40Cr钢表面低温气体碳、氮、氧多元共渗层的摩擦学性能

利用低温气体多元共渗技术将碳、氮、氧元素同时渗入40Cr钢表面形成改性层。分析了保温时间对渗层厚度的影响,研究了改性层的显微组织、厚度、结构、渗层硬度及干摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：经多元共渗后表面改性层由疏松层、白亮层和过渡层组成;白亮层的硬度最高,达到850HV,多元共渗后40Cr钢表面的耐磨性能显著提高。     

碳氮共渗预处理对球轴承寿命的影响

研究了碳氮共渗预处理对GCr15轴承套圈淬火组织、表层硬度、碳氮共渗硬化层的影响。结果表明:碳氮共渗预处理后,套圈表面形成0. 31 mm左右的硬化层;回火后套圈硬化层硬度高于未碳氮共渗预处理的套圈;碳氮共渗预处理工艺能够有效地提高轴承套圈的表面硬度,改善表层的应力状态,提高次表层的残余奥氏体含量,从而相应地提高轴承寿命。     

高温氧化后Ti6Al4V合金渗氧层的微观结构和力学性能

在850℃对Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛合金板分别进行12,24,36,48h的氧化处理,研究了高温氧化处理后合金近表面渗氧层的微观结构和力学性能。结果表明:高温氧化后的钛合金板表面出现了渗氧层,它是由间隙氧原子的固溶形成的,渗氧层中的氧含量呈梯度分布;随着深度增加,渗氧层的纳米硬度、弹性模量和残余拉应力逐渐下降;氧原子固溶于基体中引起了晶格常数的变化,这是导致梯度结构形成且力学性能提高的主要原因;残余应力的变化是氧化过程中的氧扩散和空冷过程中的热应力共同作用的结果。     

TC4固态渗碳化硼的试验研究

为改善钛及钛合金的表面性能,对TC4在不同温度条件下固态渗碳化硼后的渗层显微组织及硬度等情况进行了试验研究。结果表明,渗层表面为致密分布的化合物层,而在基体内部则形成沿晶界分布的板条状或等轴状的颗粒扩散层;表面渗碳化硼处理可以显著提高TC4的表面硬度,而且由表及里具有良好的硬度梯度;断口形貌分析发现材料由韧性断裂转变成脆性断裂。该工艺设备简单、操作方便、效率高、成本低。     

表面滚压处理对EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能的影响

表面强化可提高高速列车车轴疲劳性能，延长使用寿命。对广泛应用于高速列车的EA4T车轴钢表面进行滚压处理，使用激光共聚焦显微镜表征表面形貌和粗糙度；借助光学显微镜分析滚压处理前后试样的显微组织，并采用EBSD测试滚压试样表层晶粒尺寸；采用显微硬度计测试强化层显微硬度分布并与未处理试样进行对比，采用X射线衍射残余应力分析仪分析其残余应力分布；基于旋转弯曲疲劳试验和扫描电子显微镜下的断口观测分析试样的疲劳性能。研究结果显示：滚压强化后，试样表层发生塑性变形，表面质量得到改善，且形成厚度约为400μm的硬化层，表层产生纳米晶；显微硬度提高了29%,表面最大残余应力为-576MPa,试样显微硬度和残余应力变化趋势一致，均为从表面向心部减小；滚压试样疲劳强度增幅为28%。试验结果表明，滚压是车轴延长寿命的一种有效方式。     

超声滚压载荷对25CrMo4车轴钢表面强化特征的影响规律

为了提高列车车轴的使用寿命,研究分析了不同强化处理后试样的表面形貌及其粗糙度、表层组织结构、表面硬度及其深度和表面残余应力,探索了滚压处理和不同载荷超声滚压处理对25CrMo4车轴钢表面强化特征的影响规律。结果表明：与磨削试样相比,滚压和超声滚压处理均改善了试样的表面粗糙度,其中低载荷超声滚压试样的表面粗糙度最低,达到了0.2μm;高载荷超声滚压试样的表层获得的塑性变形层最深;高载荷超声滚压试样的表面硬度值最大,达到了370 HV0.1,并形成了深度为150μm左右的硬化层;滚压试样和超声滚压试样表面均产生了较高的残余压应力。滚压和超声滚压处理使25CrMo4车轴钢表面硬度及硬化层深度的增加、产生较高的残余压应力和表面粗糙度的降低均会对其疲劳性能的提高产生有利的影响,特别是超声滚压处理的效果更佳。但过高的载荷会使车轴钢的表面粗糙度升高,从而对其疲劳性能的提高产生不利的影响。     

W_(18)Cr_4V钢钛催渗盐浴氮碳共渗工艺研究

试验研究了钛催渗对W18Cr4V钢盐浴氮碳共渗的影响,分别就盐浴处理温度和时间等工艺参数对试样表面性能影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,钛催渗剂的多少对提高共渗层表面硬度具有显著作用,钛催渗可显著缩短盐浴处理时间,有效提高渗层厚度和硬度,能得到质量良好的渗层。     

