细支气管肺泡癌的光镜及电镜研究

目的：探讨细支气管肺泡癌的组织起源及亚型分类，方法：选择符合WHO肺肿瘤组织学分型标准的细支气管肺泡癌30例，进行光镜及电镜观察。结果：30例细支气管肺泡癌（其中14例行电镜检查）中，10例为粘液型，18例为非粘液型，2例为混合性粘液与非粘液细胞（中间细胞）型；电镜检查观察到粘液细胞，Clara细胞及Ⅱ型肺泡细胞的超微结构特征。结论：细支气管肺泡癌可起源于粘液细胞、Clara细胞及Ⅱ型肺泡细胞，组织学分型宜分为粘液型、非粘液型及混合型（中间细胞型）三种亚型。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病的光镜和电镜观察

为探讨肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病（PLAM）超微结构的特点,对1例经电视胸腔镜肺活检诊断为PLAM的病例进行光镜和电镜观察、免疫组化检测。患者女性,44岁,临床主要表现为进行性加重的活动后呼吸困难、胸闷和自发性气胸;高分辨CT表现为两肺弥漫性网织蜂窝样改变。光镜观察：胸膜下和肺间质大量的平滑肌增生,肺泡壁增厚,肺泡腔扩张。免疫组化显示增生的平滑肌细胞波形蛋白、肌动蛋白和平滑肌肌动蛋白染色阳性。在透射电镜下能清楚显示淋巴管结构以及内皮细胞下大量增生的平滑肌细胞。结论：PLAM的明确诊断依赖于肺活检病理诊断。免疫组化检测和电镜观察具有重要的病理诊断和鉴别诊断价值。     

肺黏膜相关淋巴组织型淋巴瘤的免疫组织化学和电镜观察

探讨肺黏膜相关淋巴组织型淋巴瘤（MALTLoma）的免疫表型和超微结构特点，对3例经开胸肺活检病理诊断的肺MALTLoma进行光镜和透射电镜观察以及免疫组化染色。光镜观察发现，瘤细胞主要由中心细胞样淋巴细胞、小淋巴细胞样瘤细胞组成；3例均有淋巴上皮性损伤和反应性淋巴滤泡以及淋巴滤泡的克隆化。免疫组化显示瘤细胞表达B细胞相关抗原。透射电镜观察发现，在支气管黏膜上皮和肺泡上皮细胞周围以及肺泡腔内有较多的淋巴细胞源性瘤细胞浸润，瘤细胞具有淋巴细胞的超微结构特点。对肺MALToma的超微结构观察为该瘤的研究提供了形态学依据，电镜观察对判断瘤细胞的来源和免疫表型有帮助。     

一例Netherton综合征患者皮肤和毛发的电镜观察

目的：电镜观察Netherton综合征皮肤和毛发的超微结构改变。方法：对一例21岁Netllerton综合征男性患者的皮肤及头发毛干进行透射电镜及扫描电镜观察。结果：透射电镜观察显示,表皮角质层角质细胞分离,角质细胞间隙见板层小体、电子致密颗粒及变性桥粒,角质细胞内见多量脂滴。扫描电镜观察显示毛干呈竹节样改变伴有毛小皮断裂和剥脱。结论：表皮角质层细胞间的板层小体及电子致密颗粒是Netherton综合征特征性的超微结构。电镜观察对Netherton综合征的早期诊断有意义。     

米酵菌酸对小鼠肝和心肌细胞毒性作用的超微结构研究

目的：观察米酵菌酸对小鼠肝、心肌细胞毒性作用的超微结构改变，探讨米酵菌酸中毒的机理，方法：小鼠腹腔注射不同剂量的米酵菌酸，2h后取其肝和心肌组织，通过电镜观察其细胞超微结构的改变，结果：电镜下可见肝细胞和心肌细胞的线粒肿胀，内嵴断裂，模糊或消失，基质局部或全部空亮，呈囊泡样变，偶见其中含髓样小体，上述线粒体内嵴和膜结构的病变随米酵菌酸剂量的增加而加重，结论：米酵菌酸对小鼠肝、心肌细胞毒性作用以线粒体的损伤较为突出，因此我们认为，线粒体内膜的破坏造成线粒体的功能障碍，影响细胞呼吸，使细胞缺氧导致小鼠中毒死亡。     

呼吸窘迫综合征肺泡上皮和毛细血管内皮细胞连接的超微结构改变

呼吸窘迫综合征肺泡上皮和毛细血管内皮细胞连接的超微结构改变刘平，陈正堂，李远志，张宇，范文光（解放军三０二医院电镜室，北京１０００３９）（重庆新桥医院呼吸内科）呼吸窘迫综合征（ＲＤＳ）的肺脏组织病理观察，已有不少文献报道，但对肺泡上皮和毛细血管内皮细...     

皮质-纹状体-脊髓变性的超微结构观察

目的：探讨皮质－纹状体－脊髓变性（CJD）的超微结构改变。方法：4例经临床诊断为CJD的病例作光镜和电镜观察分析。结果:4例光镜均见神经细胞变性死亡，神经胶质细胞增生，无炎症性改变。电镜检查除上述改变外，还可见部分神经细胞浆中有杆状纤维束样的结构。结论：CJD除也引起神经细胞变性脱失外，还可损害轴突，部分抱体中出现杆状纤维束样结构，是否为羊瘙痒病相关纤丝（SAF）的组织学表现，值得进一步探讨。     

二氧化钛纳米颗粒对小鼠单核巨噬细胞超微结构影响的电镜研究

目的：应用电镜观察二氧化钛纳米颗粒（nano-TiO2）对小鼠单核巨噬细胞超微结构的影响。方法：将不同浓度的nano-TiO2溶液加入小鼠单核巨噬细胞（Rawcell）中,在37℃、5%CO2的细胞培养箱中孵育4h,收集细胞,制样后在透射电镜下观察小鼠单核巨噬细胞超微结构的改变。结果：电镜下,nano-TiO2的粒径为20～35nm。致密的nano-TiO2通过内吞进入细胞,当浓度超过200μg/mL时,细胞胞质空泡内吞噬有大量成簇的致密颗粒,细胞核固缩,染色质浓缩、边集,出现早期细胞凋亡改变。     

特发性非特异性间质性肺炎的光镜和电镜观察

目的：观察特发性非特异性间质性肺炎(INSIP)的显微和超微结构特点以及与肺纤维化发生的关系。方法：对7例INSIP患者经电视胸腔镜(VATS)取肺病理活检组织进行光镜和透射电镜观察。结果：光镜观察肺间质呈不同程度的炎症和纤维化,浸润的细胞主要是淋巴细胞和浆细胞。电镜观察查见Ⅱ型肺泡上皮增生,基底膜增厚,肺泡中隔内纤维细胞增生和胶原纤维沉积,淋巴细胞、浆细胞和巨噬细胞浸润,肥大细胞脱颗粒;纤维化型有明显的平滑肌和肌纤维母细胞增生。结论：INSIP以成熟的纤维细胞增生为主,多种细胞成分参与了肺纤维化的发生过程。     

30例不育症精子顶体超微结构的观察

３０例不育症精子顶体超微结构的观察杨柏林黄静波（１．吉林市妇产医院，吉林１３２０１１２．空军医学高等专科学校电镜室）近年来，通过电镜观察精子超微结构的改变，从而进一步证实男性不育的报导日渐增多，同时也发现了造成精子超微结构改变的一些因素［１－３］。为...     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks