Hot Ductility and Deformation Behavior of C-Mn/Nb-Microalloyed Steel Related to Cracking During Continuous Casting

Hot ductility studies have been performed on C-Mn and C-Mn-Nb steels with an approach to simulate the effect of cooling conditions experienced by steel in secondary cooling zone during continuous casting. Thermal oscillations prior to tensile straining deteriorate hot ductility of steel by deepening and widening the hot ductility trough. C-Mn steels are found to exhibit ductility troughs in three distinct zones whereas C-Mn-Nb steel shows drop in ductility only at low temperature in the vicinity of ferrite transformation temperatures. Start of ferrite transformation in steels causes yield ratio to increase while work hardening rates and strength coefficient decrease with decrease in test temperature in presence of thermal oscillation prior to tensile testing. Inhibition of recrystallization due to build-up of AlN particles along with the presence of MnS particles in structure and low work hardening rates causes embrittlement of steel in austenitic range. Alloying elements enhancing work hardening rates in austenitic range can be promoted to improve hot ductility. The presence of low melting phase saturated with impurities along the austenitic grain boundaries causes intergranular fracture at high temperature in C-Mn steels.     

Effect of low-cycle fatigue on the hot ductility of plain carbon steel

In a continuous casting steelmaking operation, the surface of a slab is under a condition that can be characterized as high-temperature, low-cycle fatigue in which the tensile and compressive stress is repeatedly developed. For this reason, for the evaluation of the hot ductility of a slab, considering the fatigue deformation is more feasible before a tensile or compressive test. In this study, the effects of low-cycle fatigue on the hot ductility of steels with a carbon content of 0.06–0.8 wt.% are investigated at various temperatures. For a carbon content of 0.06%, there were no significant differences between the RA values from a simple tensile test and those from a tensile test after fatigue deformation. The tendency of ductility deterioration with fatigue deformation is evident in 0.1 %C steel, and is due to the deformation-induced ferrite film that forms around the prior austenite grain. Conversely, high carbon steel containing 0.8 %C did not show a recovery of hot ductility in a low temperature region, and the specimen on which the tensile was measured after fatigue showed a higher hot ductility in the low temperature region, which is thought to result from the pearlite refinement effects. As the results obtained in this work showed noticeable differences in the hot ductility of carbon steel through the test conditions, it is suggested that for more accurate data, fatigue deformation be adopted in which the temperature range in an unbending operation is determined in the steelmaking factory.     

加热温度对含Nb中碳钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

利用微合金析出物与临界晶粒尺寸的定量关系,研究了Si含量较高的中碳Nb微合金钢在不同加热温度下的奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高,试验钢中奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大,当温度高于1100℃时,晶粒开始粗化。由经验模型可得,随着温度的升高,析出相的体积分数逐渐减少,而颗粒半径逐渐增大,由于二者的共同作用导致了奥氏体晶粒在高于1100℃时迅速粗化;在实验的基础上,得到了适用于试验钢的晶粒长大模型。     

变形条件对Mn-Cr齿轮钢连续冷却相变的影响

使用Gleeble 1500热模拟实验机研究了Mn—Cr齿轮钢在奥氏体再结晶区不同温度变形后的连续冷却相变行为及相变组织．实验结果表明,变形温度降低,促进了多边形铁索体及珠光体相变,获得多边形铁索体加珠光体混合组织的临界冷速增大．贝氏体与针状铁索体之间存在相互竞争机制,随着变形温度及冷速的降低,大量的晶界仿晶型铁索体占据了奥氏体晶界,中温相变产物由贝氏体向针状铁索体转变．降低变形温度,奥氏体在中温相变区稳定性增加,相变结束温度下降,室温组织中马氏体／奥氏体岛的数量增多．     

Prediction of Carbon Concentration and Ferrite Volume Fraction of Hot-Rolled Steel Strip During Laminar Cooling

