超临界CO_2中分散红54在涤纶织物中的扩散研究

超临界CO2染色技术是一种新型的绿色环保染色技术,超临界CO2中分散染料在涤纶织物中的扩散性能是超临界CO2染色技术的一个重要基础。为了研究超临界CO2中分散染料在涤纶织物中的扩散性能,研究采用"卷层法",在温度70~110℃,压力16~24 MPa下,选用分散红54在自行研制的超临界CO2染色装置中对涤纶织物进行超临界CO2染色扩散实验。实验结果表明,染料在涤纶织物中的扩散过程是一边上染纤维一边向纤维内部扩散的过程,所建立的染色—扩散模型成功地描述了这一过程。随着温度的升高,染色速率系数与扩散系数之比随之增大,随着压力的升高,两者之比先升后降。     

超临界CO2下三元含氟疏水缔合聚合物的合成及溶液性能研究

设计聚合物的分子结构并在超临界CO2下以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-甲基-2-丙烯酰胺基丙磺酸(AMPS)及甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(G04)为单体合成三元含氟疏水缔合聚合物,并用FTIR和元素分析对结构进行表征。研究反应温度、压力及引发剂加入量对产物聚合反应转化率及相对分子量的影响,并对三元含氟疏水聚合物浓度对溶液表观粘度的影响进行研究。结果表明:在超临界CO2体系下可制备三元共聚含氟聚合物,且由于含氟疏水基团的存在,该聚合物水溶液具有明显的疏水缔合作用。     

超临界CO_2中混合分散染料对涤纶织物的染色研究

为了研究超临界CO2中混合染料对涤纶织物的染色行为,利用自行研制的超临界CO2染色装置,在温度70~130℃,压力16~24MPa,时间15~100min的条件下采用混合分散染料(分散蓝366和分散红343)对涤纶织物进行染色研究,考察染色条件对混合染料上染量的影响并通过对比单种染料染色结果揭示混合染料上染涤纶时两种染料的相互作用关系。实验结果表明,混合染料染色时的总上染量和其中的各单种染料上染量均随着温度和压力的升高及时间的延长而增大;混合染料总上染量大于相同条件下分散染料单独染色时的上染量(是分散红343的146.8%,分散蓝366的131.7%),而混合染料中的单种染料上染量小于其单独染色时的上染量(分散红343的两者比例为56.3%,分散蓝366为81.0%);在混合染料染色过程中,两种染料对涤纶织物染色具有选择性和竞争性;染后涤纶织物的耐摩擦色牢度和耐水洗色牢度均能符合国家标准中合成纤维丝织物的一等品标准。     

超临界CO_2协助固相接枝改性聚丙烯的研究进展

介绍了超临界CO2协助单体固相接枝聚丙烯的研究方法以及采用此方法,在不同温度、压力和时间的条件下,超临界CO2对接枝改性聚丙烯性能的影响。     

超临界二氧化碳中分散红277的涤纶织物染色

采用分散红 277 在超临界二氧化碳(scCO₂)中对涤纶织物进行染色,采用控制变量法,设置 18 组染色实验,分析单一染色工艺条件对染色结果的影响,得出最佳染色时间为 60 min、染色温度为 120 ℃、染色压力为 30 MPa。最优染色条件下获得的涤纶织物的色深值(K/S)为 7.24、固色率为93.5%;染色后涤纶织物的耐日晒色牢度为 5 级,耐皂洗色牢度为 4～5 级,耐摩擦色牢度为 2 级;染色后的涤纶织物在自然光源下呈现桃红色,在紫外光源下织物呈橙红色荧光。     

