现象学燃烧分析模型及其在柴油机燃烧研究中的应用

本文提出一个新的直喷式柴油机燃烧分析模型,该模型利用台架实验数据计算燃空混合率、放热率、NO_x生成率等燃烧过程参数,研究燃烧系统参数对燃烧过程的影响,分析充量间传热传质过程及其影响因素。本模型已用于天津动力机厂130柴油机燃烧系统改进的研究。结果表明,强化扩散燃烧阶段缸内空气与产物间紊流混合率可减少NO_x排放量,预计适当提高130柴油机空气涡流将会改善高、低转速工况的综合排放特性。     

燃料设计改善发动机燃烧和排放的研究(2)--对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的分析

根据本文第一部分提出的含氧燃料设计思想与方法，以碳酸二甲脂(DMC)为例，研究了较宽比例范围内的DMC柴油混合燃料对柴油机的燃烧与排放特性的影响。在一台高速柴油机上测量了各种混合燃料在最高转速下的负荷特性和速度特性，以及主要工况下的示功图，并对燃烧特性进行了分析。试验结果发现：在柴油中加入一定比例的DMC后，由于物性参数的变化和喷雾特性的改善，混合燃料能够改善柴油机的燃烧与排放——热效率得到明显的提高，尤其在低转速下改善显著；烟度和氮氧化物排放同时降低，外特性线上的一氧化碳降低，碳氢排放仍然很低。对燃烧特性的分析发现：DMC柴油混合燃料的着火延迟延长，燃烧速率加快，燃烧持续期缩短。     

柴油机余热裂解甲醇并共轨燃烧的排放研究

在不改变6300ZC型柴油机结构和参数的基础上,从排气管引出高温尾气裂解甲醇气,并通入柴油机进气管混合燃烧。通过柴油机在各工况下掺烧甲醇裂解气运行与纯柴油（0号柴油）运行的对比试验,研究了共轨燃烧甲醇裂解气时6300ZC型柴油机的排放特性。研究结果表明,预混裂解气柴油机与原机相比,NOx与碳烟排放大幅度改善,HC排放明显降低,CO排放略有上升。在高负荷时,NOx排放可降低37.6%,碳烟排放可降低43.5%。     

小型车用柴油机紊流型燃烧系统的设计与试验研究

本文在分析小型车用直喷式柴油机燃烧系统的基础上，自行设计了一种花型缩口紊流型燃烧室。此燃烧室与进气系统和喷油系统的合理匹配，加快了混合气的形成和燃烧，改善了燃烧过程，通过延迟喷油定时，在一定程度上解决了小型直喷式柴油机存在噪声高，排污高的问题，并提高了经济性。     

进气参数对LNG发动机燃烧及排放特性的影响

应用FIRE软件对L23/30A型号的LNG双燃料柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行数值模拟。通过改变进气参数,分析缸内燃烧过程的压力、温度、流场的分布变化对燃烧及排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:进气温度、压力的增大提高了缸内的紊流强度,改善油气混合和燃烧过程;采用较高的进气压力使缸内平均温度下降,平均压力上升,有效降低了NOx排放;对于进气温度,缸内温度和压力的变化与进气压力截然相反,且增加排放量。     

不同燃烧系统对乙醇-柴油发动机性能的影响

在ZS195直喷柴油机和195S-1涡流室式柴油机上分别进行乙醇-柴油混合燃料的对比试验,试验表明：在燃烧不同混合燃料时,直喷式柴油机的当量油耗率较涡流室柴油机低,而涡流室式柴油机当量油耗率变化不大。在不同燃烧系统下,燃烧不同混合燃料的排放对比试验研究结果表明,涡流室式柴油机的排放性较好,NOx和碳烟的排放相对直喷式柴油机在高负荷时,其降幅达到50％以上,CO的降幅达到21％以上,HC排放则有升有降。     

增强燃烧室内空气紊流降低柴油机油耗,噪声及有害排放物的研究

柴油机燃烧室中空气紊流运动对促进燃烧有重要作用。为改善Ｘ４１０５Ｂ柴油机性能，作采用了高紊流的“Ｑｕａｄｒａｍ”型燃烧室。通过合理选择进气涡流强度、供油速率和供油提前角，取得了良好的效果。不仅改善了燃油经济性，减小了烟度，而且降低了其排放物和噪声。     

