Microstructure processes induced by phase transitions in a CuAu alloy as studied by acoustic emission and optical cinematography

Combined acoustic emission measurements and surface cinematography observations have been applied to determine the structure evolution during thermal loading of the CuAu alloy. Thermal history and the fashion of thermal loading have been shown to affect considerably the structure response of the CuAu alloy on temperature changes. On thermal loading, intense plastic deformation occurs in certain temperature intervals due to the relaxation of internal stresses induced by phase transitions and structure anisotropy. The main mechanism is twinning taking place most probably in (110) planes. Dislocation glide and grain-boundary sliding have also been observed as minor mechanisms. A shape-restoration effect associated with the order–disorder transition is revealed. Thermal cycling with upper temperatures over 500°C may also result in structural damage.     

时效处理对WC/Cu-Ni-Mn堆焊层耐磨损性能影响

通过对比未时效与时效后WC/Cu-Ni-Mn堆焊层的微观组织、界面及耐磨损性能,研究时效处理对其耐磨损性能的影响规律,并揭示其耐磨损机理. 结果表明,未时效和时效后的WC/Cu-Ni-Mn涂层相对耐磨损性能分别是时效后Cu-Ni-Mn基体的170.72和210.77倍,时效后涂层耐磨性能提升了23.5%;时效处理后Cu-Ni-Mn金属基中析出了NiMn第二相,基体硬度提升了2.3倍,从而为WC颗粒增强相提供了更稳定支撑;而未时效的Cu-Ni-Mn合金中Ni,Mn原子固溶到Cu晶格,形成了一种α-Cu固溶体;未时效和时效后WC/Cu-Ni-Mn的主要磨损机理均为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损.     

微量Er对高强铝合金组织与性能的影响

借助力学性能测试和光学金相（OM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）与能谱（EDS）的观察和分析，研究了微量Er对高强铝合金Al-6Zn-2Mg的力学性能、微观组织结构、时效硬化特性及再结晶行为的影响。结果表明：Er能非常显著地细化合金的晶粒组织，这是因为初生Al3Er作为非均质形核核心，能提高形核率，从而有效地细化晶粒；Er能够较大幅度地提高合金的拉伸力学性能，细晶强化与析出强化是合金的主要强化机制；Er可加快合金的时效进程，提高时效强化效果；同时，Er可以抑制合金再结晶，提高再结晶温度，这是由于细小的二次Al3Er质点钉扎位错和亚晶界而引起的。     

Impact of the initial state on the structure and properties of the ordered CuAu alloy

The microstructure has been studied and the temperature dependences of the electrical resistance and linear expansion have been constructed for the samples of the equiatomic CuAu alloy during heating from the initially quenched and preliminarily deformed states. The appearance of a texture has been detected during ordering from the deformed state. The dependences of changes in the alloy volume during heating have been plotted. The observed features are discussed in terms of relaxation processes occurring in the alloy during the order-disorder phase transformation.     

Effect of matrix microstructure on precipitation of Laves phase in Fe–10Cr–1.4W(–Co) alloys

Ferritic heat-resistant steels involving intermetallic Laves phase have drawn a growing interest for the enhancement of creep strength, while the brittleness of Laves phase may lower the toughness of the alloy. We believe it is possible to modify the morphology of Laves phase precipitates by controlling the α-Fe matrix microstructure. In order to make clear the influence of matrix microstructures on age-hardening, the precipitation behavior of Laves phase was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The matrix of the Fe–10Cr–1.4W–4.5Co (at%) alloy is controlled by heat treatments so as to provide three types of microstructures; ferrite, ferrite+martensite, and martensite. Alloys with ferrite and ferrite+martensite matrices show age-hardening behavior comprised of two hardness peaks. At around the first hardness peak, it is revealed by TEM observation that fine particles precipitate coherently within the ferrite matrix. In the martensite matrix, most of R-phase and Laves phase precipitates exist on laths and dislocations.     

Deformation behavior and dislocation structure of CuAu ordered alloy

An ordered CuAu alloy, which had relatively coarse grains (5 to 10 μm), without the lamellar structure, is mechanically tested at temperatures from 77 to 658 K. The temperature dependence of the yield stress is shown to be anomalous with a maximum nearT _p≈573 K. The TEM analysis reveals the presence of single dislocations, superdislocations and microtwins. Long rectilinear dislocations at 523 K are identified as blocked screw superdislocations with the Burgers vector type <101]. Numerous curved single dislocations are seen, but blocked single dislocations are not detected. Various models are discussed to account for the specific deformation behavior of the ordered CuAu alloy.     

Age-hardening characteristics of a dental low-carat gold alloy with dual hardener system of In and Cu

The age-hardening characteristics of a dental low carat gold alloy with a dual hardener system of indium (In) and Cu (33.9 Au–26.2 Ag–20.28 Cu–9.8 Pd–7.8 In–2 Zn (at%)) were examined by observing the age hardenability and related phase transformation, microstructural changes and elemental distribution during the aging process at 400°C. The dual hardener system by the use of both In and Cu provided more powerful hardening effect compared to a single-hardener system of In or Cu, without the formation of a AuCu type ordered phase. The alloy showed apparent initial hardening, which was attributed to the pre-precipitation or zone formation by the help of quenched in excess vacancies. During the constant increase in hardness, the single parent phase separated into three phases, Au–Ag-based phase, Au–Cu-based phase containing Pd and In, and InPd-based phase, through a metastable state. Indium which was added as one of the hardeners induced initial grain boundary precipitation, followed by an expansion of the lamellar structure, which was responsible for softening. The alternative lamellar structure was composed of a Cu-rich layer (Au–Cu-based phase containing Pd and In) and an Ag-rich layer (Au–Ag-based phase) replaced partly by the InPd-based phase. Separation of the Ag-rich layer from the Cu-rich layer is based on the miscibility limit of Ag and Cu due to their eutectic property.     

Microstructure evolution and age-hardening response in Mg-Sn-Sm alloys under a wide range of Sm/Sn ratio

The microstructure evolution and age-hardening response for different Sm/Sn ratios (0–2.55, in wt.%) of Mg-Sn-Sm alloys were investigated. The second phase formation in as-cast alloys and the Mg₃Sm precipitates formed in aged alloys were characterized using XRD, FESEM and HAADF-STEM with EDS techniques. Results indicate that the Sm/Sn ratio has a great influence on the phase constitution, α-Mg grain size and age-hardening response. With the increment of Sm/Sn ratio, Mg₄₁Sm₅ and thermally stable MgSnSm phases precipitate. When the Sm/Sn ratio is about 1.19, the secondary dendrite arm spacing of α-Mg grains significantly decreases. Furthermore, the alloy with Sm/Sn ratio up to 2.55 exhibits the highest age-hardening response, the hardness value increases from 52 HB at solution-treated condition to 74 HB at peak-aged condition (ageing at 220 °C for a short time of 4 h). This is attributed to the large volume fraction of needle-like Mg₃Sm precipitates formed in the α-Mg matrix during ageing treatment, which results in a significant precipitation strengthening effect.

     

亚晶界对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金淬火过程的影响

通过末端淬火试验研究了亚晶界对Al-7．01Zn-1．26Mg-1．43Cu合金淬火过程中的淬透性和第二相析出行为的影响。两组试样分别在440℃和480℃温度下固溶处理，以获得不同的再结晶分数。结果表明，亚晶界能够增大合金最大硬度值，但会明显降低淬透层深度。由于亚晶界的增加而引起的表面能的变化降低了相变激活能，故能够促进η’相的形成及向η相的转变。     

Pd-Ag-Sn-In-Zn合金时效强化机制研究

通过硬度测试、X射线衍射（XRD）分析、扫描电镜（SEM）观察研究了Pd-Ag-Sn-In-Zn合金时效强化行为及相关的微观结构变化，从而很好地解释了该合金的时效强化机制。结果表明，时效前期合金硬度的增加与在晶界处形成中间过渡相有关。通过扫描电镜观察，可以清楚地看到基体相以及等温时效过程中在晶界处有类似珠光体的析出相。随着稳定第二相的长大，硬度持续下降。     

含铟的铜基补口合金对925银性能的影响

添加质量分数为0%、2%和4%的铟制备铜基补口合金,随后采用失蜡铸造工艺制备925银饰品合金。通过测试925银合金铸态物理性能、对比研究微观组织。结果表明,采用添加铟元素的铜基补口合金制备的925银合金熔点降低,液固相线温差缩小,流动性提高;微量铟对925银合金起到变质作用,细化组织晶粒,促进生成初生枝晶,拉伸强度及显微硬度均略有提高;微观组织中枝晶被高铟相圈包裹,当补口合金中铟含量为4%时,枝晶底部产生颈缩,形成游离孪晶组织。     

时效型合金铸件开箱温度及冷却速度的试验研究

试验研究了开箱温度和冷却速度对低、高温时效型合金时效硬化效果的影响。提出了时效型合金铸件开箱温度及冷却速度的确定方法。为合理制定铸件生产工艺提供了试验依据。     

Effect of Zn additions on the age-hardening of Mg–2.0Gd–1.2Y–0.2Zr alloys

We have investigated the microstructures of age hardened Mg–2.0Gd–1.2Y–xZn–0.2Zr (x = 0, 0.3, and 1.0) (at.%) alloys to understand the remarkable age-hardening and unusual plastic elongation behavior. The age-hardening of the alloys occurs through the sequential precipitations of β′ and β₁ phases. The β₁ phase heterogeneously nucleates at the interface of the β′ phase, and relaxes strain fields around the β′. Although the addition of Zn degrades the age-hardening response, it causes the discontinuous precipitation of a 14H-type long-period stacking (LPS) phase at grain boundaries as well as within grains in the over-aged condition, which enhances the maximum tensile elongation. The composition of the β₁ phase was determined to be Mg–23.3 at.% RE–9.7 at.% Zn–2.0 at.% Zr (RE: rare-earth, Gd and Y), whereas that of the LPS is Mg–5.6 at.% RE–1.8 at.% Zn–1.0 at.% Zr.     

