空间环境模拟设备用G—M制冷机的研制

介绍了一台以磁性蓄冷材料Ｅｒ３Ｎｉ为第二级蓄冷器填料的大制冷功率两级Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机。该制冷机可作为空间环境模拟设备冷背景冷源，满足了辐射制冷器空间环境热模拟试验的要求。通过优化制冷机结构参数，使制冷机在转速为４０ｒ／ｍｉｎ时，二级最低制冷温度达５．５Ｋ、２０Ｋ时取得１５．４Ｗ的有效制冷量。证明了应用磁性蓄冷材料改善Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机性能的有效性。     

磁性材料在低温技术中的新应用

研究了Ｅｒ（ＮｉＣｏ）＿２系新型磁性蓄冷材料的制备和材料的比热等物理性能，并且将该材料用于Ｖ－Ｍ制冷机进行了制冷实验。结果表明，Ｅｒ（ＮｉＣＯ）＿２系材料在２０Ｋ以下的比热远大于传统蓄冷材料铅，该材料作为蓄冷材料使用时，明显提高了制冷机的效率。     

磁性材料在低温技术的新应用：——Er（NiCo（2）系磁性蓄冷材料的研究

研究了Ｅｒ（ＮｉＣｏ）２系新型磁性蓄冷材料的制备的材料的比热等物理性能，并且将该材料用于Ｖ－Ｍ制冷机进行了制冷实验。结果表明，Ｅｒ（ＮｉＣｏ）２系材料在２０Ｋ以下的比热远大于传统蓄冷材料铅，该材料作为蓄冷材料使用时，明显提高了制冷机的效率。     

蓄冷器外置G—M制冷机阻力特性的实验研究

常温下对一台蓄冷器外置式的液氮温区Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机组二级各主要部分的压力损失进行了测试，发展蓄冷器外置式的Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机二级各主要部分的压力损失自大小依次为蓄冷器料阻力占４１．２％，蓄冷器附件阻力占３１．５％，二级冷头换热器阻力（仪外狭缝部分）占２７．３％，通过与常规Ｇ－Ｍ机蓄冷器阻力的对比，表明蓄冷外置式的Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机蓄冷器的压力损失有明显减小。     

新型低温高性能G－M制冷机

介绍了美国Ｂｕｔｔｅｒｗｏｒｔｈ－Ｈｅｉｎｅｍａｎｎ低温公司用普通材料和常规技术制作的高性能Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机，描述了该制冷机的设计原理和性能。该制冷机的制冷温度已达到６．５Ｋ以下，１０Ｋ时制冷能力为５Ｗ。     

新型低温高性能G—M制冷机

介绍了美国Ｂｕｔｔｅｒｗｏｒｔｈ－Ｈｅｉｎｅｍａｎｎ低温公司普通材料和常规技术制作的高性能Ｇ－Ｍ制冷机，描述了该制冷机的设计原理和性能。该制冷机的制冷温度已达到６．５Ｋ以下，１０Ｋ时制冷能力为５Ｗ。     

直接达到液氦温度的G-M型制冷机及其应用

随着低温下具有高比热峰值的磁性稀土材料的发现,大幅度提高Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机的性能具有了可能性。基于磁性稀土填料Ｅｒ３Ｎｉ、ＥｒＮｉ、ＧｄＲｈ等的特性,根据热力过程分析和数值计算结果,对双级Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机进行了重新设计、加工,使其达到了液氦温度。介绍了我们研制的４．２Ｋ双级Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机的设计和结构。该制冷机的最低制冷温度为２．５Ｋ,制冷量为５８０ｍＷ／４．２Ｋ、１１００ｍＷ／５．０Ｋ,热工效率高。同时     

新型稀土磁性蓄冷材料

磁性蓄冷材料是在90年代初被发现的。这些材料用于制冷机中后，使得商用制冷机的温度可达2K，效率有了突破性提高（以往这种制冷机中使用的蓄冷材料只有铅，但是因为铅的比热容在15K以下急剧下降，使得小型制冷机在10K温度以下制冷效率几乎为零，商用制冷机的最低制冷温度在8K左右）。使用磁性蓄冷材料的最大特点在于不需要重新建立一个制冷体系，只要将商品化的气体制冷机中的蓄冷材料换成磁性蓄冷材料。     

