疏水SiO_2气凝胶的常压制备及其在棉织物上的应用研究

以甲基三甲氧基硅烷为前驱体,甲醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法,常压干燥制备了块状疏水SiO_2气凝胶,并将SiO_2气凝胶与PDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)混合应用到棉织物上,制备了超疏水功能棉织物。探讨了不同条件对气凝胶凝胶时间、密度和孔隙率的影响,得出了最佳工艺。利用场发射扫描电镜、接触角测试等对气凝胶和整理棉织物的表面形貌和疏水性能进行了研究。结果表明,制备的块状SiO_2气凝胶与水的接触角为151.0°,达到超疏水效果,且具有三维网络连续多孔微结构;经PDMS/SiO_2气凝胶混合液整理棉织物的接触角达到155.4°,其表面覆载了大量的SiO_2气凝胶颗粒,通过PDMS低表面能特性与SiO_2气凝胶三维网络多孔微观粗糙结构的协同,并结合PDMS对气凝胶及纺织品之间的交联粘结作用,实现了超疏水效果。     

基于SiO2气凝胶的超疏水功能棉织物的制备及性能研究

以甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶反应和常压干燥法实现了二氧化硅(SiO_2)气凝胶的制备;并将SiO_2气凝胶与聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)混合应用到棉织物上,制备了超疏水功能棉织物。分别探讨了制备SiO_2气凝胶和超疏水棉织物的主要影响因素。结果表明,在草酸与MTMS摩尔配合比为1.6×10-4∶1,凝胶化温度为40℃,老化温度为40℃条件下,制备的SiO_2气凝胶具有连续多孔微观粗糙结构,密度为106.4kg/m3,孔隙率达到95.16%。在SiO_2气凝胶用量为4%(wt,质量分数),PDMS用量为4%(wt,质量分数)条件下,整理后棉织物的接触角为156.4°,实现了超疏水性能。     

膜蒸馏脱盐用超疏水复合膜的研制

通过溶胶凝胶法和表面涂覆法,先后在PVDF中空纤维膜表面引入亲水SiO_2纳米粒子和低表面能PDMS涂层,构建具有高粗糙度、低表面能的超疏水复合膜,并探究SiO_2粒径、SiO_2溶液涂覆时间、PDMS涂覆时间等条件对复合膜性能的影响。SiO_2/PVDF复合膜接触角只有25.8°,而PDMS/SiO_2/PVDF复合膜接触角则达到162.3°,膜蒸馏通量约24.5 kg/(m~2·h);在60 h质量分数3.5%氯化钠盐溶液膜蒸馏测试中性能稳定,截留率始终保持在99.8%以上.     

采用表面凝胶化技术制备超疏水性涂膜

采用表面凝胶化技术制备了超疏水性涂膜.在醇溶性氟化聚合物溶液中,在水量不足的酸性条件下,掺杂聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),得到了杂化复合溶胶.涂敷后,以表面凝胶化技术为手段,在涂层表面形成了微米和纳米相结合的阶层结构膜.TEM和XPS证实了凝胶化只在膜表面发生,SEM和AFM观察到膜表面的形貌与天然荷叶表面极其相似.该方法制备的涂膜对水的接触角高达155°,并具有良好的力学性能,可用于制备超疏水性功能化膜材料.     

双层透明耐磨超疏水膜层的制备及界面结构控制

以正硅酸乙酯为前驱体,以溶胶-凝胶法制备的SiO_2溶胶作为黏结剂,首先将SiO_2溶胶在玻璃上旋涂成膜作为底层黏结层,再将亲水型气相SiO_2纳米颗粒与SiO_2溶胶混合后在底层上旋涂成膜作为上层微纳米凹凸膜层,制得双层透明耐磨微纳米凹凸膜层;同时采用KH560嫁接改性的SiO_2纳米颗粒替代未处理的SiO_2纳米颗粒,制得改性双层透明耐磨微纳米凹凸膜层,研究了膜层制备工艺以及SiO_2纳米颗粒改性对膜层界面结构的影响。结果表明,当旋涂转速为400 r/min、膜厚为1.39μm时,底层黏结层具有优异的透光性和耐磨性;紫外臭氧照射20 min后,水接触角为0°,形成高化学活性的亲水性表面。经氟硅烷表面修饰,双层透明耐磨微纳米凹凸膜层和改性双层透明耐磨微纳米凹凸膜层的水接触角分别为151.23°、150.82°,呈现超疏水性;在1 kg/cm~2的荷载作用下,往复打磨200次后,它们的水接触角分别达到121.97°和126.45°,平均面粗糙度保持率高达51.62%和66.33%,下降幅度小,呈现优良的耐磨特性。耐磨特性与界面处的空隙、孔洞密切关联;SiO_2纳米颗粒的改性能够有效地减少界面处的空隙、孔洞,提升膜层的耐磨特性。     