直喷式柴油机燃用甲醇/柴油混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

研究了直喷柴油机燃用不同掺混比的甲醇和柴油混合燃料对柴油机经济性、动力性、燃烧特性和排放特性的影响，测录了掺甲醇量分别为10％、15％、20％混合燃料和纯柴油时柴油机各种性能，并通过对结果的比较，分析了甲醇掺混量对其影响的规律和原因，采用等过量空气系数法确定试验工况，以保证在同样的燃烧条件下进行比较，结果表明：在等转速和等过量空气系数条件下，加入一定量的甲醇改善了柴油机的燃烧特性，具有较高的燃烧热效率；烟度和CO排放随甲醇掺混量的增加而下降，掺甲醇使NOx排放升高，并在掺醇量为10％～15％时达到最大值。     

一种新的小缸径柴油机单孔直喷燃烧系统的研究

小缸径柴油机燃烧系统直喷化已经成为发展趋势，但仍面临实现柔和运行及降低有害排放产物的难题，燃烧室周边混合式燃烧系统具有工作柔和，变速适应性好等优点。但由于形成较多的壁面面膜，而使燃烧速率低，ＨＣ和微粒排放品质差，为此，本研究了旋转流场中轴针喷嘴油束扩展与混合的特性，提出了利用油束撞壁效应加速混合，改善燃烧过程的概念。在Ｓ１９５涡流室柴油机基础上设计了一种新的单孔直喷式燃烧系统。研究结果表明，该系     

小型直喷式柴油机缩口型燃烧室的设计与研究

在4100型直喷式柴油机上，为改进的进气系统和供油系统匹配设计了几种不同形状的缩口型燃烧室，研究了燃烧室形状对柴油机性能的影响。试验结果表明，体积较大的球形底台的缩口燃烧室能促使油-气混合，改善燃烧过程，有利于实现柴油机的动力性、经济性和排放指标的良好折中。     

105系列直喷式柴油机新燃烧系统开发

本文研究出一种高性能柴油机燃烧系统，该系统完全是在燃烧理论和优化匹配理论的基础上，通过在缸径为105mm的柴油机上研究、试验所得。该燃烧系统在整机功率提高而耗油率减少的情况下对整机并无任何特殊的材料和加工等要求，使柴油机性能得到全面的提高，适合于大批量组织生产。     

增压柴油机燃用不同掺比菜籽油甲酯的燃烧和排放的试验研究

在D6114ZLQB车用增压柴油机上比较研究了不同比例的菜籽油甲酯和0号柴油的混合燃料对发动机燃烧过程、燃油经济性和排放特性的影响。试验结果表明：燃用体积比低于15%的菜籽油甲酯,发动机的缸内燃烧过程和纯柴油基本一致;增压柴油机燃用菜籽油甲酯和柴油的混合燃料可以有效降低碳烟、HC和CO的排放;NOx排放略有上升;15%以内的菜籽油甲酯对柴油机燃料经济性影响很小。研究认为：增压柴油机相对自然吸气式柴油机具有更好的生物柴油燃料适应性;在不改变发动机参数的条件下,低比例的菜籽油甲酯具有良好的推广应用前景。     

Performance and combustion characteristic of CI engine fueled with hydrogen enriched diesel

The combustion of hydrogen–diesel blend fuel was investigated under simulated direct injection (DI) diesel engine conditions. The investigation presented in this paper concerns numerical analysis of neat diesel combustion mode and hydrogen enriched diesel combustion in a compression ignition (CI) engine. The parameters varied in this simulation included: H₂/diesel blend fuel ratio, engine speed, and air/fuel ratio. The study on the simultaneous combustion of hydrogen and diesel fuel was conducted with various hydrogen doses in the range from 0.05% to 50% (by volume) for different engine speed from 1000 – 4000 rpm and air/fuel ratios (A/F) varies from 10 – 80. The results show that, applying hydrogen as an extra fuel, which can be added to diesel fuel in the (CI) engine results in improved engine performance and reduce emissions compared to the case of neat diesel operation because this measure approaches the combustion process to constant volume. Moreover, small amounts of hydrogen when added to a diesel engine shorten the diesel ignition lag and, in this way, decrease the rate of pressure rise which provides better conditions for soft run of the engine. Comparative results are given for various hydrogen/diesel ratio, engine speeds and loads for conventional Diesel and dual fuel operation, revealing the effect of dual fuel combustion on engine performance and exhaust emissions.     