TC4固态渗碳化硼的试验研究

为改善钛及钛合金的表面性能,对TC4在不同温度条件下固态渗碳化硼后的渗层显微组织及硬度等情况进行了试验研究。结果表明,渗层在表面为致密分布的化合物层,而在基体内部则形成沿晶界分布的板条状或等轴状的颗粒扩散层;表面碳化硼处理可以显著提高TC4的表面硬度,而且由表及里具有良好的硬度梯度;断口形貌分析发现材料由韧性断裂转变成脆性断裂。     

固态渗碳化硼对Ti-6Al-4V显微组织和性能的影响

研究了Ti-6Al-4V在800℃和1000C下固态渗碳化硼20h后的渗层显微组织以及对硬度等的影响。结果表明：渗层在表面为致密分布的化合物层,其成分主要为TiC、TiB以及TiB2等硬质相,而在基体内部则形成沿晶界分布的板条状或等轴状的颗粒扩散层;表面碳化硼处理可以显著提高Ti-6Al-4V的表面硬度,由359HV提高到了664HV,并且可以得到良好的表面硬、芯部软的硬度梯度;断口形貌分析发现材料由韧性断裂转变成脆性断裂。     

金刚石砂轮平面磨削TC4钛合金的表面完整性研究

以TC4钛合金为研究对象,在乳化液条件下采用金刚石砂轮对TC4钛合金进行平面磨削试验,对比分析在不同粒度和磨削用量下的磨削表面粗糙度、显微硬度、表面层微观组织及表面残余应力的变化规律.结果 表明:砂轮线速度和磨削深度对零件表面粗糙度和显微硬度的影响比较显著;磨削深度对表面残余应力的影响最大,工件速度次之;从工件表面层微观组织以及砂轮粒度对工件表面粗糙度的影响看,砂轮粒度号越大,砂轮磨削的工件表面质量越好.金刚石砂轮在乳化液条件下磨削TC4钛合金,磨削工件表面均为残余压应力,有利于提高零件的寿命.     

Degradation of nonmodified and rhodium modified aluminide coating deposited on CMSX 4 superalloy

The Ni‐base superalloy CMSX 4 used in the turbine blades of aircraft engines was coated with rhodium layer (0.5‐μm thick). Next coated CMSX 4 superalloy was aluminized by the CVD method. The rhodium modified aluminide coating and nonmodified aluminide coating were oxidized at 1100°C at the air atmosphere. The rhodium modified aluminide coating showed about twice better oxidation resistance than the nonmodified one. The spallation equal 62% of the total area was observed on the surface of the nonmodified coating whereas only 36% spallation area was observed on the surface of the rhodium modified aluminide coating after the oxidation test. The oxide layer formed on the surface of the nonmodified coating was composed of nonprotective (Ni,Cr)Al₂O₄ and (Ni,Cr)O phases. Aluminium in the coating reacts with oxygen, forming a protective α‐Al₂O₃ oxide on the surface of the rhodium modified aluminide coating. When the oxide cracks and spalls due to oxidation, additional aluminium from the coating diffuses to the surface to form the oxide. The presence of protective Al₂O₃ oxide on the surface of the rhodium modified aluminide coating slows coating degradation. Therefore, rhodium modified aluminide coating has better oxidation resistance than the nonmodified one.     

Several plasma diffusion processes for improving wear properties of Ti6Al4V alloy

Different kinds of diffusion processes, plasma nitriding, oxidizing and oxynitriding as of a combination of other two, have been applied to Ti6Al4V alloy to evaluate the effect of treatment times (1 and 4 h) and temperatures (650 and 750 °C) on wear properties of the alloy. It was observed that a hard modified layer was produced on the surface of the alloy after each diffusion process. While TiN and Ti₂N phases form in the modified layer with plasma nitriding, mainly TiO₂ phase forms after plasma oxidizing treatment. The wear tests performed at different normal loads showed that all treated samples, except for nitrided and oxidized at 650 °C for 1 h, exhibited higher wear resistance than untreated Ti6Al4V alloy. The plasma nitrided samples showed adhesive wear. On the other hand, while the plasma oxidizing samples displayed adhesive wear at lower loads, wear mechanism changed to abrasive wear as the load increased because the oxide film which covers the surface was broken during the sliding at higher loads.     

Increasing the tribological performances of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by forming a thin nanoporous TiO2 layer and hydroxyapatite electrodeposition under lubricated conditions

In this study, comparative investigation of (i) untreated Ti–6Al–4V alloy, (ii) nanoporous thin TiO₂ layer formed by controlled anodic oxidation and (iii) electrodeposited hydroxyapatite coatings into porous oxide layer was carried out for evaluation of sliding-wear performances in a bio-simulated environment. Wear mechanisms, wear volumes and friction coefficients of the three types of surfaces under lubricated conditions in a bio-simulated solution were recorded and analyzed. The results presented herein show that, under the investigated tribocorrosion conditions (under reciprocating sliding), both surface treatments applied have improved the wear resistance and friction coefficients as compared to the untreated Ti–6Al–4V alloy surface.     

