用季戊四醇基化学成炭剂-三氧化二锑-十溴二苯乙烷协同阻燃天然橡胶

用垂直燃烧仪、氧指数仪、马弗炉和锥形量热仪等考察了季戊四醇基化学成炭剂（FR 600）-三氧化二锑-十溴二苯乙烷协同阻燃天然橡胶的阻燃性能。结果表明,FR 600-三氧化二锑-十溴二苯乙烷有明显的协同阻燃效应。与三氧化二锑-十溴二苯乙烷阻燃的天然橡胶相比,FR 600的加入不仅可以降低三氧化二锑的用量,而且所阻燃天然橡胶的极限氧指数和垂直燃烧等级进一步提高;在阻燃剂总用量为40份（质量）、FR 600/三氧化二锑/十溴二苯乙烷（质量比）为4/5/31时,天然橡胶的极限氧指数达27%,垂直燃烧等级为V-0级。与三氧化二锑-十溴二苯乙烷阻燃的天然橡胶相比,FR 600-三氧化二锑-十溴二苯乙烷协同阻燃天然橡胶的成炭率较高,平均热释放速率、峰值热释放速率和发烟总量较低,点燃时间及火灾性能指数较大。     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯的阻燃研究

利用锥形量热仪(CONE)研究了阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)的燃烧性能,同时也采用垂直燃烧、氧指数等方法进行了对比测试。含十溴二苯乙烷的试样不仅保持了原有的物理机械性能,而且阻燃效果明显。相对于使用十溴二苯醚阻燃的HIPS,十溴二苯乙烷的使用不会产生多溴代二问题,产品符合一定的环保要求。     

含溴阻燃PBT的阻燃性及紫外光稳定性

用双螺杆挤出机分别制备了溴化聚苯乙烯、溴代三嗪、十溴二苯乙烷、三溴苯酚封端溴代聚碳酸酯、苯酚封端溴代聚碳酸酯燃玻纤增强聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)粒料,并注塑成样件。采用热失重分析仪、燃烧测试仪、极限氧指数仪、物色分析仪对PBT复合材料进行了测试,对复合材料的热降解行为、溴元素加入量、单位溴产生氧指数、紫外老化后黄光指数的变化进行了分析。结果表明,阻燃剂的加入改变了阻燃PBT复合材料的热降解行为,使降解温度提前;溴代聚碳酸酯阻燃剂在PBT复合材料中有较高的阻燃效率和抗黄变能力。     

滑石粉和有机蒙脱土对溴系阻燃聚丙烯材料性能影响的研究

研究了滑石粉及纳米有机蒙脱土（OMMT）对十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）阻燃聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃协效作用,评估了滑石粉、溴系阻燃剂、OMMT的添加量对PP材料阻燃性能、燃烧行为及物理性能的影响。结果表明,滑石粉和OMMT对于DBDPE阻燃PP体系具有显著的协效作用,增加滑石粉和DBDPE用量可以有效提高垂直燃烧性能和极限氧指数水平,添加OMMT可进一步提升垂直燃烧性能和氧指数水平,OMMT还可以显著降低燃烧过程的热/烟释放速率及总量;滑石粉、溴系阻燃剂、OMMT会在不同程度导致材料拉伸强度、冲击强度和熔体流动速率的下降。     

阻燃氯丁橡胶的无焰燃烧与阻燃性能

将十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、成碳剂(CTJ)、化学膨胀剂(IFR)复配阻燃氯丁橡胶,利用氧指数(LOI)和锥形量热仪(CONE)探讨了十溴二苯乙烷与CTJ、IFR复配阻燃氯丁橡胶的协同效应,通过扫描电镜研究表征样品的断面形貌。结果表明,当三者共用15份,且DBDPE∶CTJ∶IFR比例为7:2:6时,阻燃CR体系的无焰燃烧时间为7 s,同时LOI达到了4 0%,热释放速率只有纯C R的11.4%,生烟速率为纯C R的3 0.8%,表现出一定的协同作用;从样品燃烧后的断面扫描电镜照片看出,兼有了物理成炭和化学成炭的优点,提高了阻燃性能。     