石墨烯柔性导电改性涤纶织物的制备与性能

采用乙二胺（EDA）和氢氧化钠对涤纶织物进行改性，获得氨基化改性涤纶，再将改性涤纶浸渍氧化石墨烯（GO）溶液，涤纶表面的GO还原成还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）后得到具有导电性能的涤纶织物。采用扫描电镜（SEM）对导电涤纶进行表征，并进行耐洗和耐摩擦性能测试。研究结果表明，涤纶织物经EDA改性后对GO的吸附能力增强，织物导电性增加；改性涤纶的最佳导电整理工艺为GO溶液pH值6，5 g/L保险粉在95℃还原60min可使织物上GO较充分还原，改性涤纶织物的导电性随GO浓度的增大、还原温度的增加和还原时间的延长而增强，当GO为2g/L时，改性涤纶的表面电阻值降低至14.575 KΩ/cm。由SEM结果可知未经改性的涤纶织物表面光滑，经导电整理后织物表面覆盖一层石墨烯薄膜。     

姜黄粒度对超临界CO2萃取染色一步法的影响

依据萃取釜的微元高度列质量衡算方程,采用Crank-Nicolson方差法求解,得到了超临界流体萃取姜黄颗粒的收缩核模型。取姜黄粒度大小0.5—5 mm、温度70—90℃、压力23—27 MPa、时间50—90 min的条件下,分别对蛋白质织物、纤维素织物及化学纤维织物进行了超临界萃取染色一步法实验。结合电子测色配色仪、分光光度仪,分析了姜黄粒度大小对超临界CO2萃取染色一步法的影响。结果表明,在实验选取的姜黄粒度大小范围内,粒度越小3种织物的萃取染色效果越好,其蛋白质织物的最优工艺为:粒度0.5 mm、压力27 MPa、温度80℃、时间50 min。     

水在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度

生物柴油副品油酸的高值化利用是降低生物柴油成本的有效途径之一,为了充分利用生物柴油副品油酸中的壬二酸,用基于超临界流体技术(SCCO2)的固相缩聚方法可制得超高相对分子质量的尼龙69等高分子材料。SCCO2不仅可以作为增强SSP过程的介质使用,还可以有效地将缩聚物(如水等小分子缩聚物)脱除,促进反应的进行,因此测定水在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度对研究SCCO2增强的SSP过程具有重要意义。文中采用静态法测定了水在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度,温度为313.15,333.15,353.15,373.15 K,压力为8.0—18.0 MPa,溶解度(摩尔分数)为0.254%—1.414%;探究了温度、压力对溶解度的影响,结果表明:溶解度随温度、压力的升高而升高;利用PR状态方程和Chrastil修正模型对溶解度进行了计算,结果表明溶解度的计算值和实验值吻合良好,平均相对误差分别为4.63%和5.89%。     

超临界CO2快速膨胀法制备SiO2/聚氨酯超疏水涂层

用超临界CO₂快速膨胀法制备了SiO₂/聚氨酯超疏水涂层。首先用十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷（F-硅烷）和γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH-570）改性纳米二氧化硅,制备出含双键的纳米二氧化硅粒子,将其分散在超临界CO₂中,再利用超临界CO₂快速膨胀法将其喷射到双键封端的且已添加了引发剂的聚氨酯涂层表面,通过加热,使纳米二氧化硅粒子接枝在聚氨酯涂层表面,形成稳固粗糙结构,获得了超疏水性质。研究了喷嘴温度、反应釜温度和压力、偶联剂配比、表面粗糙度对涂层疏水性的影响。结果表明：涂层的静态水接触角可达到169.1°±0.6°;在喷嘴和釜内温度都为90℃,釜内压力为16 MPa,F-硅烷和KH-570配比为1∶1,表面粗糙度为7.3 μm时,所制得涂层具有较好的超疏水性,且具有优良的耐刮伤性。该法高效环保,涂层性能优良,适于大面积制备。     

二氧化钛的疏水改性及其表征

在水相体系中,以二氧化钛为原料,用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对其进行湿法表面改性。以疏水度为主要考察指标,通过单因素条件实验及正交实验,研究了体系pH值、改性剂用量、改性温度、改性时间等因素对改性效果的影响。结果表明：当体系pH值8、改性剂用量（占二氧化钛总质量的分数）5％、改性时间2．5h、改性温度65℃时,二氧化钛疏水度由13．87％提高至59．89％。     

Highly Hydrophobic Conductive Polyester Fabric Based on Homogeneous Coating Surface Treatment

