Emission analysis of diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel and its water blends

The present study is carried out to formulate stable water-in-soybean biodiesel emulsion fuel and investigate its emission characteristics in a single cylinder diesel engine. Four types of emulsion fuels, which consist of a different percentage of water (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) in soybean biodiesel, were prepared with suitable surfactant and properties were measured. The physicochemical properties are on par with EN 14214 standards. The experimental result of test fuels indicates that the soybean biodiesel promotes a lower level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions compared to base diesel except for nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. Increase in water concentration with soybean biodiesel significantly reduces the NOx emission and smoke opacity. The HC and CO emissions are further reduced with emulsified biodiesel up to 10% water concentration and beyond that limit, marginal increases are recorded. Overall, it is observed that inclusion of water with soybean biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions when compared to base diesel and soybean biodiesel, and 10% water in soybean biodiesel is an appropriate solution to reduce the overall emissions in the soybean-fuelled diesel engine.     

生物油/柴油乳化燃料的稳定性及理化性质

利用非离子表面活性剂复配,对热解生物油/柴油混合液进行一系列乳化实验,测量乳化油的密度、热值、pH值.以乳化油的稳定性为实验指标,研究乳化剂种类、乳化剂用量、生物油含量对乳化油稳定性的影响.实验结果表明:在乳化温度为40℃(水浴),乳化时间为30min的条件下,以2%用量的Span80和Tween80复配乳化剂乳化生物油含量为20%的生物油/柴油混合液效果最佳.另外,随着生物油含量的增加,乳化油密度逐渐增加,热值与pH值逐渐减小.     

新型多碳醇-柴油燃料在发动机上的应用研究

本试验在一台S195柴油机上进行,试验结果表明,新型混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油要高,但随负荷的增大,这种差距呈下降趋势。新型混合燃料在较大工况范围都保持较低的CO排放量。两种新型燃料的HC排放曲线呈相同的规律,绝大部分工况下,新型混合燃料的HC排放要高于纯柴油。新型混合燃料的NOx排放比纯柴油低,并且随燃料中碳原子数的增加,NOx排放进一步降低。新型混合燃料的碳烟排放比纯柴油低,BL20D80燃料对碳烟排放的改善要优于HL20D80燃料。     

生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物,连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响,但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大,B20、E10810较柴油要小;含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小,燃烧变得柔和;含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小。     

高原地区柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料排放特性研究

在高原环境（81kPa）下,对4100QBZL型柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油混合燃料后的排放特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：与燃用柴油相比,各工况下,HC、CO和碳烟的排放均有不同程度的降低（分别平均下降4．5％～38．4％、15．4％～43．9％和12．5％～65．5％）,高负荷低转速工况下效果尤为明显;NOx的排放也得到明显改善,只有纯生物柴油的NO。排放较柴油上升了0％～2．1％,其他指标均下降（平均下降4．4％～4．9％）。综合考虑,燃用掺混比为30％以内的生物柴油混合燃料,能同时有效地降低HC、CO、NOx和碳烟的排放。     

F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在两种不同供油提前角下研究了燃用F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,结果表明:发动机不做任何调整时,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的滞燃期较短,预混燃烧放热峰值较低,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率较低,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到了改善,HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放同时降低。当供油提前角推迟3℃A时,燃用F-T柴油燃烧持续期明显缩短,预混燃烧放热峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率进一步降低,扩散燃烧放热峰值略有升高,燃油消耗率变化不大,NOx排放进一步降低, HC、CO和碳烟略有增加,其中HC排放与原柴油机相当,而CO和碳烟仍远低于原柴油机。     

不同海拔下VGT对含氧燃料柴油机性能的影响

利用大气压力模拟装置,试验研究了可变几何截面涡轮增压器(VGT)对高压共轨柴油机分别燃用纯柴油和生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(BED)含氧燃料的经济性、排放特性及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,柴油机经济性恶化,氮氧化物(NO_x)排放降低,而一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放及烟度升高。燃用纯柴油与含氧燃料,随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大,柴油机的经济性均有不同程度的恶化,而CO、HC排放及排气烟度也都有不同程度的升高。在高海拔地区,燃用纯柴油的经济性优于含氧燃料,但使用含氧燃料有助于改善柴油机的CO、HC排放及烟度。在中等负荷工况下,NO_x排放随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势;在高负荷工况下,放热率峰值和最高气缸压力均随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大而降低,从而降低了NO_x排放。     

汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混压燃燃烧与排放的试验

对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混燃烧(HPCC)模式的燃烧及排放特性进行了初步的试验研究.结果表明,通过改变柴油的喷射时刻、汽油比例,HPCC呈现出由多种燃烧模式组成的复合燃烧模式,可以实现极低的NOx和碳烟排放,并能保持较高的热效率.试验工况下,汽油比例为50%时,柴油喷油时刻在-58～-6,°CA ATDC时热效率较高,喷油时刻在-49,°CA ATDC和-16,°CA ATDC时分别出现碳烟和NOx排放峰值.进气压力影响HPCC着火滞燃期、燃烧反应速度和"失火"与"爆震"燃烧汽油比例限值,提高进气压力可以提高汽油比例,实现超低的NOx和碳烟排放,并降低HC排放,但CO排放有所升高.随着汽油比例的增加,NOx与碳烟排放降低,对于IMEP为0.5,MPa、汽油比例大于50%时,两者的原始排放分别低于0.4,g/(kW.h)、0.06,FSN,但HC和CO排放升高.     

