杂醇油开发应用前景广阔

杂醇油是一种有特殊臭味和毒性的无色或淡黄色挥发性油状液体，国内目前杂醇油的主要来源是发酵法生产酒精中精馏工序的副产物，或是用酒精法生产丁二烯的副产物。杂醇油的精制品可用于配制果酒、白兰地、朗姆酒和水果型香精。据不完全统计，目前国内仅领取食用酒精生产许可证的企业就达１０００多家，酒精行业的年生产能力达５Mt左右。近年来随着国内酒精产量的增加，杂醇油的产量也随之增长。但目前酒精行业价格竞争激烈，市场相对萎缩，规模盲目扩大已造成产品供过于求。因此，如何综合利用酒精生产中的杂醇油资源，对于振兴酒精行业，…     

从杂醇油中提取各类醇

酒精厂用发酵法生产乙醇的同时,产生约占乙醇产量5—10%的杂醇油。杂醇油主要由水、低碳混合醇、杂质等组成,是提取低碳混合醇、异戊醇生产醋酸混合酯、醋酸异戊酯的主要原料。由于各酒精厂回收杂醇油的工艺条件不同,含水量和杂质量各不相同。其中含水量最高的达30%、最低的也有12%;杂质含量在5%左右,这给提取低碳混合醇带来很大困难,致使产品因含水量、杂质量大而达不     

国外杂醇油制备香料概况与国内未来开发潜力

一、概况1．杂醇油来源：我们通常所指的杂醇油（Fuseloil），主要是来自发酵酒蒸馏酒精过程最后所得的高沸点副产物部分。我国资源十分丰富。例如，我国1992年全国饮料酒产量1262．35万吨比1991年增长11．1％其中全国白酒产量368．57万吨比1991年增长10．1％。一般情况发酵酒的高沸点部份约占发酵法生产乙醇的0．4％左右。这样单曲酒一项的杂醇油全国年产量相当可观。现在市售的工业粗杂醇油，含有相当量的水份和其它杂质。加工前最好先进行处理以提高杂醇中主要成分的浓度以利于提高加工效率。工业上乙醇催化制备丁二烯的副产物的轻组价…     

杂醇油与异戊醇的化学分析

杂醇油是生产异戊醇的最好原料，正确地测定杂醇油中杂质，是评价异戊醇质量的需要，也是分离杂醇油采取的必要方法。     

杂醇油分离异戊醇的研究

采用盐析脱水，间歇精馏和分段切割的工艺方案，从杂醇油中分出工业异戊醇（９８％），收率达到６３％，此工艺具有工艺简单，设备少，投资特点的适合中小型厂生产戊醇。’     

采用DNP柱测定优质酒中的甲醇,杂醇油,总酯,总醛的含量

本文用气相色谱法采用ＤＮＲ柱检测分析优良酒中的甲醇、杂醇油、总酯、总醛的含量，取代常规的化学分析法，提高定定量分析的准确性。     

从杂醇中提取异戊醇

对采用精馏法由杂醇油分离异戊醇的生产工艺作了研究，并对预处理后油相中各组分含量对异戊醇收率的影响进行了考察，确定了回收异戊醇的最佳工艺条件。     

煤制甲醇生产过程中杂醇油中水分含量分析技术

煤制甲醇生产的过程中可能会出现各种各样的杂质,这些杂质对于最终甲醇产品的品质会产生不同程度的影响,而杂醇油水分作为出现率较高的杂质,其分析处理技术也就成为行业内广泛关注的目标。文章首先分析了煤制甲醇生产案例的项目情况,其次对杂醇油水分含量的分析技术与原理方法进行了探讨,最后则对杂醇油水分含量的分析技术进行了阐述,希望可以有效避免该类型杂质的出现,提升甲醇生产的技术标准与整体产品水平。     

由杂醇油合成系列酯类香料的中试研究

采用物理和化学预处理法、高效分馏技术、相转移催化氧化和固体酸催化酯化等新工艺，进行了杂醇油合成系列酯类香料的５０ｔ／ａ中试。结果表明，氧化、酯化转化率在９０％以上，得率在７０％以上，均达到小试水平。     

用气相色谱法分离和测定酒精中甲醇及杂醇油的含量

本文采用气相色谱法，以ＤＮＰ柱分离和检测酒精中甲醇及杂醇油的含量，取代常规的检验方法。此方法具有操作简便、准确度高、分析时间短等特点，适用于工厂控制酒精质量的检测。     