不同阻燃体系PBT工程塑料的热稳定性研究

对四种不同种类阻燃体系的聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)工程塑料进行热失重分析和高温热老化实验,通过失重率、老化之后色变和拉伸强度保持率来比较不同种类阻燃剂对PBT的耐热性影响。结果表明,不同种类阻燃剂对PBT工程塑料的耐热性能影响差别较大,十溴二苯乙烷阻燃PBT的加工耐热性和老化耐热性优于溴化聚苯乙烯阻燃PBT,溴化聚苯乙烯阻燃PBT优于溴化聚碳酸酯阻燃PBT,溴化聚碳酸酯阻燃优于溴化环氧树脂阻燃PBT。     

DBDPE-Sb2O3复合阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯性能的研究

采用十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)协同三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)组成复合阻燃剂DBDPE-Sb2O3阻燃长玻纤增强聚丙烯(LGFPP),通过氧指数测定仪、水平-垂直燃烧试验仪、锥形量热仪、万能试验机和冲击试验机研究了DBDPE-Sb2O3的用量对DBDPE-Sb2O3/LGFPP复合材料的阻燃性能、热稳定性能、燃烧性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当DBDPE-Sb2O3复合阻燃剂质量分数为16%时,DBDPE-Sb2O3/LGFPP复合材料的氧指数和垂直燃烧等级分别达到了26.54%和FV-0级,且力学性能最优;DBDPE-Sb2O3提高了复合材料的热稳定性,降低了复合材料的热释放速率平均值及峰值,延缓了复合材料的引燃时间。     

溴系阻燃剂对ABS阻燃及力学性能的影响

分别以十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、溴代三嗪(FR-245)、六溴环十二烷(HBCD)为阻燃剂,三氧化二锑(Sb_2O_3)为协效剂,对丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)进行阻燃改性。采用极限氧指数、垂直燃烧仪(UL-94)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、力学性能等手段研究了阻燃剂的种类和用量对ABS阻燃性能与力学性能的影响。结果表明,阻燃效率的排列顺序为DBDPEHBCDFR-245,而HBCD阻燃ABS复合材料的力学性能最佳。     

抗滴落阻燃PET合金材料的研究

研究环保型阻燃剂十溴二苯乙烷协同三氧化二锑对PET合金性能的影响,并利用防滴落剂聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)解决阻燃PET合会熔融滴落现象.通过TGA、UL-94垂直燃烧、极限氧指数(LOI)及成炭性考察了阻燃剂和防滴落剂对PET/弹性体阻燃性的影响,并对阻燃合金的力学性能进行了分析.结果表明,十溴二苯乙烷、三氧化二锑及防滴落剂的加入提高了材料的热稳定性,明显改善了合金的阻燃性,尤其加入PTFE后合金材料无熔融滴落现象,使PET合金的阻燃等级达V-0级.阻燃PET合金的力学性能随着PTFE的加入得到了改善.     

三聚磷酸盐插层改性LDH复配十溴二苯乙烷的协效阻燃机制

基于磷酸盐和层状双氢氧化物的阻燃性和结构特征,用离子交换法制备了三聚磷酸盐/层状双氢氧化物插层复合物(LDH-P),以油酸钠为表面改性剂,采用水浴法包覆LDH-P获得了油酸钠包覆型复合物(LDH-P-S)。研究了LDH-P-S、十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)复配阻燃剂对聚丙烯(PP)的协效阻燃行为。结果表明:当LDH-P-S用量占阻燃剂总量的25%时(阻燃剂总量占PP质量的30%),与单一DBDPE阻燃PP体系相比,聚丙烯的氧指数由24.2%提升至24.9%,烟雾释放总量下降10.3%,热释放峰值下降38%,垂直燃烧性能达到V-0级。LDH-P-S与DBDPE的协效阻燃作用不仅能减少DBDPE的用量,同时能有效改善综合阻燃性能。     

