双流体气流式喷嘴加压雾化特性研究

水煤浆入炉前的雾化对其稳定燃烧和气化发挥着重要作用。通过实验,研究了双流体气流式雾化喷嘴在加压条件下的雾化过程,使用LS-2000分体激光粒度分析仪测量了随着环境压力(雾化室压力)及气液比的不同其雾化角、索特平均直径的变化情况。结果表明:当气液比一定时,索特平均直径d32随着雾化室压力的增大而减小,雾化角随着环境压力的增加而减小,索特平均直径与环境压力的n次幂成正比,n为-0.9~-1.5,当环境压力不变时,索特平均直径随着气液质量比的增大而减小。     

重油燃烧器Y型喷嘴气液两相流动与雾化特性模拟

为改善重油雾化质量,针对沥青站重油燃烧器Y型喷嘴,运用CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法研究了喷嘴结构参数(混合室长度、入口直径比、入口夹角)与雾化参数(重油流量、空气入口压力、重油温度)对喷嘴气液两相流动与雾化特性的影响。结果表明,结构参数与雾化参数直接影响喷嘴内油膜厚度与气液两相速度差;不同参数下,喷嘴气耗率与液滴索泰尔平均直径的变化规律相反;综合考虑两个雾化性能指标,混合室的适宜长度为15~20 mm,入口夹角的合理范围为60°~75°,入口最佳直径比为1.0~1.1;为保证重油获得较好的雾化效果,空气入口压力应大于0.5 MPa,这为优化Y型雾化喷嘴的结构与运行参数提供了参考。     

甲醇制丙烯反应器喷嘴雾化性能的研究

雾化喷嘴系甲醇制丙烯（MTP）反应器内的关键反应物料分配构件,其雾化性能的优劣直接影响着对应催化床层覆盖区域内的传质和传热,从而影响到床层出口反应产物的分布。以反应器六级床层对应的雾化喷嘴为研究对象,分别以氮气（N₂）和水（H₂O）作为气相和液相模拟介质,通过“冷模”实验,考察了喷嘴气（液）流量与入口压力之间的关系,研究了喷嘴在不同气液比（G/L）下雾化粒径、雾化角度及雾化覆盖直径的变化规律。实验结果表明,喷嘴液相质量流量随着入口压力增大而逐渐增加,气相质量流量随着入口压力增加而迅速增加;当保持液相进料量为43.54 kg/h时,喷嘴由一次雾化变为二次雾化后,雾化角度由96.1°降至15.6°;当气液质量比G/L达到12.19时,雾化覆盖直径达到720mm,且雾滴的索泰尔平均粒径为16.3μm。     

大液气质量流量比双通道气流式喷嘴雾化滴径

在气流式雾化过程的有限随机分裂模型基础上,结合液滴分裂时间和液滴运动规律,分析了大液气质量流量比同轴双通道气流式喷嘴的雾化过程,得到了Sauter平均直径（SMD）的一般表达式.实验结果表明,得到的SMD的关系式的形式是合理的,通过实验确定相关模型参数后,可以用来预测大液气质量流量比条件下同轴双通道气流式喷嘴的雾化性能.     

气-气快速喷射混合器的模拟研究

为开发气-气快速喷射混合器,在Fluent软件平台上,采用k-ε湍流模型模拟研究了乙苯脱氢装置中快速喷射混合器混合效果随混合器结构尺寸和操作条件变化的规律,并用混合指数来表征流体的混合效果。模拟发现,喷嘴喷射速度、喷嘴直管段长度、喷嘴个数和工业负荷变化对气-气快速喷射混合器的混合效果有重要影响。当喷嘴喷射速度为142 m/s、喷嘴直管段长度为40 mm、喷嘴个数为6个时,气-气快速喷射混合器的混合效果最佳、混合压降较小。其模拟研究方法对气-气快速喷射混合器的工程开发有重要的指导意义。     