A highly hydrophobic conductive polyester (PET-HE) fabric was prepared by a simple two-steps method. Firstly, homogeneous coating (the mixture of PET and carbon black (CB)) was uniformly coated on the PET fabric, which through curing in water coagulation bath and electrically conductive (PET-E) fabric was prepared. Then the solvent-induced crystallization process was adopted to PET-E fabric to endow the hydrophobic property. Investigations showed that PET-HE treated fabrics exhibited better hydrophobic and conductivity when the content of PET is 9wt% and the content of CB is the range of 8wt%-10wt%. The prepared polyester fabric proved to have such features as WCA was about 145°and surface resistance was about 300 Ω.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT     

超临界流体与膜过程的耦合技术

介绍了超临界流体与膜过程的耦合技术的研究进展和最新研究成果。将超临界CO_2萃取与纳滤过程相耦合,可以不经历压力、温度和相变循环而使CO_2循环利用,从而降低过程能耗、减小操作费用。将纳滤过程与超临界CO_2萃取相耦合,可以对萃取收率和选择性独立调控,使它们分别达到最佳值,从而实现对萃取物在高收率条件下达到精细分离的目的。将超临界CO_2引入高粘性液体的超滤过程,会在不提高温度和无需引入化学剂的情况下,大大降低流体粘度、增大透过流率、提高过滤效率、减小过程能耗,同时也有利于环境保护、提高产品质量。     

Novel one-step route to induce long-term lotus leaf-like hydrophobicity in polyester fabric

Lotus leaf-like hydrophobic pattern development through a facile and commercially applicable method has always been an issue for the textile industry. In this study, a novel commercially applicable method for the development of such patterns without affecting the structural integrity of the polyester textile was proposed. Photoresist molds with pattern dimensions similar to the lotus leaf surface were fabricated by a conventional photolithography process. The inverse of these patterns was obtained by a Ni electroforming process conducted on the fabricated photoresist molds to form Ni molds, which were utilized to transfer the lotus-leaf like patterns onto polyester fabric by one-step hot embossing method. The surface morphology of the polyester fabric before and after pattern transfer was studied by an optical microscope and field emission scanning electron microscopy images, respectively. The results revealed a successful transfer of patterns. Three-dimensional profiler data analysis provided the information regarding roughness of the embossed surfaces. A high surface roughness (R_a = 48 μm) was achieved after the development of lotus leaf-like patterns on the polymer textile. Contact angle hysteresis was studied using the contact angle analyzer.     

氟碳-纳米自清洁粉末涂料的制备

采用自制的全氟聚醚聚酯树脂与活性纳米Al2O3微粒,制备出F-C纳米自清洁粉末复合涂料。经扫描电镜、接触角测试仪等测定,涂层表面呈F元素的纳米微观结构,接触角大于150°。实验表明,这种F-C纳米自清洁涂料具有超强的耐候性、抗强碱性及明显的超疏水性。     

超临界CO2对碳纤维表面的刻蚀作用

超临界二氧化碳（SCCO2）具有低黏度、高扩散性、高溶解度和高介电能力,利用超临界二氧化碳对PAN基碳纤维表面进行刻蚀。对超临界二氧化碳处理前后碳纤维进行分析,X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析表明,随着处理温度的升高碳纤维表面O/C降低,这表明超临界二氧化碳对碳纤维有深度清洗的作用。X射线衍射（XRD）结果表明,随着处理温度的升高,碳纤维002晶系增加,并且石墨微晶厚度Lc和尺寸La增大。AFM观察表明,随着温度升高发现碳纤维表面沟槽变深并且碳纤维表面的粗糙度增加。此外,在200℃超临界二氧化碳处理过的碳纤维与环氧树脂的粘结性提高最高可达17.4%,经过超临界二氧化碳处理后碳纤维的层间剪切提高明显。     