A phase transformation model was presented for predicting the phase fraction transformed and the carbon concentration in austenite for austenite to ferrite transformation during laminar cooling on run-out table in hot rolling strip mill. In this model, the parameter k in Avrami equation was developed for carbon steels. The wide range of chemical composition, the primary austenite grain size, and the retained strain were taken into account. It can be used to predict the ferrite volume fraction and the carbon concentration in austenite of hot-rolled steel strip during laminar cooling on run-out table. The coiling temperature controlling model was also presented to calculate the temperature of steel strip. The transformation kinetics of austenite to ferrite and the evolution of carbon concentration in austenite at different temperatures during cooling were investigated in the hot rolled Q235B strip for thickness of 9.35, 6.4, and 3.2mm. The ferrite volume fraction along the length of the strip was also calculated. The calculated ferrite volume fraction was compared with the log data from hot strip mill and the calculated results were in agreement with the experimental ones. The present study is a part of the prediction of the mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel strip, and it has already been used on-line and off-line in the hot strip mill.     

控冷工艺对低碳钢珠光体转变及力学性能的影响

生产低碳钢带钢,采用层流冷却后段冷却且卷取温度低于空冷的Ar1时,由于抑制了先共析铁素体的析出,成品带钢组织中获得了远超平衡含量的退化伪珠光体组织。本试验研究了层流冷却后段冷却下不同卷取温度对带钢显微组织、力学性能的影响。结果表明：卷取温度在600 ℃以上时,卷取温度越低,带钢的强度越高;卷取温度为540 ℃时,带钢组织中渗碳体在晶界偏聚程度较高,导致力学性能恶化。     

15SiMn钢奥氏体等温相变的元胞自动机模拟

建立了15SiMn钢奥氏体一铁素体相变的二维元胞自动机介观模型.模拟结果显示,对于某一给定温度,铁索体的长大速度在相变过程中逐渐降低.当生长速度接近0时,奥氏体相中相界面处平衡碳的质量分数为0.523 95%.此外,模拟结果还显示,由于奥氏体晶界上的碳原子扩散和奥氏体-铁素体相界面移动都较奥氏体晶内更快,所以奥氏体晶界上铁素体晶粒形貌为椭圆形.     

锰质量分数和压缩比对中碳钢相变组织的影响

采用光学显微镜和电子探针观察了中碳钢显微组织形貌,分析了不同锰质量分数和轧制压缩比对相变组织的影响。研究表明：试验钢显微组织为形态不同的铁素体+珠光体;增加Mn质量分数抑制晶界铁素体形核和长大,同时细化铁素体晶粒,促进退化珠光体的形成;提高轧制压缩比有利于原奥氏体晶内蜂窝状铁素体的形成,该铁素体均匀的分割原奥氏体晶粒,与晶界铁素体具有相同的方向性;MnS或其复合夹杂物是铁素体在原奥氏体晶粒内部形核的有效位置。     

V的析出对中碳锰非调质钢热塑性及组织的影响

通过热模拟试验,对比分析不加V和加V两种中碳锰非调质试验钢的高温力学性能和组织,探讨V的析出对热塑性及组织的影响。结果表明,高温形变诱导析出的V(C、N)可抑制动态再结晶行为、提高变形抗力并促进晶内铁素体转变,使热塑性降低、高塑性温度区变窄、低塑性温度区变宽,而VC主要在奥氏体向铁素体转变时沿γ/α界面的形核析出,并有利于铁素体向晶内长大。不加V和加V的试验钢经1280 ℃固溶处理后,高温变形分别在900~1100 ℃和1000~1130 ℃时,可获得高的热塑性。     

工艺参数对Ti微合金化高强钢组织性能的影响

为实现高品质Ti微合金化高强钢的工业化生产,通过热模拟试验研究了加热温度、终轧温度、精轧阶段变形量、冷却速率和卷取温度对Ti微合金化高强钢组织性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高,铁素体晶粒尺寸显著增大,试验钢硬度增大。随着终轧温度的降低和冷却速率的增大,铁素体晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,贝氏体含量增加,试验钢硬度增大。随着精轧阶段变形量的增大,铁素体含量增加,组织得到细化,细晶强化和相变强化共同作用的结果使得试验钢硬度逐渐降低。随着卷取温度的降低,试验钢的硬度先升高后降低,当卷取温度为610 ℃时,试验钢硬度最高。     

中碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程中碳的分布与扩散

利用热模拟压缩变形实验以及SEM、XRD和热磁法,研究了中碳钢过冷奥氏体变形时组织演变过程中碳原子的分布与扩散.结果表明,动态相变过程中碳的有效扩散系数与等温过程相比明显增大,相变完成时间显著缩短.在随后的片层状珠光体的球化过程中,相界以及形变过程中产生的高密度位错和空位等缺陷促进了间隙碳原子的扩散,使得球化动力学过程与等温退火相比显著缩短.渗碳体的溶解和铁素体中碳的过饱和现象得到证实,其中过饱和碳原子高度聚集在铁素体晶界和位错核心处,而不是均匀地分布在铁素体点阵的间隙位置.     

Variation of hot ductility behavior in as-cast and remelted steel slab

Variations in the hot ductility behavior of as-cast and remelted steel slabs were investigated. The specimens were prepared directly from the surface of an as-cast continuous casting slab. The slab was then remelted to assess the effect of the same on the cast structure. A high temperature tensile test was used to obtain hot ductility data. In the case of 0.18 wt.% carbon steel, hot ductility improved with increasing strain rate for both as-cast and remelted slab specimens. Comparing the results obtained from the as-cast and remelted specimens, similar hot ductility values were observed in the low temperature range. At higher temperatures, however, the remelted slab specimen had a higher R/A (reduction of area) value. The decreased R/A value of the as-cast specimens in the high temperature region could be explained by the increase in the initial grain size due to the slow cooling of the large slab during continuous casting. This means a lower hot ductility value than that obtained from remelted specimen should be assumed in the case of the application of lab data to an actual continuous casting process.     

低碳钢低温变形γ→α相变行为的预测模型

从变形使孕育期缩短的角度，讨论了形变诱导相变的发生条件，计算了不同变形条件下几种成分的低碳钢变形过程析出铁素体的开始温度Ar3d，发现同样变形条件下，碳含量越低的钢种，其Ar3d越高；同一成分钢种，随着变形量增加或变形速率减小，Ar3d提高，基于相变动力学理论，在形核速率计算中充分考虑变形和过冷的双重作用，探索了低温变形诱导铁素体相变的动力学模型，用该模型进行的计算机模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好，表明这种理论处理方法可用来模拟这种相变过程。     

变形温度对含Nb双相钢显微组织的影响

通过单道次压缩及连续冷却实验,研究了变形温度(810-720℃)对具有超细原始奥氏体晶粒的含Nb双相钢显微组织的影响.实验结果表明:实验钢最终组织为铁索体加马氏体的双相组织.压缩过程中,实验钢应力-应变曲线上出现峰值,且峰值应力随变形温度的降低先增大后减小;随着变形温度的降低,铁索体的含量先增大再减小,但增减幅度不大,在最低变形温度(720℃)时,铁素体品粒尺寸降低到2.8 μm,弥散分布于铁素体晶界上的马氏体含量达到22.7%;随着变形温度的增加,铁索体晶粒硬度减小,最低可降至230 GPa;EBSD取向分析显示,随着变形温度的降低,组织中小角度晶界增多.     

DEFORMATION ENHANCED FERRITE TRANSFORMATION IN PLAIN LOW CARBON STEEL

1. IntroductionGrain refinement is an effective way of increasing strength and ductility of metallicmaterials simultaneously. In recent ten years the approach to the grain refinement in steelsexperienced a period from thermal mechanical controlling processing (TMCP) in the yearsof 60--70's to the strain induced transformation in 80's. Its basic concept is to the controlof recrystallization, transformation and grain growth in different periods of hot working byutilizing microalloying elemellt…     

Hot ductility of leaded free-cutting steels

The hot ductility of three as-cast low carbon steels with similar volume fractions of inclusions, but with Mn/S ratios varying from 2.9 to 4.4, has been studied by hot torsion testing in an inert atmosphere at temperatures from 900° to 1250°C. Ductility, measured as equivalent surface strain to fracture, showed scatter for repeat tests of up to ±20%. Within this scatter, there was little effect of strain rate, but ductility increased systematically with increasing temperature. The steels also showed consistently better ductility with higher Mn/S ratio. The ductility of the steel with the lowest Mn/S ratio was also found to be sensitive to the heating time before torsion testing whereas the steels of higher Mn/S ratio were not. All the steels showed improved ductility after an initial industrial heat treatment of the ingot, consisting of heating the ingot in a pusher furnace, set at 1100°C, and cooling to room temperature before reheating for torsion testing.     