三股对撞式撞击流反应器微观混合性能研究

采用高速数码相机对三股对撞式撞击流反应器不同入口雷诺数下的流场特征进行了研究,并采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应体系,考察了不同喷嘴直径下的入口雷诺数、不同溶液体积流量比对离集指数的影响。结果表明:入口雷诺数、溶液体积流量比对离集指数有明显的影响。增大入口雷诺数,三股流体高速撞击破碎成的液滴粒径逐渐减小,液滴雾化程度增加,离集指数减小,微观混合效果增加;增大体积流量比,溶液局部浓度增大,导致混合不均匀,离集指数增大。与传统撞击流反应器相比,三股对撞式撞击流反应器离集指数为传统撞击流反应器的2/5,表现出了较好的微观混合性能,更适用于不等溶液体积流量比的液液快速混合反应。     

双通道气流式喷嘴雾化特性实验研究

以清水和空气为实验介质,对同轴双通道气流式喷嘴雾化特性进行了实验研究,分析了喷淋量对雾化角及径向流通量分布的影响,分别考察了气速和喷嘴轴向位置对液滴索特平均直径(SMD)的影响。研究结果表明,喷嘴径向流通量分布随着雾化气量的升高而趋于集中,当气体流量高于1500 L/min时,雾化角随着气量升高而降低;喷口处气速与喷嘴轴向位置均是影响液滴SMD与粒径分布的重要因素,液滴SMD随着气速增大逐渐减小,当气速超过150 m/s时其下降趋势变缓,粒径分布均匀度显著提高;随着喷嘴轴向距离增大液滴SMD逐渐减小,当距离大于300 mm时其变化不再显著,但粒径分布均匀度显著提高。     

气液逆流洗涤器内两相流场的实验研究与数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和欧拉双流体多相流模型模拟了气液逆流接触洗涤器内的两相流场,将计算结果用实验验证.通过考察两相流速、湍流强度、压降、气含率等参数验证了模型的可靠性,对不同喷嘴结构和操作条件下的泡沫区流场特性进行了模拟分析.结果表明,气液撞击形成的泡沫区湍流强度高,气液两相径向与切向速度较大,轴向速度较小,可用湍流强度大小表征泡沫区的大小.泡沫区占整个洗涤器的体积分数β随气液质量流量比增大先增大后减小,气液质量流量比为0.0096时达峰值;随进液轴/切流量比增大β先增大后减小,流量比为0.66时达峰值.喷口直径为8 mm、切向进液倾斜角为60°时气液传质效果最好.     

内混式喷嘴流场的数值模拟研究

喷嘴的结构对燃油锅炉、加热炉的燃烧效率有着至关重要的影响。为了进一步提高燃油锅炉、加热炉的燃烧效率,提出了一种内混式蒸汽雾化燃油喷嘴结构,介绍了内混式雾化喷嘴雾化工作原理。建立了内混式喷嘴物理模型,采用CFD软件对内混式喷嘴的流场进行了数值模拟,探讨了内混式喷嘴雾化室的长度、气液比对雾化粒径的影响规律;同时,对喷嘴下游不同截面的雾化粒径大小分布规律进行了研究;并将平均雾化粒径模拟结果与常规内混式喷嘴经验公式的计算结果进行了比较。研究结果表明:内混式喷嘴的混合室长度最佳值是70~80 mm;随着气液比的增大雾化粒径减小;液体燃料第二次雾化主要发生在燃料离开喷嘴100 mm之内;同时,研究结果表明新型的内混式喷嘴的雾化粒径小于常规的内混式喷嘴的雾化粒径。     

新型气液逆流撞击洗涤喷嘴的优化

针对一种新型气液逆流撞击式洗涤喷嘴,通过冷模实验,采用溶氧法考察了不同结构喷嘴的气液两相传质性能。结合解析率及流型变化,考察了喷嘴出口直径、切向进液口倾角、旋流室收敛段锥角、切向进液口直径、喷口长度5个参数对传质的影响,确定了优选喷嘴的结构尺寸,分析了该优选喷嘴在不同操作条件下(气速、表观液气比和轴切比)的传质效果。结果表明,优选喷嘴在轴切比为0.4~0.6且气速较高时传质效果较好。     