Structural stability of some CsCl structure HfTM (TM = Co, Rh, Ru, Fe) compounds

In order to investigate Hf-TM (TM = Fe, Co, Rh, Ru) phase diagrams in the region of 50:50% atomic ratio, we performed ab initio Full-Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Waves calculations of the most stable Hf and TM elemental phases and HfTM compounds of the CsCl and CuAu structure types. The obtained electronic structures, cohesive energies and enthalpies of formation are discussed and compared to some of the existing models and available experimental data. The non-existing compound HfFe is found to be at least metastable, and the reason for its absence from the phase diagram is discussed.     

Effect of trace rare earth element Er on Al-Zn-Mg alloy

1 Introduction Remarkable effects of rear-earth elements on aluminium alloys, such as eliminating impurities, purifying melt, refining as-cast structure, retarding recrystallization and refining precipitated phases, have been widely researched for a long…     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-xCu-0.6Zr (wt.%) alloys

The microstructures and mechanical properties of the new quaternary Mg-6Zn-xCu-0.6Zr alloys (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt.%) have been investigated. The results show that the Cu content has a significant effect on the age-hardening response, tensile performance and fracture behavior of the alloys. The addition of 0.5 wt.% Cu resulted in a remarkable age-hardening response and a striking improvement of the room temperature tensile properties after an isothermal ageing at 180 °C. However, an excessive Cu addition of 2.0 wt.% caused the formation of continuous brittle grain-boundary intermetallic particles, thus degrading the age-hardening response and the mechanical properties of the alloy. The microstructural factors associated with the improvements in the mechanical properties are discussed in detail.     

TC21两相钛合金中斜方马氏体的时效分解

研究了TC21两相钛合金淬火后马氏体在时效过程中的组织结构变化及其引起的强化效应。结果表明:合金淬火后得到交错排列的针状斜方马氏体组织,在300-700℃之间时效4h,α″相的分解次序遵循α″→α″+α→α+β规律。低温时效时首先形核析出针状的初生α相,随着时效温度的升高,初生α相在长大的同时其片层之间析出十几纳米宽、几个微米长的细小次生α相,且β相呈10～50nm大小的颗粒状弥散分布在α相之间,随后的时效过程中次生α相和β相迅速长大,最终斜方马氏体完全分解为α+β混合相。显微硬度分析表明,利用斜方马氏体的逆转变,通过在时效过程中均匀地析出细小的次生α相和纳米级弥散分布的β相可使合金具有明显的时效强化效果,500℃时效4h后,TC21合金的显微硬度比淬火态提高了35%。     

Obtaining Ultra-High Strength and Ductility in a Mg–Gd–Er–Zn–Zr Alloy via Extrusion,Pre-deformation and Two-Stage Aging

The Mg–12Gd–1Er–1Zn–0.9 Zr(wt%) alloy with ultra-high strength and ductility was developed via hot extrusion combined with pre-deformation and two-stage aging treatment.The age-hardening behavior and microstructure evolution were investigated.Pre-deformation introduced a large number of dislocations,resulting in strain hardening and higher precipitation strengthening in the subsequent two-stage aging.As a result,the alloy showed a superior strength–ductility balance with a yield strength of 506 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of 549 MPa and an elongation of 8.2% at room temperature.The finer and denser β' precipitates significantly enhanced the strength,and the bimodal structure,small β-Mg_5RE phase as well as dense γ' precipitates ensured the good ductility of the alloy.It is suggested that the combination of pre-deformation and two-stage aging treatment is an eff ective method to further improve the mechanical properties of wrought Mg alloys.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC CURVES FOR CuCo_2Be ALLOY HEAT-TREATMENT AND ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHENING PHASE OF ALLOY

本文着重介绍了一种简便易行的测固溶-时效型合金主要性能随热处理工艺规范而变化的动力学曲线的方法.并以动力学曲线作为合金性能要求不同时,动态选取最佳热处理工艺参数的依据,使用方便,效果良好,能确保所需综合性能指标.在强化相研究中,我们发现了合金中一种新相——复合铍化物(Co_(n1)、Cu_(n2)Si_(n3))Be_m,并对CuCo2Be合金强化相组成进行了分析.