Effect of heat on triglycerides of corn oil

Results of a study on the effect of heating corn oil in air to a 200C temp are reported. Heated oil was separated on a silicic acid column into 8 fractions. The first four fractions, constituting about 62% original oil, were found to be unchanged triglycerides. The remaining 4 fractions constituted polymeric and degraded products of high molecular wt. Percentage losses from the respective positions in the oleo- and linoleoglyceride fractions suggest that fatty acids in primary positions are slightly more susceptible to heat than those in the 2-position. Assuming a 1,3-random 2-random distribution, triglyceride fraction in the heated oil contained 6.7% trilinolein as compared to 17.7% in fresh oil. Evidence is presented which shows presence of branching in short chain unsaturated acids and of hydroxy acids in the saponified polymeric fractions. Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, 1962     

Effect of soybean breakage on the quality of soybean oil: Preliminary study

Soybean samples were separated into 4 fractions (whole beans, halves, pieces, and fines) according to physical damage, and all fractions but the fines were analyzed for oil quality. Free fatty acids were found to increase from 0.65% for whole beans to 1.79% for halves, 3.04% for pieces, and 9.46% for fines (by differences). Neutral oil loss of hexane-extracted oil from these fractions was 4.5% for whole beans, 4.62% for halves, and 6.08% for pieces. The results give a measure of the decrease in quality of soybean oil with increasing soybean breakage.     

重油组分密度表征和结构验证的分子模拟

经实验推断重油组分平均分子结构后,利用分子模拟技术对重油组分密度和分子结构合理性进行了研究。通过对模型化合物正四十烷、1-十二烷基萘的密度模拟确定了分子模拟所适合的模拟参数和计算流程,在同样的条件下进行重油组分密度的模拟,并与实验值进行比较。结果表明,模型化合物正四十烷、1-十二烷基萘的密度模拟值的相对误差分别为0.27%和0.26%,说明采用的模拟参数和计算流程适于密度模拟表征;在相同模拟条件下,可较为准确地获得重油组分的密度值,与实验值的相对误差约为2%～3%,说明所推断的重油组分平均分子结构是合理可靠的。分子模拟在密度表征的同时也可作为判断所推测平均分子结构合理性的工具。     

Olefins and BTX-production by thermal cracking of hydrotreated vacuum gas oil and related fractions

Aramco vacuum gas oil was catalytically hydrotreated to conversions of 20, 40 and 60%, and subsequently fractionated into naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, and hydrotreated vacuum gas oil. These fractions were thermally cracked to test their potential as feedstock for olefins and BTX production. The olefin yields from the hydrotreated vacuum gas oil obtained from hydrotreating with 40 and 60% conversion favorably compare with those of straight-run naphthas. Cracking in conventional naphtha/atmospheric gas oil units becomes possible. The naphtha, kerosene and gas oil fractions are preferably added to standard refinery streams.     

Separating Oil from Aqueous Extraction Fractions of Soybean

Previous research has shown that enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) extracts 88–90% of the total soybean oil from extruded full-fat soy flakes into the aqueous media, which is distributed as cream (oil-in-water emulsion), skim, and free oil. In the present work, a simple separatory funnel procedure was effective in separating aqueous skim, cream and free oil fractions allowing mass balances and extraction and recovery efficiencies to be determined. The procedure was used to separate and compare liquid fractions extracted from full-fat soy flour and extruded full-fat soy flakes. EAEP extracted more oil from the extruded full-fat soy flakes, and yielded more free oil from the resulting cream compared to unextruded full-fat soy flour. Dry matter partitioning between fractions was similar for the two procedures. Mean oil droplet sizes in the cream and skim fractions were larger for EAEP of extruded flakes compared to non-enzymatic AEP of unextruded flour (45 vs. 20 μm for cream; 13 vs. 5 μm for skim) making the emulsions from EAEP of extruded flakes less stable. All major soy protein subunits were present in the cream fractions, as well as other fractions, from both processes. The cream could be broken using phospholipase treatments and 70–80% of total oil in the extruded full-fat flakes was recovered using EAEP and a phospholipase de-emulsification procedure.     