O–VMT和二乙基次磷酸铝对PBT/GF的阻燃作用

研究了有机蛭石(O–VMT)和二乙基次磷酸铝(ADP)对玻纤(GF)增强聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)(PBT/GF)的阻燃作用,对复合材料的极限氧指数(LOI)和UL94阻燃等级进行测试,并用热失重和锥形量热仪进行分析。结果发现,ADP可以很好阻燃PBT/GF,加入19%的ADP,复合材料的LOI为33.5%,阻燃达到UL941.6 mm V–0级,相对PBT/GF,其点燃时间、火灾性能指数(FPI)有所提高,热释放速率峰值(PHRR)、平均热释放速率(AHRR)、总热释放量(THR)及总生烟量(TSR)有所降低。同时加入15%的ADP和2%的O–VMT,复合材料的PHRR,AHRR,THR和TSR相对单独添加17%ADP的材料,分别降低12.8%,9.5%,4.5%和15.9%,FPI提高15.4%,LOI和UL94阻燃也对应提高,O–VMT和ADP在PBT/GF中有协同阻燃作用。     

PP/APP/磷系阻燃剂FR复合材料的燃烧性能研究

将新型磷系阻燃剂1,3,5-三(5,5-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环己内磷酸基)苯(FR)、无规聚丙烯(APP)加入聚丙烯(PP)中制备了 PP/APP/FR 复合材料,采用极限氧指数测定、垂直燃烧实验(UL94)、锥形量热分析对复合材料燃烧性能进行了研究。结果表明,APP/FR 提高了 PP 复合材料的氧指数和垂直燃烧性能级别,延长了点燃时间,降低了热释放速率和燃烧烟气中的 CO、CO_2浓度,阻燃效果显著。当15%(质量分数,下同)FR 和10%APP 复配阻燃 PP 时,复合材料的氧指数达29.6%,UL94 V-0级。     

磷系阻燃剂FR/APP协效阻燃PP

采用氧指数测定仪、热重分析仪和锥形量热仪研究了磷系阻燃剂1,3,5-三(5,5-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环己内磷酸基)苯(FR)和聚磷酸铵(APP)复配体系对聚丙烯(PP)材料阻燃性能的影响.结果表明,FR/APP提高了PP的极限氧指数(LOI)、热稳定性和残炭率,降低了热释放速率.当w(FR)为15%和w(APP)为10%复配阻燃PP时,复合材料的LOI为29.6%.阻燃级别达到UL 94 V-0级.     

Flame retarded epoxy resins by adding layered silicate in combination with the conventional protection‐layer‐building flame retardants melamine borate and ammonium polyphosphate

The pyrolysis and flammability of phosphonium‐modified layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposites (EP/LS) were evaluated when LS was combined with two flame retardants, melamine borate (MB) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), that also act via a surface protection layer. Thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (TG‐FTIR), oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 burning chamber (UL 94) and cone calorimeter were used. The glassy coating because of 10 wt % MB during combustion showed effects in the cone calorimeter test similar to nanodispersed LS, and somewhat better flame retardancy in flammability tests, such as LOI and UL 94. Adding APP to EP resulted in intumescent systems. The fire retardancy was particularly convincing when 15 wt % APP was used, especially for low external heat flux, and thus, also in flammability tests like LOI and UL 94. V0 classification is achieved when 15 wt % APP is used in EP. The flame retardancy efficiency of the protection layers formed does not increase linearly with the MB and APP concentrations used. The combination of LS with MB or APP shows antagonism; thus the performance of the combination of LS with MB or APP, respectively, was disappointing. No optimization of the carbonaceous‐inorganic surface layer occurred for LS‐MB. Combining LS with APP inhibited the intumescence, most probably through an increase in viscosity clearly above the value needed for intumescent behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

An easy‐to‐obtain silicone‐containing flame retardant and its effects on the combustion of polycarbonate

A novel silicone‐containing flame retardant (HSOBA) synthesized from hydrogen‐containing silicone oil and Bisphenol A via a simple approach has been incorporated into polycarbonate (PC) matrix to study its effects on the flame retardancy. The flame retardancy of PC/HSOBA composites is investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter measurement. The LOI value of the composites is 31.7 and the UL‐94 rating reaches V‐0, when the content of HSOBA is 3 wt %. Cone calorimeter data confirm that the HSOBA acts as an effective additive functioning both as flame retardants and as smoke suppressant. Evolution of the thermal behaviors of the composites tested by TGA, the morphological structures, and the constituent of char residue after LOI tests characterized by scanning electronic microscopy‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis were used to explain the possible flame‐retardant mode. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

The effect of red phosphorus on the fire properties of intumescent pine wood flour – LDPE composites