燃烧乙醇-柴油时发动机的性能与排放特性研究

在一台双缸直喷式柴油机上,对燃烧乙醇-柴油时发动机的燃油经济性和排放性进行试验。试验结果表明：与纯柴油相比,乙醇-柴油的当量燃油消耗率和CO排放量在较大负荷工况下有所减小,NOx和碳烟排放在各种工况下都显著降低,但HC的排放量增加;适当减小发动机的供油提前角,对提高燃油经济性和排放性有利。     

改善DMCC发动机废气排放质量的研究

为找到全面降低柴油机排放的途径,研究了加装氧化催化转化器对柴油／甲醇组合燃烧（DMCC）发动机排放特性的影响,比较了不同工作模式下各污染物的排放量。试验结果表明,DMCC模式下NOx和碳烟排放下降幅度较大,但HC和CO排放增加较多,微粒比排放量也有所增加。经过氧化催化后,HC和CO得到了较大程度的降低,微粒（PM）经氧化后比原机也有所下降。DMCC经采用催化转化器后,废气质量得到改善,实现了同时降低柴油机的NOx和PM的目的。     

生物柴油/甲醇混合燃料对柴油机性能与排放的影响研究

在一台4缸直喷式柴油机上研究了超低硫柴油、生物柴油及后者与甲醇的混合燃料对发动机性能、气体及微粒排放的影响。生物柴油由餐饮废油制取,除单独使用外和甲醇按体积比90：10和80：20混合后使用。在最大扭矩转速1800 r.m in-1时,在5个不同负荷下,比较了不同燃料热效率及CO、HC、NOx以及微粒质量浓度,微粒的总数量及平均几何粒径。结果表明,和超低硫柴油相比,生物柴油及其和甲醇的混合燃料的热效率增加,NOx和微粒质量、数量浓度的排放降低,但HC、CO和NO2排放升高;同时,随着甲醇混合比例的增加,HC、CO和NO2的排放成比例增加,微粒的质量浓度及数量浓度进一步降低,热效率及NOx几乎保持不变。     

正丁醇掺混比对双燃料发动机性能的影响

正丁醇具有与柴油互溶性好、挥发性好和自身含氧等特点,是一种良好的清洁替代燃料,为了改善天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧和排放特性,在引燃柴油中掺混了正丁醇.通过调整喷油时刻,使燃烧相位(CA 50)固定在6°CA ATDC处,对比分析了正丁醇掺混体积分数分别为0%(B0)、10%(B10)、20%(B20)和30%(B30)时缸内的燃烧和排放参数.研究结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比的提高,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,缸压峰值升高,放热率峰值先升高后降低,B10的峰值最高.此外,指示热效率提高,CO和HC排放降低,而NOx排放略有增加.     

6BTA 5.9 G2-1 Cummins engine performance and emission tests using methyl ester mahua (Madhuca indica) oil/diesel blends

Neat mahua oil poses some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. The transesterification of mahua oil can reduce these problems. The use of biodiesel fuel as substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in heavy-duty diesel engine is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on the properties of bio-diesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable resource, its biodegradability and potential to exhaust emissions. A Cummins 6BTA 5.9 G2- 1, 158 HP rated power, turbocharged, DI, water cooled diesel engine was run on diesel, methyl ester of mahua oil and its blends at constant speed of 1500 rpm under variable load conditions. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NOx) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results indicate that with the increase of biodiesel in the blends CO, HC reduces significantly, fuel consumption and NOx emission of biodiesel increases slightly compared with diesel. Brake specific energy consumption decreases and thermal efficiency of engine slightly increases when operating on 20% biodiesel than that operating on diesel.     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

Synergistic effect of hydrogen and waste lubricating oil on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine

The demand for energy is increasing every year. For a long time, fossil fuels have been used to satiate this energy demand. However, using hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels has led to an enormous rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere resulting in global warming. It is therefore necessary to look for alternatives to fossil fuels. The research carried out till date have shown biomass and waste-derived fuels as plausible alternatives to fossil fuels. The biomass feedstock includes jatropha oil, Karanja oil, cottonseed oil, and hemp oil among others and wastes include used cooking oil, used engine oil, used tire and used plastics etc. In this study, the authors aim to explore waste lubrication oil as a fuel for the diesel engine. The used lubrication oil was pyrolyzed and diesel-like fuel with 80% conversion efficiency was obtained. A blend of the fuel and diesel in the ratio of 80:20 on volume basis was prepared. Engine experiments at various load conditions was carried out with the blend. As compared to diesel, a 2% increase in thermal efficiency, 6.3%, 16.1% and 13.6% decrease in smoke, CO and HC emissions & 3.2% and 1.8% increase in NOx and CO₂ emission were observed at full load with the blend. With an aim to further improve the engine performance and reduce the overall emissions from the engine exhaust, a zero-carbon fuel namely gaseous hydrogen was inducted in the intake manifold. The flow rate of hydrogen was varied from 3 to 12 Litres per minute (LPM). As compared to diesel, at maximum hydrogen flow rate the thermal efficiency increased by 12.2%. HC, CO and smoke emissions decreased by 42.4%, 51.6% and 16.8%, whereas NOx emissions increased by 22%. The study shows that the combination of pyrolyzed waste lubricant and hydrogen were found to be suitable as a fuel for an unmodified diesel engine. Such fuel combination can be used for stationary applications such as power backups.     