Hydroprocessed vegetable oil as a fuel for transportation sector: A review

Renewable fuels produced from vegetable oils are an attractive alternative to fossil-based fuel. Different type of fuels can be derived from these triglycerides. One of them is biodiesel which is a mono alkyl ester of the vegetable oil. The biodiesel is produced by transesterification of the oil with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Another kind of fuel (which is similar to petroleum-derived diesel) can be produced from the vegetable oil using hydroprocessing technique. This method uses elevated temperature and pressure along with a catalyst to produce a fuel termed as ‘renewable diesel’. The fuel produced has properties that are beneficial for the engine as well as the environment. It has high cetane number, low density, excellent cold flow properties and same materials can be used as are used for engine running on petrodiesel. It can effectively reduce NOx, PM, HC, CO emissions and unregulated emissions as well as greenhouse gases as compared to diesel. The fuel is also beneficial for the after-treatment systems. Trials in the field have shown that the volumetric fuel consumption of renewable diesel is higher than petrodiesel and nearly proportional to the volumetric heating value. The present review focuses on the hydroprocessing technique used for the renewable diesel production and the effect of different parameters such as catalyst, reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) and H₂/oil ratio on oil conversion, diesel selectivity, and isomerization. The review also summarizes the effect; renewable diesel has on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine.     

Comprehensive study of biodiesel fuel for HSDI engines in conventional and low temperature combustion conditions

In this research, an experimental investigation has been performed to give insight into the potential of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) diesel engines. The scope of this work has been broadened by comparing the combustion characteristics of diesel and biodiesel fuels in a wide range of engine loads and EGR conditions, including the high EGR rates expected for future diesel engines operating in the low temperature combustion (LTC) regime.The experimental work has been carried out in a single-cylinder engine running alternatively with diesel and biodiesel fuels. Conventional diesel fuel and neat biodiesel have been compared in terms of their combustion performance through a new methodology designed for isolating the actual effects of each fuel on diesel combustion, aside from their intrinsic differences in chemical composition.The analysis of the results has been sequentially divided into two progressive and complementary steps. Initially, the overall combustion performance of each fuel has been critically evaluated based on a set of parameters used as tracers of the combustion quality, such as the combustion duration or the indicated efficiency. With the knowledge obtained from this previous overview, the analysis focuses on the detailed influence of biodiesel on the different diesel combustion stages known ignition delay, premixed combustion and mixing controlled combustion, considering also the impact on CO and UHC pollutant emissions.The results of this research explain why the biodiesel fuel accelerates the diesel combustion process in all engine loads and EGR rates, even in those corresponding with LTC conditions, increasing its possibilities as alternative fuel for future DI diesel engines.     

Combustion of jojoba methyl ester in an indirect injection diesel engine

An experimental investigation has been carried out to examine for the first time the performance and combustion noise of an indirect injection diesel engine running with new fuel derived from pure jojoba oil, jojoba methyl ester, and its blends with gas oil. A Ricardo E6 compression swirl diesel engine was fully instrumented for the measurement of combustion pressure and its rise rate and other operating parameters. Test parameters included the percentage of jojoba methyl ester in the blend, engine speed, load, injection timing and engine compression ratio. Results showed that the new fuel derived from jojoba is generally comparable and good replacement to gas oil in diesel engine at most engine operating conditions, in terms of performance parameters and combustion noise produced.     