Red phosphorus (RP) was used to improve the fire performance of wood flour – low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The fire performance of LDPE‐based composites was investigated by using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 standard, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimeter. The addition of 30 wt% APP increased the LOI value from 17.5 to 24.2 and still burned to clamp (BC) in UL‐94 test. The RP showed beneficial effect when combinedly used with APP. The maximum beneficial effect was seen at ratio of 5:1 (APP : RP) with the highest LOI value of 27.2 and UL‐94 rating of V0. RP showed its beneficial effect via increasing the gas phase action of the flame retardant system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) blended with phosphorous compounds

The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) were studied with a focus on the effect of phosphorous compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py/GC/MS), and elemental analysis were used to analyze the flame retardancy, which were observed by an Underwriters Laboratory UL‐94 test and a cone calorimeter. The 50% degradation temperatures of PBT blends with phosphorous compounds were the same as that of neat PBT. Six scission products were assigned by Py/GC/MS. The burning times of the UL test of several PBT blends were much shorter than that of neat PBT. The relation between flame retardancy and thermal degradation was analyzed with respect to the results of the scission products and the char in burned polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2326–2333, 2004     

Preparation and characterization of double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its flame retardance in polypropylene

Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MUFAPP) with a double shell is prepared by in situ polymerization, and is characterized by FTIR, XPS and SEM, etc. The microencapsulation of APP can increase its flame retardance and water resistance in PP. The flame retardant action of MUFAPP and APP in PP are studied using LOI and UL 94 test, and their thermal stability is evaluated by TG. The LOI value of the PP/MUFAPP composite at the same loading is higher than that of PP/APP composite. The LOI values of the PP/MUFAPP/ dipentaerythritol are higher than that of the PP/MUFAPP, and UL 94 ratings of most ternary composites are raised to V-0 at 30 wt.% loading. The results of the cone calorimeter also indicate that MUFAPP is an effective flame retardant in PP. The thermal degradation behaviors of APP and MUFAPP are studied using TG and dynamic FTIR.     

Flame retardation and thermal degradation of intumescent flame‐retarded polypropylene composites containing spirophosphoryldicyandiamide and ammonium polyphosphate

A novel halogen‐free intumescent flame retardant, spirophosphoryldicyandiamide (SPDC), was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to produce a compound intumescent flame retardant (IFR). This material was used in polypropylene (PP) to obtain IFR‐PP systems whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. In addition, the mechanical properties of the systems were investigated. The results indicated that the compound intumescent flame retardant showed both excellent flame retardancy and antidripping ability for PP when the two main components of the IFR coexisted in appropriate proportions. The optimum flame retardant formulation was SPDC:APP = 3:1, which gave an LOI value of 38.5 and a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Moreover, the heat release rate, production of CO, smoke production rate, and mass loss rate of the IFR‐PP with the optimum formulation decreased significantly relative to those of pure PP, according to the cone calorimeter analysis. The char residues from the cone calorimetry experiments were observed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that a homogeneous and compact intumescent char layer was formed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Fire performance of brominated and halogen‐free flame retardants in glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate)

This paper investigates the effects of brominated and halogen‐free fire retardants on the fire performance of glass‐fiber (GF) reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Brominated polystyrene was used as the brominated fire retardant, whereas aluminum diethylphosphinate with/without nanoclay as halogen‐free fire retardants (HFFRs). Tests were conducted by using thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL94, and the cone calorimeter. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that decomposition of GF plus PBT (PBT + GF) starts earlier in the presence of all fire retardants (FRs). In the cone calorimeter, all FRs reduce significantly the heat release rate (HRR) compared with PBT + GF, with brominated polystyrene achieving lowest HRR primarily because bromine released in the pyrolysis gases inhibits combustion. Brominate polystyrene does not, however, affect the mass loss rate. Aluminum diethylphosphinate alone has significant effects on reduction of both HRR and mass loss rate, which become considerably more when combined with nanoclay. It was also found that the combustion efficiency of the brominated polystyrene compound is much lower than that of HFFRs, indicating that brominated polystyrene has higher gas phase flame retardant efficiency compared with HFFRs because the bromine radicals released during degradation of brominated polystyrene effectively quench the chemical reactions of the pyrolysis gases due to degradation of PBT.