改性剂对二氧化硅气凝胶性能的影响

本文以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,通过酸碱两步溶胶-凝胶法,常压干燥制备疏水性SiO2气凝胶。研究了两种改性剂(三甲基氯硅烷、六甲基二硅氮烷)对二氧化硅气凝胶结构和性能的影响。对制备的气凝胶样品进行表面微观形态分析、热重差热分析、傅里叶红外分析以及比表面积分析。结果表明,通过改性制备的样品具有较好的性能,使用六甲基二硅氮烷改性得到的SiO2气凝胶密度为0.204g/cm3,接触角为128°,BET比表面积为973m2/g,平均孔径7.57nm;使用三甲基氯硅烷改性得到的SiO2气凝胶密度为0.115g/cm3,疏水性优良,接触角为158°,BET比表面积为1067m2/g,平均孔径13.40nm。综合考虑各种因素,采用TMCS进行改性制备得到的SiO2气凝胶综合性能更加优异。     

常压干燥制备疏水SiO2气凝胶的影响因素分析

常压干燥制备SiO2气凝胶是近年来该领域的研究重点,工艺条件的优化是提高气凝胶性能的关键。以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,甲基三乙氧基硅烷为共前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,结合老化和三甲基氯硅烷-正己烷-无水乙醇混合溶液的二次表面改性,通过常压干燥工艺制备疏水SiO2气凝胶。利用BET,FT-IR,SEM,TEM和接触角测试等手段对气凝胶进行表征,系统研究水解时间、老化时间、老化温度和改性剂用量对气凝胶性质的影响。结果表明:水解16h,凝胶于55℃下老化48h后,在三甲基氯硅烷与正硅酸乙酯的摩尔比为1.56的混合液下改性48h制备的SiO2气凝胶的性能最好,其孔隙率92%,比表面积969m2/g,接触角达157°。     

复合SiO2粒子涂膜表面的超疏水性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同粒径和形状的SiO2粒子,并利用氟硅氧烷的表面自组装功能制备了具有仿生类"荷叶效应"的超疏水涂膜.通过原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和水接触角的测试对膜结构及性能进行了表征,探讨了SiO2粒子的粒径和形状对材料微观结构,表面粗糙度和疏水性能的关系.结果表明,含单一粒径涂膜表面水接触角符合Wenzel模型;而复合粒子构成了符合Cassie模型的非均相界面,单纯的粗糙度因子不能反映水接触角的变化,复合粒子在膜表面的无规则排列赋予涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度,使得水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率和较小的粗糙度因子,这与在涂膜表面能形成自组装分子膜的氟硅氧烷共同作用赋予了涂膜超疏水性能.     

疏水性棉短绒纤维素/SiO_2复合气凝胶的制备及性能研究

以棉短绒纤维素为原料,以NaOH/尿素/H_2O为绿色溶剂体系,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纤维素水凝胶,以硅酸钠(Na_2SiO_3)为硅源,代替传统正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为溶剂,通过浸泡法制备了4种纤维素/SiO_2复合气凝胶,再利用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷(HDTMS)对纤维素/SiO_2复合气凝胶进行疏水改性,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对产物进行表征。结果表明:疏水改性后复合气凝胶三维网状结构的孔隙变小,随着Na_2SiO_3用量的增加,疏水纤维素/SiO_2复合气凝胶的接触角逐渐增大,达到147°,吸油量可达到自身质量的8倍,具有较好的疏水亲油性能。     

硅烷偶联剂KH570改性TiO2超疏水滤料的制备与性能

通过溶胶-凝胶法以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,醋酸为催化剂制备TiO₂溶胶,利用γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH570）对其进行低表面能修饰,得到疏水改性的TiO₂溶胶,然后喷涂到滤料表面使其具有超疏水性。对改性前后滤料的润湿性、表面形貌、化学成分和过滤性能进行分析。结果表明：改性涂层均匀沉积在滤料表面,将纤维表面完整包裹,改性后滤料的水接触角达156.29°。在过滤风速为0.043~0.127 m/s时对粒径为0.3 μm的颗粒进行过滤性能测试,改性后滤料的过滤效率比未改性滤料平均增加2.7672%,过滤品质因数增加0.34%,提高了滤料的过滤性能。此外,在经50次砂纸磨损循环和30 h酸碱溶液浸泡后,疏水滤料仍具有超疏水性。通过清洁煤粉污染的表面发现改性滤料具有优异的自清洁性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...