直接达到液氦温度的G—M型制冷机及其应用

随着低温下具有高比热峰值的磁性稀土材料的发现，大幅度提高Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机的性能具有了可能性。基于磁性稀土填料Ｅｒ３Ｎｉ、ＥｒＮｉ、ＧｄＲｈ等的特性，根据热力过程分析和数值计算结果，对双级Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机进行了重新设计、加工，使其达到了液氦温度。介绍了我们研制的４．２Ｋ双级Ｇ－Ｍ型制冷机的设计和结构。该制冷机的最低制冷温度为２．５Ｋ，制冷量为５８０ｍＷ／４．２Ｋ、１１００ｍＷ／５．０Ｋ，热工效率高。同时     

应用磁性蓄冷材料的低温制冷机试验

本文报告了应用磁性蓄冷材料提高低温制冷机效率的实验情况,在国产的二级索尔文制冷机中,用稀土化合物铒三镍(Er3Ni)取代第二级蓄冷填料铝(pb)之后,使试验样机的最低制冷温度由原来的11.5K 降低到4.2K 以下,从而在国内首次通过回热式制冷机从室温直接获得氦的液化点(4.2K)温度。     

Two-dimensional mathematical model of a reciprocating room-temperature Active Magnetic Regenerator

A time-dependent, two-dimensional mathematical model of a reciprocating Active Magnetic Regenerator (AMR) operating at room-temperature has been developed. The model geometry comprises a regenerator made of parallel plates separated by channels of a heat transfer fluid and a hot as well as a cold heat exchanger. The model simulates the different steps of the AMR refrigeration cycle and evaluates the performance in terms of refrigeration capacity and temperature span between the two heat exchangers. The model was used to perform an analysis of an AMR with a regenerator made of gadolinium and water as the heat transfer fluid. The results show that the AMR is able to obtain a no-load temperature span of 10.9 K in a 1 T magnetic field with a corresponding work input of 93.0 kJ m⁻³ of gadolinium per cycle. The model shows significant temperature differences between the regenerator and the heat transfer fluid during the AMR cycle. This indicates that it is necessary to use two-dimensional models when a parallel-plate regenerator geometry is used.     

具有独立气路的液氦温区G-M型二级脉管制冷机性能研究

研究了一台具有独立气体回路的液氦温区G-M型二级脉管制冷机的制冷性能.目前的实验装置由两套独立的单级双向进气型脉管系统构成,第一级冷头对第二级进气的预冷通过安装在第二级回热器中部的换热器与一级冷头之间的热联接来实现.研究表明,该制冷机采用4He为工质,分别以Leybold CP4000和RW2氦压缩机来驱动第一级和第二级,可以获得2.18 K的最低无负荷制冷温度,4.2 K提供的最大制冷量为595 mW.     

Improvements of a room-temperature magnetic refrigerator combined with Stirling cycle refrigeration effect

A high pressure hybrid refrigerator that combines the active magnetic refrigeration effect with the Stirling cycle refrigeration effect at room temperature is studied here. In the apparatus, a helium-gas-filled alfa-type Stirling refrigerator uses Gd sheets as the regenerator and the regenerator is put in a magnetic field varying from 0 to 1.4 T, which is provided by a Halbach-type rotary permanent magnet assembly. With an operating pressure of 5.5 MPa and a frequency of 2.5 Hz, a no-load temperature of 273.8 K was reached in 9 minutes, which is lower than that of 277.6 K for pure Stirling cycle. For the hybrid operation, cooling powers of 40.3 W and 56.4 W were achieved over temperature spans of 15 K and 12 K, respectively. For the latter case, the cooling power improves by 28.5% if compared with that exploiting only the Stirling cycle refrigeration effect.     

A new method to calculate the pressure drop loss of the regenerator in VM refrigerator

The VM refrigerator, known as heat driven refrigerator, is one kind of closed-cycle regenerative refrigerator. There are some losses in VM refrigerator, but the losses in regenerator are the main loss when the refrigeration temperature is below 100 K. This paper present one method to calculate the pressure drop loss in the regenerator, which is one main part loss in the regenerator. The pressure drop loss in the regenerator will decrease the refrigeration capacity in two aspects. On the one hand, due to the friction pressure drop in the regenerator will be converted into heat that causes reduced the refrigeration capacity. On the other hand, the pressure drop in the regenerator will decrease the pressure ratio in cold end. From a practical standpoint, this calculation method was used for analysis one VM refrigerator proposed by Zhou in 1984. The results showed that the results by using this method are very close to the experimental results in three temperature points.     