三股对撞式撞击流反应器的流动特性

采用高速数码相机对喷嘴直径1 mm的开放式三股对撞式撞击流反应器内的流场特性进行研究,考察了入口雷诺数Reinj、对置两管喷嘴间距d1、垂直管喷嘴到对置两管的垂直距离d2对流场特性的影响. 结果表明,在物料流量比为2时,Reinj对流体结构的影响较显著. 随Reinj增加,流体结构由链状向类似伞状变化,最终破碎成液滴,无规则向四周分散,雾化程度显著增加,撞击面边缘剧烈扰动,提供了较好的混合效果. 较小的d1使撞击区域接近对置两管喷嘴处,可能导致喷嘴堵塞而影响混合效果. 增大d2及Reinj=1699时,重力影响使流体结构由链状轻微向面积较小的伞状结构变化. 采用碘化物-碘酸盐平行竞争反应体系,物料流量比为8时,与传统撞击流反应器相比,三股对撞式撞击流反应器的离集指数约为其1/2,显示出优越的微观混合性能.     

Experimental investigation and model improvement on the atomization performance of single-hole Y-jet nozzle with high liquid flow rate

Y-jet nozzle, as an efficient multi-hole internal-mixing twin-fluid atomizer, has been widely used for liquid fuel spray in many industrial processes. However, single-hole Y-jet nozzle with high liquid flow rate is indispensable in some confined situations due to a small spray cone angle. In this paper, the atomization performance of single-hole Y-jet nozzles with high liquid mass flow rates ranging from 400 to 1500 kg/h for practical semidry flue gas desulfurization processes was investigated by the laser particle size analyzer, and the effects of spray water pressure, atomizing air pressure and air to liquid mass flow ratio on the liquid mass flow rate and the droplet size distribution were analyzed. Moreover, the secondary atomization model was modified on the basis of previous random atomization model of Y-jet nozzle. The predicted results agreed well with the experimental ones, and the improved atomization model of Y-jet nozzle was well validated to design the nozzle geometry and to predict the droplet size distributions for single-hole Y-jet nozzle with high liquid mass flow rate.     

Spray and mixing characteristics of liquid jet in a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer

For the design and optimization of a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer,the atomization and mixing characteristics of liquid jet breakup in the limited tube space is a key problem.In this study,the primary breakup process of liquid jet column was analyzed by high-speed camera,then the droplet size and velocity distribution of atomized droplets were measured by Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA).The hydrodynamic characteristics of gas flow in tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation.The results indicate that the liquid flow rate has little effect on the atomization droplet size and atomization pressure drop,and the gas flow rate is the main influence parameter.Under all experimental gas flow conditions,the liquid jet column undergoes a primary breakup process,forming larger liquid blocks and droplets.When the gas flow rate (Q_g) is less than 127 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup of large liquid blocks and droplets does not occur in venturi throat region.The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of droplets measured at the outlet is more than 140μm,and the distribution is uneven.When Q_g127 m~3·h~(-1),the large liquid blocks and droplets have secondary breakup process at the throat region.The SMD of droplets measured at the outlet is less than 140μm,and the distribution is uniform.When 127Q_g162 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is bag breakup or pouch breakup.When 181Q_g216 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is shear breakup or catastrophic breakup.In order to ensure efficient atomization and mixing,the throat gas velocity of the tubular atomization mixer should be designed to be about 51 m·s~(-1)under the lowest operating flow rate.The pressure drop of the tubular atomization mixer increases linearly with the square of gas velocity,and the resistance coefficient is about 2.55 in single-phase flow condition and 2.73 in gas–liquid atomization condition.     

Numerical simulation of flow focusing pattern and morphological changes in two-phase flow inside nozzle

The flow focusing nozzle is a new type of nozzle that performs effective atomization of the discrete phase by means of high-speed motion of the continuous phase.The flow pattern and its morphological changes have a significant effect on the atomization, but the influence of different parameters on the morphological change of the flow pattern remains unclear.The flow focusing pattern and morphological changes in the two-phase flow inside the nozzle were simulated numerically, based on the volume of fluid method.The results demonstrate that the ratio of the nozzle-to-capillary distance and capillary diameter, the gas–liquid velocity ratio, and capillary diameter have significant effects on the flow pattern.When the ratio of the nozzle-to-capillary distance H and capillary diameter D increases, or the capillary diameter D increases, the flow pattern tends to transform into a laminar form; however, when the gas–liquid velocity ratio V increases, the flow pattern tends to transform into a turbulence form.Furthermore, we define the cone-shaped expansion rate, cone-shaped focusing rate,and cone angle in order to study the morphological changes in the cone shape inside the nozzle.The results indicate that the morphological change of the cone shape and flow pattern transformation is interrelated.When the cone shape tends to be unstable, the flow pattern changes towards flow blurring, whereas, a stable cone indicates that the flow tends to exhibit a droplet pattern.     