Effect of the turbulence intensity on knocking tendency in a SI engine with high compression ratio using biogas and blends with natural gas,propane and hydrogen

This research presents the test results carried out in a diesel engine converted to spark ignition (SI) using gaseous fuels, applying a geometry change of the pistons combustion chamber (GCPCC) to increase the turbulence intensity during the combustion process; with similar compression ratio (CR) of the original diesel engine; the increase in turbulence intensity was planned to rise turbulent flame speed of biogas, to compensate its low laminar flame speed. The research present the test to evaluate the effect of increase turbulence intensity on knocking tendency; using fuel blends of biogas with natural gas, propane and hydrogen; for each fuel blend the maximum output power was measured just into the knocking threshold before and after GCPCC; spark timing (ST) was adjusted for optimum generating efficiency at the knocking threshold. Turbulence intensity with GCPCC was estimated using Fluent 13, with 3D Combustion Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations; 12 combustion chamber geometries were simulated in motoring conditions; the selected geometry had the greatest simulated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and Reynolds number (Re) during combustion. The increased turbulence intensity was measured indirectly through the periods of combustion duration to mass fraction burn 0–5%, 0–50% and 0–90%; for almost all the fuel blends the increased turbulence intensity of the engine, increased the knocking tendency requiring to reduce the maximum output power to keep engine operation just into the knocking threshold. Biogas was the only fuel without power derating by the conditions of higher pressure and higher turbulence during combustion by GCPCC and improve its generating efficiency. Peak pressure, heat release rate, mean effective pressure and exhaust temperature were lower after GCPCC. Tests results indicated that knocking tendency was increased because of the higher turbulent flame speed; fuel blends with high laminar flame speed and low methane number (MN) had higher knocking tendency and lower output power.     

Use of pyrolysis oil in a test diesel engine to study the feasibility of a diesel power plant concept

The economic viability of power production in a diesel power plant utilizing flash pyrolysis oil produced from sawmill wastes in Finland has been investigated. A combination of biomass feedstock costs, pyrolysis oil fuel properties (ignition quality, lubricating properties, combustion speed and duration, emissions, etc.) and their effect on power plant investments and maintenance will ultimately determine electricity busbar costs and the economic competitiveness of the concept. Pyrolysis oil is not a suitable fuel for a conventional diesel engine as such. The preliminary tests with additive treated pyrolysis oil demonstrated, however, that once ignition has taken place, pyrolysis oil burns rapidly. Pyrolysis oil may be a suitable primary fuel for a diesel engine with a pilot injection system, which secures the ignition of the main fuel.     

The effect of elevated fuel inlet temperature on performance of diesel engine running on neat vegetable oil at constant speed conditions

The concept that engine design is all important in the use of vegetable oils as a diesel fuel has been pointed out by many researchers. One hundred percent of vegetable oil can be used safely in an indirect injection engine, but not in a direct injection engine due to the high degree of atomization required for this type. This problem is related to increasing droplet size on injection into the cylinder that results in poor combustion. This in turn, causes the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, together with oil dilution due to introduction of unburnt fuel into the crankcase. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing fuel inlet temperature on viscosity and performance of a single cylinder, unmodified diesel engine. The overall results showed that fuel heating increased peak cylinder pressure and was also beneficial at low speed and under part-load operation. The high combustion temperature at high engine speed becomes the dominant factor, making both heated and unheated fuel to acquire the same temperature before fuel injection.     

双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律分析及燃烧特性研究

从热力学和内燃机燃烧的基本理论入手 ,推导了计算分析双燃料发动机缸内工质成分和热力学参数的计算关系式以及求解双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律的微分方程式 ,基于面向对象技术开发了双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律计算软件。研究结果表明 :用传统柴油机分析方法计算双燃料发动机的放热率峰值偏小 ,所计算的缸内工质平均温度偏高 ,新模型计算的结果与实际情况更为吻合。该分析软件可以适用于多种燃料发动机 ,是内燃机燃烧放热规律的通用计算软件。双燃料发动机燃烧特性研究表明 :双燃料发动机初始放热率比纯柴油大 ,若着火始点在上止点后 ,双燃料缸内最大爆发压力比纯柴油低 ,否则比纯柴油高 ;控制双燃料发动机着火始点是控制缸内最大爆发压力和 NOx 排放的关键 ,双燃料发动机着火始点应在上止点后 ,可以使发动机爆发压力和 NOx 排放比纯柴油低。