TC4钛合金深槽插铣加工

针对钛合金深槽开槽加工效率较低的问题,对TC4钛合金深槽进行插铣开槽试验研究,并对其已加工表面形貌、切屑形态、刀具磨损及切削效率进行了分析。结果表明:插铣加工表面粗糙度较大,铣刀的端面刃为主切削刃,刀具磨损主要发生在铣刀的端面刃。对于钛合金深槽的开槽加工,插铣加工切削过程平稳,具有比层铣更高的切削效率。     

Expression of TRPV4 in the zebrafish retina during development

The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are involved in sensing mechanical/physical stimuli such as temperature, light, pressure, as well as chemical stimuli. Some TRP channels are present in the vertebrate retina, and the occurrence of the multifunctional channel TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) has been reported in adult zebrafish. Here, we investigate the expression and distribution of TRPV4 in the retina of zebrafish during development using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry from 3 days post fertilization (dpf) until 100 dpf. TRPV4 was detected at the mRNA and protein levels in the eye of zebrafish at all ages sampled. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of TRPV4 in a population of the retinal cells identified as amacrine cells on the basis of their morphology and localization within the retina, as well as the co-localization of TRPV4 with calretinin. TRPV4 was first (3 dpf) found in the soma of cells localized in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, and thereafter (10 dpf) also in the inner plexiform layer. The adult pattern of TRPV4 expression was achieved by 40 dpf the expression being restricted to the soma of some cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layers. These data demonstrate the occurrence and developmental changes in the expression and localization of TRPV4 in the retina of zebrafish, and suggest a role of TRPV4 in the visual processing.     

20钢多元共渗后的耐腐蚀性能

采用低温气体多元共渗技术在20钢表面同时渗入碳、氮、氧三种元素,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定了渗层的相组成;另外测试了渗层在浓度为1.0 mol/L HCl溶液中的耐蚀性.结果表明:渗层以氧化物、氮化物和碳化物为主,且氮化物居多,其腐蚀速率明显低于基体材料的腐蚀速率.     

Surface Integrity of Ultrasonically-Assisted Milled Ti6Al4V Alloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

The Ti6Al4V parts produced by the existing selective laser melting (SLM) are mainly confronted with poor surface finish and inevitable interior defects,which substantially deteriorates the mechanical properties and performances of the parts.In this regard,ultrasonically-assisted machining (UAM) technique is commonly introduced to improve the machining quality due to its merits in increasing tool life and reducing cutting force.However,most of the previous studies focus on the performance of UAM with ultrasonic vibrations applied in the tangential and feed directions,whereas few of them on the impact of ultrasonic vibration along the vertical direction.In this study,the effects of feed rate on surface integrity in ultrasonically-assisted vertical milling (UAVM) of the Ti6Al4V alloy manufactured by SLM were systemically investigated compared with the conventional machining (CM) method.The results revealed that the milling forces in UAVM showed a lower amplitude than that in CM due to the intermittent cutting style.The surface roughness values of the parts produced by UAVM were generally greater than that by CM owing to the extra sinusoidal vibration textures induced by the milling cutter.Moreover,the extra vertical ultrasonic vibration in UAVM was beneficial to suppressing machining chatter.As feed rate increased,surface microhardness and thickness of the plastic deformation zone in CM raised due to more intensive plastic deformation,while these two material properties in UAVM were reduced owing to the mitigated impact effect by the high-frequency vibration of the milling cutter.Therefore,the improved surface microhardness and reduced thickness of the subsurface deformation layer in UAVM were ascribed to the vertical high-frequency impact of the milling cutter in UAVM In general,the results of this study provided an in-depth understanding in UAVM of Ti6Al4V parts manufactured by SLM.     

Electrochemical corrosion property of nanostructure layer of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr titanium alloy

Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr titanium alloy was nanocrystallized with supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB). The microstructure features of nanocrystalline layer were determined by XRD, TEM, and microhardness tester. The electrochemical corrosion properties of the surface of original sample and the nanocrystallized sample surface were tested by CHI660 tester. That random crystallographic oriented particles (average grain size of 16 nm) were observed in the top surface layer of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr titanium alloy, which could be attributed to the surface nanocrystallization. The electrochemical corrosion results show that the impedance of the sample nanolayer is reduced after SFPB with 30 min, and the corrosion resistance is lower than the original sample. The residual internal stress from the process of SFPB is one of the main factors to decrease the nanolayer corrosion resistance of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr titanium alloy. However, the corrosion resistance is significantly recovered after stress relief annealing with 250–350 °C.