撞击流混合器微观混合性能的研究

撞击流混合器是一种新型的微观混合器,今研究了T型直流对撞(IS)、锥形对撞(CIS)、直流旋撞(VS)和二次旋流旋撞(TVS)四种结构的撞击流混合器的微观混合性能。然后以Villermauxu/Dushman快速平行竞争反应测定混合器的离集指数Xs,并考察了流体流速、流体流速比和混合器结构对离集指数的影响。混合器混合效果用离集指数来衡量,离集指数越小混合效果越好。结果表明:其余工艺条件相同的情况下,流体流速越大,离集指数Xs愈小;两股流体流速比越小,离集指数Xs愈小;喷嘴进口管道直径越小,离集指数Xs愈小。锥形的比直线形的、旋流比直接撞击流混合效果要好,而且旋流使物料在混合器中的停留时间延长;根据实验数据模拟计算,T形撞击流微混合器的微观混合时间在1 ms数量级;用Fluent 6.2.1商业软件模拟计算了混合器内的流场分布情况,发现模拟计算结果和实验结果基本吻合。     

增压环境下旋流式气液同轴喷油器的雾化特性

引言 在燃烧过程中,喷油器的功能是使燃料和氧化剂充分雾化和混合,以产生高效、稳定的燃烧.喷嘴的雾化燃烧特性关系到整个燃烧装置的性能及其工作稳定性[1].旋流式气液同轴喷油器拥有优良的雾化和混合特性,能够满足大范围负荷调节下的雾化质量要求,是增压锅炉喷油器的最佳选择[2].     

转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔喷嘴雾化特性的模拟

利用离散相模型对转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔内喷嘴的雾化特性进行模拟,分析了喷射角度、喷射压力、喷射流量及喷嘴水平间距等因素对雾化场索太尔平均直径(SMD)和蒸发效率的影响. 结果表明,在一定范围内随喷射角度增加,液滴在雾化场中的覆盖面增大,液滴驻留时间变长,蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,喷射角度大于60o时,SMD值减小缓慢. 随喷射压力增大,液滴蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,压力大于1.0 MPa时对SMD的影响较小. 随喷射流量增加,液滴蒸发效率减小,雾化场SMD增加,流量小于0.15 kg/s时,SMD增加幅度偏小. 两喷嘴水平间距越大,液滴分布面积越大,但对雾化场SMD影响较小. 在一定条件下,喷嘴间距约为800 mm时,截面速度分布较均匀.     

Production of fine lactose particles from organic solvent in laboratory and commercial-scale spray dryers

A laboratory spray dryer and a commercial dryer with a production rate 50 times greater, both using two-fluid nozzles, were used to dry the same formulation from organic solvent. Both dryers generated particles of similar size, with tight particle size distributions (span <2), which varied with atomization gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, and solids concentration. Small-scale results with an external mixing nozzle were fitted to a correlation based on literature recommendations. This also fitted well for the commercial dryer with external mixing, and an internal mixing nozzle gave a tighter size distribution. Hence, successful verification at scale has been achieved.     

Numerical Simulation of the Two‐Phase Fluid Field in a Gas‐Around‐Liquid Spray Nozzle

A new gas‐around‐liquid spray nozzle (GLSN) was designed, and the two‐phase flow fluid field in this nozzle was simulated numerically. Flow characteristics under different structural parameters were obtained by changing the L/D ratio of the premixing chamber, incident angle, and inlet pressures. Increasing the L/D ratio and incident angle improved flow characteristics such as atomization flow, outlet velocity, and turbulence intensity. The nozzle performed optimally at an L/D ratio of 0.5 and incident angle of 60°. The atomization flow decreased with higher gas pressure and increased with higher liquid pressure. The outlet velocity mainly depended on the inlet gas pressure, not on the inlet liquid pressure. These results provide an indication for optimum structures and parameters of the GLSN.