淀粉基包装材料疏水性改善研究进展

淀粉作为非常具有潜力的石油基塑料的替代品,其耐水性差严重限制了淀粉基包装材料的广泛应用。本文详细分析了淀粉单一改性和复合改性的特点,并介绍淀粉与疏水材料复合制备淀粉基疏水包装材料的研究情况。文章指出：提高取代度、降低生产成本、采用无毒无害的绿色溶剂是淀粉疏水改性的研究重点,协同增效的淀粉复合改性成为研究热点;解决亲水淀粉与疏水材料不相容相的界面问题是提高疏水材料共混效果的关键,对淀粉、疏水材料改性或添加增容剂是改善界面相互作用的常用方法;但合成可降解聚酯成本较高,寻找低成本的生物质材料用于改善淀粉基包装材料的疏水性潜力巨大。基于上述分析,本文指出低成本、性能优良和安全环保是未来开发淀粉基疏水包装材料的主要研究方向,对今后制备淀粉基疏水性包装材料具有一定的参考价值。     

疏水基团改性聚丙烯酸的缔合作用和流变行为

采用旋转黏度计测试系列疏水改性聚丙烯酸水溶液的流变性能,用稠度系数和流动指数表征聚合物水溶液的表观粘度。研究了聚合物在水中的增粘作用,以及pH、疏水单体含量和疏水单体结构的影响。结果表明聚合物水溶液呈非牛顿流体性质,疏水改性聚丙烯酸则表现出pH敏感性;在改性聚丙烯酸中,如苯氧基(3乙氧基)乙基丙烯酸酯中的疏水基团含量0.16%时,稠度系数为5.82,是纯聚丙烯酸的23.5倍;疏水基团碳数的增加显著提高其增粘作用。研究的结果可为含疏水改性聚丙烯酸在印染污水中应用提供理论数据。     

Combined extraction processes of lipid from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae: microwave prior to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Extraction yields and fatty acid profiles from freeze-dried Chlorella vulgaris by microwave pretreatment followed by supercritical carbon dioxide (MW-SCCO(2)) extraction were compared with those obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction alone (SCCO(2)). Work performed with pressure range of 20-28 Mpa and temperature interval of 40-70 °C, gave the highest extraction yield (w/w dry weight) at 28 MPa/40 °C. MW-SCCO(2) allowed to obtain the highest extraction yield (4.73%) compared to SCCO(2) extraction alone (1.81%). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of microalgae oil showed that palmitic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid were the most abundant identified fatty acids. Oils obtained by MW-SCCO(2) extraction had the highest concentrations of fatty acids compared to SCCO(2) extraction without pretreatment. Native form, and microwave pretreated and untreated microalgae were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). SEM micrographs of pretreated microalgae present tearing wall agglomerates. After SCCO(2), microwave pretreated microalgae presented several micro cracks; while native form microalgae wall was slightly damaged.     

疏水性沸石分子筛的特性及表面改性研究

介绍了疏水性沸石分子筛的疏水机理、吸附特性和表面改性技术 ,探讨了这一技术用于二氧化碳控制技术的发展前景     

Application of hydrophobic micropatterns to centrifugal fluid valve in flow channel

Optimizing the use of micro-flow channels as fluid control mechanisms is an effective means of increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of periodic structure applied to this type of fluid control mechanism to improve the hydrophobicity. We evaluated the functionality of centrifugal fluid valve with micrometer-sized periodic structure in the micro-flow channel. A disposable compact disc-based chip with centrifugal fluid valve was designed for this evaluation. The hydrophobic properties such as transferred volume ratio of the sample solution and the change in the transferred volume ratio with rotational velocity (slope) of the centrifugal fluid valve were investigated. In this case, parallel pillars showed higher hydrophobicity than cross-shaped pillars. The transferred volume ratio increased by 20% compared to that without a micro-periodic structure when a protein solution with a similar concentration to that in saliva and plasma was used. Additionally, a change in rotational velocity of only 49.3 rpm was sufficient to switch a centrifugal fluid valve with parallel pillars, meaning that it makes it possible to have two critical rotation speeds when the fluid begins to move with a rotational velocity of 100 rpm. It was shown that the static hydrophobicity dominates the switching characteristics in the proposed centrifugal fluid valve. Our study suggests that applying periodic structure to fluid control mechanisms is an effective means of realizing hydrophobic surfaces.