Performance and emission study on the effect of oxygenated additive in neat biodiesel fueled diesel engine

This work presents the effect of the Di-tetra-butyl-peroxide (DTBP) as an oxygenated additive on neat used mustard oil biodiesel (B100) to evaluate the emission and performance engine characteristics. Four fuels, namely, diesel, biodiesel (Mustard biodiesel), a blend of B100-10percentage, and 20% by volume of DTBP (BD90DTBP10 and BD80DTBP20) are prepared and tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. Experimental outcomes revealed that 20% of DTBP reduces 7.3% CO, 5.1% HC, and 4.6% NOx and 3.2% smoke emissions of B100. From this study, further, it is inferred that BD80DTBP20 blend could be utilized as an alternative fuel for a CI engine with no modifications in engine design.     

Improvement of fuel economy of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine with two-stage injection

This paper focuses on the effects of early stage injection and two-stage injection on the combustion characteristics and engine performances of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine. In a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, HC emission increases with early stage injection because some of the fuel spray adheres to the cylinder wall and burns in the gap between the piston and the cylinder. On the other hand, since the fuel spray of early stage injection in an IDI diesel engine is injected into an auxiliary combustion chamber such as a swirl chamber, the IDI diesel engine could reduced the HC emission produced from the gap compared with a DI diesel engine. In a two-stage injection IDI diesel engine, NO and smoke emissions are improved when the amount of fuel in the first stage injection is small and the first stage injection timing is advanced over −80° TDC. And 20% improvement in fuel consumption is achieved when the first stage injection timing is advanced over −80° TDC. Conversely, HC and CO emissions of two-stage injection increases compared with that of conventional injection of an IDI diesel engine. However, CO emission can be improved a little when the first stage injection timing is advanced over −100° TDC and the second stage injection timing is retarded over TDC.     

柴油机掺烧不同比例生物柴油的试验研究

将体积分数为10%2、0%、30%的生物柴油掺混到柴油里组成3种混合燃料,并连同纯柴油共4种燃料,在一台四缸增压中冷柴油机上进行性能、燃烧和排放特性的试验研究.结果表明,柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的折合油耗率与燃用纯柴油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和压力升高率较低,着火时刻较晚;混合燃料的NOx和碳烟排放与燃用纯柴油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的HC和CO排放只是在1 500r/min时才较纯柴油低,当转速在2 300 r/min时,混合燃料的HC和CO排放更高.     

预喷策略对双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响

通过一台6缸直喷、高压共轨柴油机改装成的柴油引燃天然气发动机.试验研究预喷正时和预喷油量对燃烧参数和性能参数的影响,结果表明:相对单次喷射,较晚的预喷正时(30°CA BTDC)能提高发动机有效热效率(BTE),降低HC、CO排放,但NOx排放恶化,而较早的预喷正时(60°CA BTDC)能够在提高发动机BTE的同时,降低HC、CO排放,并且NOx排放基本保持不变;当预喷正时为60°CA BTDC,预喷油量适当增多(3~5 mg/cyc)能进一步提高发动机BTE,降低HC、CO和NOx排放;预喷油量进一步增加(6~7 mg/cyc),NOx排放恶化,并且由于着火相位波动导致燃烧稳定性变差.改善双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性一方面要增加预喷柴油在可燃混合气中的分布,增大柴油与可燃混合气混合的时间,改善混合气的活性,进而提高燃烧速率;另一方面要强化主喷柴油喷射对着火相位的控制,防止着火相位不一致而恶化燃烧稳定性.     

柴油机掺烧DMM的燃烧和排放性能影响研究

研究了柴油掺混不同比例二甲氧基甲烷(0～50%DMM)对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响.结果表明,在发动机燃油和燃烧系统不作变动的条件下,随着二甲氧基甲烷在柴油中添加比例的增加,排气烟度逐步下降,有效燃油消耗率有所增加,但折算成当量柴油的有效燃油消耗率降低,热效率增加.同一工况下,发动机排气碳烟和CO排放随二甲氧基甲烷的加入而降低,NOx则无明显的上升,HC排放随着二甲氧基甲烷的增加略有增加.混合燃料的放热规律与纯柴油相比预混燃烧量增加,扩散燃烧速率加快,发动机最高燃烧压力、放热率偏高.柴油掺混30%DMM的混合燃料能够取得较好的燃油经济性和排放水平.