一种800 MPa级高强建筑用钢的试验研究

针对当前我国高强建筑用钢的开发,采用Ti-Nb微合金化技术设计试验钢化学成分,通过热膨胀试验确定了试验钢的动态CCT曲线,基于此设计了实验室热轧试验方案,研究了工艺参数对试验钢组织、性能的影响。结果表明:当水冷终冷温度大于610 ℃时,试验钢的显微组织为铁素体+珠光体;当水冷终冷温度小于390 ℃时,试验钢显微组织为少量铁素体+贝氏体;当终轧温度为810 ℃、水冷终冷温度为350 ℃时,试验钢显微组织为少量铁素体+贝氏体,屈服强度为837 MPa,这是细晶强化、相变强化、析出强化共同作用的结果,为800 MPa高强钢筋的研究开发提供了数据支撑和理论指导。     

轧后冷速对低碳贝氏体钢组织性能影响

模拟两阶段控轧控冷工艺,进行了低碳贝氏体钢轧制实验,分析了轧后快速水冷和空冷对低碳贝氏体钢组织及性能的影响。结果显示,钢轧后,在两种冷速下得到的组织形貌差别较大,快速水冷得到强度较高的板条贝氏体组织,缓冷得到强度较低的粒状贝氏体组织,粒状贝氏体的形成温度较高,没有明显板条特征;板条贝氏体屈服强度比粒状贝氏体高出278MPa,抗拉强度高出307MPa;而粒状贝氏体的塑性和韧性指标明显优于板条贝氏体,延伸率和-20℃低温冲击功指标是板条贝氏体的近3倍。     

Microcracking in multipass weld metal of alloy 690 Part 2 – Microcracking mechanism in reheated weld metal

Abstract

To elucidate the microcracking (ductility dip cracking) mechanism in the multipass weld metal of alloy 690, the hot ductility of the reheated weld metal was evaluated using three different filler metals with varying contents of impurity elements such as P and S. Hot ductility of the weld metal decreased at temperatures over 1400 K, and the weld metal containing a low quantity of impurity elements showed much higher ductility than that containing a high quantity of impurity elements. Local deformability at high temperature of the alloy 690 reheated weld metal was compared with that of Invar alloy. Grain boundary sliding in alloy 690 occurred not in the intermediate temperature range (800–1000 K), where grain boundary sliding was activated in Invar alloy, but at high temperatures just below the melting temperature of alloy 690. The computer simulation of microsegregation suggested that the deterioration of hot ductility is caused by the grain boundary segregation of impurity elements during the multiple thermal cycling. The ductility dip cracking in the reheated weld metal resulted predominantly from the embrittlement of grain boundaries due to the imbalance between intergranular strength and intragranular strength at high temperature.     

快速加热和短时保温对22MnB5钢组织与性能的影响

将快速加热、短时间保温及快速冷却的快速热处理方法应用于钢的热成形工艺中,利用连续退火试验机对材料热处理过程进行模拟试验,研究不同工艺参数下22MnB5钢相变点的变化规律以及组织与性能的演变规律,并揭示其机理。结果表明,加热速率增大提高了相变点温度,加热温度需要大于950 ℃才能保证完全奥氏体化。传统热成形工艺最终组织为全马氏体结构,而快速热处理工艺为马氏体、贝氏体和未溶碳化物共同组成的组织,且晶粒尺寸从11.50 μm细化至7.60 μm。在1000 ℃保温10 s时力学性能表现较好,此时抗拉强度相较于传统热成形工艺略有提高,且伸长率从6.39%提高至8.44%,产生这种具有优异性能的组织构成的原因与快速加热和短时间保温导致的成分不均匀有关。