature because of the delayed solidification of the polymer. The processing window variation with the butane concentration, the change in the temperature ranges for the two governing modes, and the sensitivity of melt temperature variations to the volume expansion ratio are discussed in detail on the basis of the obtained experimental results for both branched and linear PP materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2661–2668, 2004