单级G-M型脉管制冷机回热器性能

为了能进一步提高单级G-M型脉管制冷机的性能,着重对80 K到300 K温区回热器的效率进行了理论和试验研究.通过对不锈钢和磷青铜丝网材料热渗透深度和热导率的分析,指出在这一温区采用不锈钢丝网的制冷性能优于磷青铜丝网.基于REGEN3.2进行的数值模拟,进一步指出适当增大不锈钢丝网目数有利于提高制冷性能,并由此指导实验取得了理想的结果.单级G-M型脉管制冷机经优化后,取得了11.1 K的最低制冷温度,是当前国内外报道的最好结果;同时该制冷机在20 K和30 K分别可获得17.8 W和40.7 W的制冷量.     

Review on research of room temperature magnetic refrigeration

Room temperature magnetic refrigeration is a new highly efficient and environmentally protective technology. Although it has not been maturely developed, it shows great applicable prosperity and seems to be a substitute for the traditional vapor compression technology. In this paper, the concept of magnetocaloric effect is explained. The development of the magnetic material, magnetic refrigeration cycles, magnetic field and the regenerator of room temperature magnetic refrigeration is introduced. Finally some typical room temperature magnetic refrigeration prototypes are reviewed.     

Experimental results for a magnetic refrigerator using three different types of magnetocaloric material regenerators

Magnetic refrigeration is a potentially environmentally-friendly alternative to vapor compression technology because it has a potentially higher coefficient of performance and does not use a gaseous refrigerant. The active magnetic regenerator refrigerator is currently the most common magnetic refrigeration device for near room temperature applications, and it is driven by the magnetocaloric effect in the regenerator material. Several magnetocaloric materials with potential magnetic refrigeration applications have recently been developed and characterized; however, few of them have been tested in an experimental device. This paper compares the performance of three magnetocaloric material candidates for AMRs, La(Fe,Co,Si)₁₃, (La,Ca,Sr)MnO₃ and Gd, in an experimental active magnetic regenerator with a parallel plate geometry. The performance of single-material regenerators of each magnetocaloric material family were compared. In an attempt to improve system performance, graded two-material regenerators were made from two different combinations of La(Fe,Co,Si)₁₃ compounds having different magnetic transition temperatures. One combination of the La(Fe,Co,Si)₁₃ materials yielded a higher performance, while the performance of the other combination was lower than the single-material regenerator. The highest no-load temperature span was achieved by the Gd regenerator.     

Experimental impact of magnet and regenerator design on the refrigeration performance of first-order magnetocaloric materials

The first-order magnetic transition material LaFeSiMn(H) is used to create multi-stage regenerators to investigate the importance of regenerator and magnet design on magnetocaloric refrigeration performance. Aspect ratio, magnetic field strength, particle size, and staging are varied while keeping overall span and material mass at a constant level. Tests carried out on these regenerators show that the regenerator and magnetic systems play a key role in determining the performance of a magnetocaloric refrigerator. A one-dimensional numerical machine model using both measured material data and data reconstructed from a mathematical material model is used to predict test results. The machine model and material model make predictions with less than 5% average error over the range of experimental parameters.     

Intermediate cooling from pulse tube and regenerator in a 4 K pulse tube cryocooler

This paper introduces intermediate cooling by thermally attaching heat exchangers on the second stage pulse tube and regenerator in a commercial 4 K pulse tube cryocooler. Due to the large enthalpy flow in the 2nd stage pulse tube and regenerator, both intermediate heat exchangers on the pulse tube and regenerator can provide cooling capacities in the temperature range of 5–15 K without or with minor effect on the performance of the 4 K stage. Extracting cooling capacity from the pulse tube or regenerator reduces the 1st stage cooling performance in the present study. The joint intermediate heat exchanger on the pulse tube and regenerator has demonstrated promising results for applications.     

A practical model for analysis of active magnetic regenerative refrigerators for room temperature applications

In this paper, a practical model for predicting the performance and efficiency of active magnetic regenerative refrigerators (AMRRs) has been developed. With this model, the refrigeration capacity, the power consumption (including the power required to move regenerator cylinder and drive heat transfer fluid) and consequently the coefficient of performance (COP) of a real AMRR system can be predicted with different heat transfer fluids. A dimensionless parameter, utilization at maximum refrigeration capacity (UMRC), is used to numerically characterize the performance of an AMRR. The numerical results indicate that the UMRC increases with increasing number of transfer units (NTU) and eventually reaches its maximum. Increasing operating frequency increases the refrigeration capacity of the AMRR while causes a reduction in COP. The influences of the physical properties of transfer fluids on the AMRR performance are also studied. Liquid is more favorable than gas for being used as heat transfer fluid in AMRR systems.