Gravity induced coalescence in emulsions with high volume fractions of dispersed phase in the presence of surfactants

We report studies on the effect of volume fraction and surfactant concentration on the kinetics of destabilization of emulsions under the influence of gravity. Model oil‐in‐water emulsions, designed to mimic crude oil–water emulsions, were prepared with varying volume fractions of dispersed oil but nearly identical normalized initial drop size distributions. The gravity separation process was observed by periodically withdrawing samples, and examining the droplet size distribution under the microscope. Experiments were performed for three volume fractions of dispersed phase and two surfactant concentrations (0.4 and 1.6% by weight). At higher oil fractions (20%) and a lower surfactant concentration (0.4%), it was observed that although the rate of coalescence increased, the actual oil separation was delayed. At higher surfactant concentrations (1.6%), the dominant factor in suppressing destabilization is the rate of drop to interface coalescence. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4379–4389, 2017     

页岩灰和FCC催化剂调控油页岩热解产物二次反应特性

采用两段反应器对油页岩热解初级挥发分进行二次催化反应特性研究,考察了第2段反应器内不同的催化载体、反应气氛与停留时间对油气收率及品质的影响。结果表明,在考察的停留时间范围内页岩灰具有相对适中的催化活性来调控热解挥发分产物的二次反应,水蒸气气氛能够进一步提高热解油收率约5%,并能够在一定程度上抑制裂解气体中C₂~C₃组分的生成。页岩灰作为催化载体能够转化热解油中VGO（馏程>350℃）等重质组分,随停留时间增加油品馏程向轻组分转移。油品组分GC-MS结果表明,较短停留时间内（<3 s）,水蒸气添加能够有效抑制热解油中脂肪烃类的过度裂解,与氮气相比提高汽柴油馏分含量20%以上。过长的停留时间（3~5 s）会造成VGO等馏分缩聚生成焦炭,从而大幅降低热解油收率。     

Crystallization of butter oil and separation by filter-centrifugation

Fractionation by crystallization of melted butter oil can produce fractions that are physically and chemically different. However, many variables affect the formation, growth and separation of the crystalline fat from the entrained oil. The objective of this study was to produce crystalline fractions that contained a minimal volume of entrained oil through optimization of the crystallization and separation conditions. Crystallization was initiated at 33.5°C upon slow cooling from 60°C with stirring (10 rpm). Oil was cooled to 18.5°C and separated by centrifugation, followed by filter-centrifugation. Fractions were analyzed for melting point, solid fat by differential scanning calorimetry, and fatty acid profiles. A split-plot design was used for statistical analyses of data, and the experiment was performed three times. Fractionation caused significant changes in melting profiles of the fractions when compared with the unfractionated butter oil. Melting points of the unfractionated butter oil, liquid and crystalline fractions were 41.6, 25, and 48°C, respectively. The oil content of the crystalline fraction at 18.5°C ranged from 28 to 35%. A 17% increase in C8:0-C10:0, an 11% decrease in C12:0-C16:0, a 32% decrease in C18:0, and a 41% increase in C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 acids were observed in the liquid fraction when compared with the crystalline fraction.     

乌兰管道首站北疆原油综合评价

对乌兰管道首站北疆原油进行了综合评价。结果表明,该原油密度大（867.3 kg/m3）,硫含量低（0.1%）,蜡含量高（11.46%）,属于中质低硫高蜡原油。重整原料和汽油馏分烷烃含量较高,适宜做乙烯裂解料。煤油馏分硫含量高,柴油馏分氮含量高,均需加强精制效果。减压蜡油酸值高、黏度指数低,不适合生产高黏度指数润滑油,Cp较高（56.34%）,CA低（7.69%）,残炭值低（0.013%）,重金属含量较小,是催化裂解的优良原料。渣油较轻,属于第二类渣油,硫含量较小（0.26%）,沥青质含量较低（1.5%）,是理想的催化裂化原料的掺料或焦化原料。     

Studies on Polymerization of Groundnut Oil in an Azeotropic Salt Bath

The groundnut oil was bodied by passing through an azeotropic salt bath consisting of 53% potassium nitrate, 40% sodium nitrite and 7% sodium nitrate. The bodied oil was fractionated with 5 volumes of dry acetone into soluble and insoluble fractions. The fatty acid compositions of the methyl esters of these fractions were found out by GLC. The bodied oil contains acids with variable chain lengths. The oils show no nitration inspite of their contact with nitrate/nitrite salts at a temperature of 320° C. The methyl esters were also fractionated into two fractions using urea and into four fractions, namely, monomer, dimer, polymer and “oxy” products by column chromatographic technique. These fractions were analysed by GLC, IR and NMR. The esters with carbon numbers 11.5 and 13.5 in DEGS and 17.5, 32.7 and 35.5 in SE-30 columns are oxygenated compounds. The dimers contain 2 types of esters, one with carbon number 36.0, which is probably linked through C? C linkage and/or cyclized; the other, which predominates, is linked through ether linkage.